Cooperativity in the counterion catalysis of Morita/Baylis/Hillman reactions promoted by enantioselective trifunctional organocatalysts

New trifunctional organocatalysts with a NHTs Brønsted acid were prepared and tested in their ability to promote the counterion catalysis of generic and aza-Morita/Baylis/Hillman reactions. The cooperativity between the counterion and the NHTs Brønsted acid of the trifunctional catalyst was required for good enantioselectivity and rate enhancement. Better enantioselectivity was observed for aza-MBH reactions at relatively low catalyst loading (2-5 mol %) under facile conditions.     

L-threonine-derived novel bifunctional phosphine-sulfonamide catalyst-promoted enantioselective aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction

A series of novel bifunctional phosphine-sulfonamide organic catalysts were designed and readily prepared from natural amino acids, and they were utilized to promote enantioselective aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reactions. L-threonine-derived phosphine-sulfonamide 9b was found to be the most efficient catalyst, affording the desired aza-MBH adducts in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.     

The enantioselective Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction and its aza counterpart

The development of asymmetric Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reactions has evolved dramatically over the past few years, parallel to the emerging concept of bifunctional organocatalysis. Whereas organocatalysis is starting to compete with metal-based catalysis in several important organic transformations, the MBH reaction belongs to a group of prototypical reactions in which organocatalysts already display superiority over their metal-based counterparts. This Minireview summarizes recent mechanistic insights and advances in the design and synthesis of small organic molecules for enantioselective MBH and aza-MBH reactions.     

Acid–base organocatalysts for the aza-Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction of nitroalkenes

A new class of acid–base chiral organocatalysts 1a and 2 for aza-Morita–Baylis–Hillman (aza-MBH) reaction of conjugated nitroalkenes is described. The acidic phenolic hydroxy groups and basic imidazole unit cooperatively activate nitroalkenes to promote the aza-MBH reaction in good yields with moderate enantioselectivities.     

Chiral bifunctional organocatalysts bearing a 1,3-propanediamine unit for the aza-MBH reaction

The introduction of a 1,3-propanediamine unit at the 3-position of (S)-BINOL using a methylene spacer led to the formation of a chiral bifunctional organocatalyst for the aza-Morita–Baylis–Hillman (aza-MBH) reaction. The organocatalyst 1k mediated aza-MBH transformations with high chemical yields and with up to 82% ee.     

N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of cyclic enones with N-tosylarylimines

N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) prove to be efficient catalysts for the aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman (aza-MBH) reaction of cyclopent-2-en-1-one or cyclohex-2-en-1-one with a variety of N-tosylarylimines to give the aza-MBH adduct in high yields. Crossover experiments show NHC can add to N-tosylarylimines in a reversible manner, which allows the addition of NHC to cyclic enones and thus catalyzes the aza-Mortia-Baylis-Hillman reaction.     

Highly enantioselective aza Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction catalyzed by bifunctional beta-isocupreidine derivatives

The aza-MBH reaction of imines 1 and beta-naphthyl acrylate 2 in the presence of C-6' modified beta-isocupreidine derivative 1c (0.1 equiv) and beta-naphthol 5 (0.1 equiv) afforded the corresponding (3S)-aza-MBH adducts 4 in high yield and excellent enantiomeric excess. These catalytic conditions allowed the aliphatic imines to be employed for the first time as electrophilic partners of the aza-MBH reaction. The coexistence of two H-bond donors with different acidic strengths was found to be crucial for the observed high enantioselectivity.     

New multifunctional chiral phosphines and BINOL derivatives co-catalyzed enantioselective aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of 5,5-disubstituted cyclopent-2-enone and N-sulfonated imines

New multifunctional chiral phosphine (phosphine-amide type) and BINOL derivative co-catalyzed asymmetric aza-MBH reaction of 5,5-disubstituted cyclopent-2-enones with N-sulfonated imines afforded the corresponding optically active adducts in good to outstanding yields with moderate to good ee's under mild conditions. The steric hindrance environment of BINOL derivatives as well as the nucleophilicity of the phosphorus center and the acidity of free OH which could significantly affect the stereochemical and chemical outcomes had been discussed, indicating the co-catalyzed system is very important to this particular asymmetric aza-MBH reaction.     

Activated alkene dependent one-pot, three-component aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of ferrocenealdehyde: synthesis of highly functionalized diverse ferrocene derivatives

Activated alkene dependent one-pot, three-component aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman (aza-MBH) reaction of ferrocenealdehyde afforded simple aza-MBH adduct of ferrocenealdehyde, unusual piperidine, β-amino acid residue, and γ-ketoester derivatives of ferrocene in good yield. The synthetic protocol with MVK has led to an unexpected ferrocenyl piperidine derivative in an excellent yield via diastereoselective domino aza-Michael/double Aldol pathway. Plausible mechanisms for the formation of unusual products and diastereoselectivity have also been described. The products can be used for the concise synthesis of ferrocenyl nitrogen heterocycles and bioconjugates.     

Aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of ethyl (arylimino)acetate with methyl vinyl ketone and ethyl vinyl ketone

Aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman (aza-MBH) reaction of ethyl (arylimino)acetate with methyl vinyl ketone and ethyl vinyl ketone has been investigated. We found that aza-MBH adducts 1 could be formed in the presence of DABCO (30 mol %) and the corresponding adducts 2 could be obtained in the presence of PPh₃ (30 mol %) in moderate to good yields in acetonitrile under mild conditions, respectively.     

An enantioselective organocatalyzed aza-MBH domino process: application to the facile synthesis of tetrahydropyridines

A chiral acid-base organocatalyst was found to promote an aza-MBH domino process between α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and N-tosylimines to afford tetrahydropyridine derivatives with high enantioselectivity.     

A halide-initiated aza-Baylis-Hillman reaction: generation of unnatural amino acids

A series of allenic ketones react with a glyoxylate-derived imine in the presence of MgBr₂ through an aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction. The isolation of a variety of unnatural amino acids with unique allene-containing functional groups provides a conceptually new application of the aza-MBH. The reaction scope and preliminary mechanistic investigations are discussed.     

Conformational lock in a Brønsted acid–Lewis base organocatalyst for the aza-Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction

(S)-3-(N-Isopropyl-N-3-pyridinylaminomethyl)BINOL has been established as an efficient asymmetric bifunctional organocatalyst for the aza-MBH reaction. The acid–base functionalities cooperate in substrate activation and fixing of the organocatalyst conformation to promote the reaction with high enantiocontrol.     

Chiral bifunctional organocatalysts in asymmetric aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reactions of ethyl (arylimino)acetates with methyl vinyl ketone and ethyl vinyl ketone

The bifunctional chiral phosphine Lewis base (R)-2'-diphenylphosphino-[1,1'-binaphthalene]-2-ol is an effective organocatalyst in the asymmetric aza-MBH reaction of ethyl (arylimino)acetates 1 with MVK and EVK to give the corresponding adducts in moderate to good yields and good to high enantiomeric excesses under mild conditions.     

Bifunctional organocatalysts for enantioselective aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction

The efficient and novel bifunctional organocatalyst for the enantioselective aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman (aza-MBH) reaction has been established with (S)-3-(N-isopropyl-N-3-pyridinylaminomethyl)BINOL for the first time. The reaction proved to be deeply influenced by the position of the Lewis base attached to BINOL. The acid-base-mediated functionalities for the activation of the substrate and the fixing of conformation of the organocatalyst are harmoniously performed to promote the reaction with high enantiocontrol.     

Asymmetric catalytic aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction using chiral bifunctional phosphine amides as catalysts

The asymmetric catalytic aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of N-sulfonated imines with α,β-unsaturated ketones has been successfully conducted by using chiral bifunctional phosphine amides as catalysts. A series of new chiral bifunctional phosphine amides were designed, synthesized, and systematically studied for this asymmetric reaction. The corresponding aza-MBH adducts were obtained in good yields (75-99%) and up to very good enantiomeric excesses (51-95% ee) under mild conditions.     

正十二烷高温燃烧详细化学动力学机理的系统简化

采用详细化学反应动力学机理的系统简化方法, 以典型航空燃料的替代组分正十二烷为研究对象, 开展了正十二烷高温燃烧化学动力学机理的系统简化. 首先采用多步直接关系图法(DRG)和基于计算奇异值摄动法(CSP)重要性指标的反应移除方法对由1279个组分, 5056个基元反应组成的正十二烷燃烧详细机理进行框架简化, 得到了包含59 个组分, 222 个基元反应的框架机理; 进一步采用CSP对框架机理进行时间尺度分析, 选出了10个准稳态物种, 采用准稳态近似方法(QSSA)构建了包含49个组分的全局简化机理. 计算结果表明, 在较宽的参数范围内, 框架机理和全局简化机理均能够重现正十二烷详细机理在高温燃烧的点火延迟时间、熄火以及物种浓度分布等方面的模拟结果.     

庚酸甲酯高温燃烧化学动力学机理的系统简化和分析

采用详细化学反应动力学机理的系统简化方法, 对庚酸甲酯高温燃烧化学动力学机理进行了系统简化. 首先采用两步直接关系图法(Directed relation graph method, DRG)和主成分分析(Principle component analysis, PCA)方法对由1087个物种、4592步可逆反应组成的庚酸甲酯燃烧的详细机理进行框架简化, 得到了包含108个物种, 547步基元反应的框架机理. 在此框架机理基础上, 进一步采用计算奇异值摄动法(Computational singular perturbation, CSP)对框架机理进行时间尺度分析, 再选取30个准稳态物种, 采用准稳态近似(Quasi steady state approximation, QSSA)方法构建了包含78个物种、74步总包反应的全局简化机理. 模拟结果表明, 在较宽的参数范围内, 框架机理和全局简化机理均能重现庚酸甲酯高温燃烧时的点火延迟、物种浓度分布和熄火等燃烧特性. 此外, 基于框架机理阐明了庚酸甲酯高温燃烧的反应路径和对点火有重要影响的基元反应. 与详细机理相比, 框架机理保留了良好的精确性和全局性, 可以很好地反映庚酸甲酯的燃烧特性, 有助于对生物柴油的燃烧过程的理解.     

A mechanism for the decomposition of dinitropropyl compounds

A decomposition mechanism is proposed for 2,2-dinitro-1-methoxypropane, a compound whose structure resembles the nitroplasticizer (NP) component of plastic-bonded explosive PBX 9501. A library of key reactions is presented and is based on the results of NP aging studies and existing decomposition mechanisms for similar nitro compounds. Density functional electronic structure calculations on these reactions were used to develop a decomposition mechanism at lower temperatures, which begins with HONO elimination and leads to intermediates that can produce CO, CO(2), NO, and N(2)O gases. These gases were observed in low temperature (48 to 64 degrees C) aging studies of NP. A high temperature mechanism involving NO(2) scission is compared to a thermal decomposition mechanism determined by simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometry. The calculated energy barriers for HONO elimination and NO(2) scission in the gas phase are reported and compared to experimental results.     

A computational study on the gas phase reaction of Os^＋ with N2O

The reaction of Os~+(~6D,~4F) with N_2O has been investigated at B3LYP/TZVP and CCSD(T)/6-311+G~* levels of theory.The mechanisms corresponding to O-atom and N-atom transfer reactions have been revealed.It was found that on the sextet reaction surface both the O-atom and N-atom transfer reactions undergo through direct-abstraction mechanism,leading to the formation of OsO~+ and OsN~+,whereas on quartet surface the two reactions undergo through O-N bond or N-N bond insertion mechanism.The calculated energ...