银铜双原子MACE法可控制备倒金字塔多晶黑硅的结构与性能

采用一步银铜双原子金属辅助化学腐蚀法,室温下在多晶硅表面制备纳米陷光结构,再利用纳米结构修正溶液在温度为50℃时对硅片进行各向异性重构,可控制备出不同尺寸的倒金字塔陷光结构.用分光光度计测量了多晶硅表面的反射率,用扫描电镜观察了多晶硅表面形貌,用少子寿命测试仪测量了多晶硅钝化后的少子寿命.结果表明:影响倒金字塔结构尺寸的主要影响因素是制备态黑硅纳米结构的深度,当深度越深,最终形成的结构尺寸也越大;纳米结构修正溶液重构时间越长,所形成的倒金字塔结构尺寸越大,反射率也变大;经原子层沉积钝化后的倒金字塔结构中少子寿命随其尺寸的增大而增加;当倒金字塔边长为600nm时综合效果最佳,反射率为9.87%,少子寿命为37.82μs.     

原子层沉积AlO_x薄膜对单晶硅太阳能电池钝化机制的影响

采用原子层沉积设备在p型单晶制绒硅上制备了不同厚度的AlO_x薄膜。通过研究AlO_x薄膜厚度对样品的反射率、少数载流子寿命以及电容-电压特性的影响,发现沉积32 nm的AlO_x薄膜样品具有最好的钝化效果。另外,通过计算Si/AlO_x界面处的固定电荷密度和缺陷态密度,发现32 nm厚的AlO_x薄膜样品具有最低的缺陷态密度。系统研究了单晶硅材料的表面钝化机制,给出了影响样品载流子寿命的根本来源。     

等离子体增强化学气相沉积工艺制备SiON膜及对硅的钝化

研究了等离子体增强化学气相沉积工艺条件对氮氧化硅膜的生长厚度及折射率的影响以及氮氧化硅/氮化硅叠层膜对p型硅片的钝化效果.实验结果表明,NH3的流量和N2O/SiH4流量比对氮氧化硅膜的影响较大,薄膜折射率能从1.48变化到2.1,厚度从30—60 nm不等.腔内压力和射频功率主要影响膜厚,压力越大,功率越大,沉积速率加快,生成的膜越厚.温度对膜厚和折射率的影响可以忽略.钝化效果显示,在有无NH3下,N2O/SiH4流量比分别为20和30时,退火后氮氧化硅/氮化硅叠层膜对p型硅的钝化效果最好,其潜在电压和少子寿命分别为652 mV,56.7μs和649 mV,50.8μs,均优于参照组氮化硅膜样品的钝化效果.     

硅异质结太阳电池中钝化层和发射层的优化设计

本征钝化层及p型发射层对硅异质结太阳电池的性能具有重要的影响.本文在常规钝化层与晶硅衬底(c-Si)之间插入一层低功率、高氢稀释比沉积的超薄缓冲层,以此来提高钝化效果,并拓宽钝化层工艺窗口.此外,设计并制备了具有宽带隙、高电导特性的重掺杂纳米晶硅/轻掺杂p型双层复合发射极.实验结果表明,双层钝化层具有更加稳定与优异的钝化效果,钝化样品的少子寿命达到4.197 ms,隐含开路电压(implied-V_(OC),iV_(OC))达到726 mV.同时双层复合发射层中,轻掺杂的掺杂层可以减弱掺杂剂向本征钝化层的扩散,保证良好的钝化效果,而重掺杂的掺杂层不仅能够提供足够的内建电场,而且可以改善掺杂层与氧化铟锡薄膜的接触特性,进而提升电池的输出特性.并且高氢稀释比的前掺杂层还可以对钝化层起到氢处理的作用,减少钝化层表面的悬挂键,从而增强化学钝化效果,进而提高电池的开路电压.最终,基于商业化制绒的硅片,获得了效率达到20.96%的硅异质结太阳电池,其中开路电压为710 mV,短路电流密度为39.88 mA/cm~2,填充因子为74.02%.     

液相沉积法制备的二氧化硅薄膜及其钝化性能

采用液相沉积法在硅基底上成功制备了二氧化硅薄膜,利用扫描电子显微镜、光电子能谱和少子寿命测试仪等对二氧化硅薄膜的组织结构和钝化性能进行了研究,结果表明,液相生长的二氧化硅薄膜致密平整,含有少量的F元素;对硅具有较好的减反和钝化作用,平均反射率由28.87%降低至10.88%,表面复合速度由6 923 cm/s降低至2 830 cm/s。     

n型窗口层材料及其在高速沉积微晶硅太阳电池中的应用研究

采用常规的射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术制备了可以用于微晶硅薄膜太阳电池的n型的掺杂窗口层材料.通过掺杂窗口层材料在电池中的应用发现：微晶硅薄膜太阳电池由于其电子和空穴的迁移率相差比较小而显示出磷掺杂的n型的微晶硅材料也可以像硼掺杂的p型的微晶硅材料一样,可作为微晶硅薄膜太阳电池的窗口层材料;两种窗口层制备电池的效率差别不大,而且量子效率（QE）测试结果显示两种电池的n/i和p/i界面没有明显的区别;电池的双面不同波长拉曼光谱的测试结果给出：不论是n/i/p还是p/i/n型的电池,在起始生长本征层阶段均 关键词： n型的掺杂窗口层 p型的掺杂窗口层 微晶硅薄膜太阳电池     

甚高频高速沉积微晶硅薄膜的研究

采用甚高频化学气相沉积(VHF-PECVD)技术制备了系列微晶硅(μc-Si:H)薄膜样品,重点研究了硅烷浓度、功率密度、沉积气压和气体总流量对薄膜沉积速率和结晶状态的影响,绘制了沉积气压和功率密度双因素相图. 以0.75nm/s的高速沉积了器件质量级的微晶硅薄膜,并以该沉积速率制备出了效率为5.5%的单结微晶硅薄膜电池. 关键词： 微晶硅薄膜 高速沉积 甚高频化学气相沉积     

A12o3钝化及其在晶硅太阳电池中的应用

介绍了A1203的材料性质及其原子层沉积制备方法,详细阐述了该材料的钝化机制（化学钝化和场效应钝化）,并从薄膜厚度、热稳定性及叠层钝化等角度阐释其优化方案．概述了Al203钝化在晶体硅太阳电池中的应用,主要包括钝化发射极及背面局部扩散电池和钝化发射极及背表面电池．最后,对A1203钝化工艺的未来研究方向和大规模的工业应用进行了展望．     

高速沉积本征微晶硅的优化及其在太阳电池中的应用

采用高压高功率的甚高频等离子体增强化学气相沉积（VHF-PECVD）技术高速（沉积速率约为1.2 nm/s）沉积了一系列不同厚度的本征微晶硅薄膜,并通过Raman谱和XRD谱的测试,研究了高速沉积时本征微晶硅薄膜的微结构演变特性及其对电池性能的影响.针对其微结构特性及高速沉积本身存在的离子轰击作用强的特点,提出了在沉积微晶硅薄膜过程中采用功率梯度的方法,达到有效地控制薄膜微结构变化的目的,并在一定功率梯度范围内降低了电子温度,提高了薄膜质量,从而使电池效率明显提高.最后在沉积速率为1.2 nm/s时,制备 关键词： 高速沉积 微晶硅薄膜 微结构演变 功率梯度     

压强对低频PECVD制备SiNx:H薄膜特性的影响

氢化氮化硅薄膜在晶体硅太阳电池工艺中是一种有效的减反射、钝化薄膜．利用Centrotherm公司的直接法低频PECVD设备在抛光后的p型硅衬底(1.0 Ωcm)表面制作氢化氮化硅,得到了具有较好钝化效果且折射率为2.017～2.082的薄膜．随着压强的增加,薄膜的折射率略有增加．利用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术研究了薄膜中成键结构特性随压强的变化．结果表明沉积压强强烈的影响了H键的浓度和Si-N键的浓度．其中硅的悬挂键浓度是影响薄膜钝化特性的关键因素．最后给出了样品有效少子寿命随时间的衰减特性,并利用成键结构对钝化的影响给出了这种衰减的原因.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.