Collective Perspective on Advances in Dyson–Schwinger Equation QCD

We survey contemporary studies of hadrons and strongly interacting quarks using QCD's Dyson-Schwinger equations, addressing the following aspects: confinement and dynamical chiral symmetry breaking; the hadron spectrum; hadron elastic and transition form factors, from small-to large-Q2; parton distribution functions; the physics of hadrons containing one or more heavy quarks; and properties of the quark gluon plasma.     

Collective Perspective on Advances in Dyson-Schwinger Equation QCD

We survey contemporary studies of hadrons and strongly interacting quarks using QCD's Dyson-Schwinger equations, addressing the following aspects: confinement and dynamical chiral symmetry breaking; the hadron spectrum; hadron elastic and transition form factors, from small- to large-Q²; parton distribution functions; the physics of hadrons containing one or more heavy quarks; and properties of the quark gluon plasma.     

Identifying multiquark hadrons from heavy ion collisions

Identifying hadronic molecular states and/or hadrons with multiquark components either with or without exotic quantum numbers is a long-standing challenge in hadronic physics. We suggest that studying the production of these hadrons in relativistic heavy ion collisions offers a promising resolution to this problem as yields of exotic hadrons are expected to be strongly affected by their structures. Using the coalescence model for hadron production, we find that, compared to the case of a nonexotic hadron with normal quark numbers, the yield of an exotic hadron is typically an order of magnitude smaller when it is a compact multiquark state and a factor of 2 or more larger when it is a loosely bound hadronic molecule. We further find that some of the newly proposed heavy exotic states could be produced and realistically measured in these experiments.     

Heavy Hadron Spectra to the Order 1/M in Heavy Quark Effective Theory

The heavy meson and baryon spectra are studied to the order of 1/M_Q in heavy quark effective theory. A phenomenological formula for the dependence of the spectra on the isospin and strangeness of the light quark system contained in heavy hadrons is proposed and its predictions are in agreement with the present experimental data. The predictions of beauty hadron masses including the 1/M_Q corrections are given. The parameters of the order of 1/M_Q are estimated from phenomenological analyses.     

Atoms in flight and the remarkable connections between atomic and hadronic physics

Atomic physics and hadron physics are both based on Yang Mills gauge theory; in fact, quantum electrodynamics can be regarded as the zero-color limit of quantum chromodynamics. I review a number of areas where the techniques of atomic physics provide important insight into the theory of hadrons in QCD. For example, the Dirac-Coulomb equation, which predicts the spectroscopy and structure of hydrogenic atoms, has an analog in hadron physics in the form of light-front relativistic equations of motion which give a remarkable first approximation to the spectroscopy, dynamics, and structure of light hadrons. The renormalization scale for the running coupling, which is unambiguously set in QED, leads to a method for setting the renormalization scale in QCD. The production of atoms in flight provides a method for computing the formation of hadrons at the amplitude level. Conversely, many techniques which have been developed for hadron physics, such as scaling laws, evolution equations, and light-front quantization have equal utility for atomic physics, especially in the relativistic domain. I also present a new perspective for understanding the contributions to the cosmological constant from QED and QCD.     

兰州冷却储存环上可开展的强子物理研究

介绍了当前强子物理的研究现状和兰州冷却储存环的能量特点,以及国内强子物理专家的分析和建议。在兰州冷却储存环上,可利用中能轻离子束核反应产生强子激发态研究强子内部夸克态的结构和性质、强子性质随核环境的变化和手征对称破缺与部分恢复。尤其是通过兰州冷却储存环上限能区附近的P＋P反应,研究奇异夸克的不对称性和形状因子,寻找超子激发态和pentaquark的实验证据,发现双重子态的实验事例。 According to both the development on badrons physics and the aspect of Lanzhou cooling storage ring （CSR） and based on the analysis and propositions given by experts in China, we propose some hadrons physics program at CSR. The hadron spectroscopy produced in light nucleus collisions at CSR used to probe the quark and gluon structure of hadrons, to study the modification of the hadron properties in nuclear matter and to investigate the spontaneous breaking of the chiral symmetry and its partial restoration. Especially, the proton-proton collisions at beam energies per proton below 2.8 GeV at CSR should be used to measure the strangeness asymmetry and strange form lector, to probe the existence of hyperon and pentaquarks and to find the evidence for the existence of dibaryon.     

袋模型进展

本文回顾了强子结构袋模型几年来所取得进展,着重介绍近两年来的进展。总结是沿以下三个方面进行的,(一)理论描述的进一步完善,包括半定量地介绍了R.L.Jaffe等人最近提出的,考虑到手征对称的混合袋模型。(二)袋模型对强子静态性质的应用,包括轻夸克强子和重夸克强子的质量谱,以及对π介子质量的重新考虑。(三)多夸克强子,分析了它们分类情况,并估计了它们的质量。袋模型对于强子衰变,强子碰撞等动态过程,以及对原子核的应用成就不多,进展不大,而且篇幅有限,未作定量介绍。     

Spin physics through unpolarized processes

This article presents a review of our present understanding of the spin structure of the unpolarized hadron. Particular attention is paid to the quark sector at leading twist, namely, the quark Boer–Mulders function, which describes the transverse polarization of the quark inside an unpolarized hadron. After introducing the operator definition of the Boer–Mulders function, a detailed treatment of different non-perturbative calculations of the Boer–Mulders functions is provided. The phenomenology in Drell–Yan processes and semi-inclusive leptoproduction, including the extraction of the quark and antiquark Boer–Mulders functions from experimental data, is presented comprehensively. Finally, prospects for future theoretical studies and experimental measurements are presented in brief.     

Heavy quark correlations ine + e − annihilations

In heavy quark jets the quark mass acts as a regulator of collinear singularities, making the quark momentum an infra-red safe variable in perturbative QCD. This allows a direct comparison of measured heavy hadron momentum spectra with perturbative calculations. We exploit the factorisation of heavy quark fragmentation to derive QCD predictions for momentum correlations between heavy hadrons produced ine ⁺ e ^? annihilations. We study the practical feasibility and model sensitivity of our approach using Monte Carlo simulations. Higher order perturbative corrections and contributions from non-perturbative effects are found to be at the level of 10%.     

Heavy flavour physics and CP violation at LHCb: A ten-year review

Heavy flavour physics provides excellent opportunities to indirectly search for new physics at very high energy scales and to study hadron properties for deep understanding of the strong interaction. The LHCb experiment has been playing a leading role in the study of heavy flavour physics since the start of the LHC operations about ten years ago, and made a range of high-precision measurements and unexpected discoveries, which may have far-reaching implications on the field of particle physics. This review highlights a selection of the most influential physics results on CP violation, rare decays, and heavy flavour production and spectroscopy obtained by LHCb using the data collected during the first two operation periods of the LHC. The upgrade plan of LHCb and the physics prospects are also briefly discussed.     

The influence of fragmentation models in the production of hadron jets in electron–positron annihilation

The analysis of electron–positron annihilations to hadrons at high energies shows that apart from two-jet events, there are also signs of three-jet events which are interpreted according to the QCD, as a gluon radiated by a quark. In this paper, we investigate the fragmentation of quarks and gluons to hadron jets. We show that gluon jets have a higher multiplicity compared to quark jets of the same energy. Furthermore, inclusion of different flavours in the distributions shows that quark jets are flavour-dependent, but gluon jets are not. The differences between quark and gluon jets also manifest themselves in the fragmentation functions. We observe that the fragmentation for gluon jet is softer than that for quark jet, because the radiation of soft gluons is larger for gluon jets and that gluon cannot be present as a valence parton inside a produced hadron. We provide possible explanations for these features in this paper.     

An SU(5) Grand Unified Model with Hadrons as Nontopological Solitons(Ⅰ)

A new grand unified model containing the known three generations of quark and lepton in which hadrons are regarded as nontopological solitons formed from quarks is presented. According to the model leptons and quarks are the same in essence. The differences between them are caused by spontaneous symmetry breaking.When a quark is located inside a hadron, its properties will be the same as those of a known quark and its mass very small. When a quark is outside hadrons, its properties will be the same as those of a known lepton, its mass very large and it Will rapidly decay. Except defining charge Q0 and fermion number F0 which are exactly conserved, we also define interior colour, interior charge and interior fermion number approximatly conserved inside a hadron. The (L-B) conservation in the known SU(5) model corresponds to the fermion number number Fo conservation in the present model.     

强子作为非拓扑孤粒子的SU（5）大统—模型（Ⅰ）

提出一种新的包含三代已知轻子与夸克的ＳＵ（５）大统—模型．按本模型，强子可看作由夸克形成的非拓扑孤粒子；轻子与夸克本质上是相同的，它们之间的差别是由对称性自发破缺造成的；在强子内部，夸克质量很小，其性质与已知夸克相同；在强子外部，夸克的性质与已知轻子相同，只是质量很重，并将很快衰变．本文除了定义严格守恒的电荷Ｑ０、费米子数Ｆ０外，还在孤粒子内部定义了近似守恒的内色荷、内电荷、内费米子数．已知ＳＵ（５）大统—模型的（Ｌ－Ｂ）守恒相应于本模型的Ｆ０守恒。     

北京谱仪实验物理成果

当前描述物质微观基本结构最成功的理论是粒子物理的标准模型,包括描述强作用力的量子色动力学,描述弱相互作用和电磁作用力的电弱理论。在量子色动力学方面,人们对夸克禁闭问题和低能非微扰性质还不能完全理解;在电弱理论方面,需要实验上提供更加精确的参数约束和检验。北京正负电子对撞机和北京谱仪实验是我国最早的大科学装置,也是目前国际上唯一运行在陶粲能量区域的高亮度实验装置,致力于在强子物理、量子色动力学的非微扰性质、电弱理论检验和寻找超标准模型的新物理等方面开展研究。文章将介绍北京谱仪多年来在实验上取得的科学成果,包括陶轻子质量精确测量、R值测量、奇特强子态研究和粲强子弱衰变测量等。     

Structure of hadron matter: Hierarchy,democracy, or potentiality?

An attempt is made to give a methodological and physical characterization to the concept of the structure of matter. The methodological status of theories describing the structure of hadrons is discussed. A parallelism is drawn between the quark model as a theory of the mathematical composite structure of hadrons and Plato's theory of matter. The merger of the bootstrap idea with a quark substructure of hadrons is discussed. A third approach to the structure of hadron matter is presented. It resembles the Aristotelian conception of primary matter on which form is imprinted potentially.     

Particle spectra from the ALCOR model

We introduce the Transchemistry Model as a dynamical extension of the Algebraic Coalescence Rehadronization (ALCOR) model in describing the hadronization of quark matter which is expected to be produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Results are presented for CERN SPS NA49 Pb+Pb experiment calculating hadron multiplicities and momentum spectra. The freeze-out properties of different hadrons are characterized by similar temperature, density and flow profiles in cylindrically symmetric geometry.     

核物质中的夸克凝聚

核物质中的夸克凝聚是在夸克层次研究核物理遇到的基本问题之一,特别是,它与核环境下强子性质的研究紧密相关．近年来,国内外对此开展了若干研究．简要介绍这方面的研究现状和指出存在的问题． Quark condensates in nuclear matter are one of the key problems for the study of nuclear physics at quark lever, and it is related closely to a deeper understanding of the properties of hadrons in nuclear matter. Recently we have seen some investigations made of the above subject. The present status and open problems are described in this paper.     

Correlated emission of hadrons from recombination of correlated partons

We discuss different sources of hadron correlations in relativistic heavy ion collisions. We show that correlations among partons in a quasithermal medium can lead to the correlated emission of hadrons by quark recombination and argue that this mechanism offers a plausible explanation for the dihadron correlations in the few GeV/c momentum range observed in Au+Au collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.     

Identifying heavy flavours with vertex detectors via unusual decay topologies

Although top-flavoured hadrons decay too quickly to leave detectable tracks, multibranch cascade decays offer distinctive topological signatures with multiple b-, c- and τ-decay vertices emanating from a top decay. These modes are relatively copious for and systems produced at e⁺e⁻ and hadron colliders, and should be recognizable by micro-vertex detectors with impact distance resolutions of order 20 μm or better. Multibranch cascade decay topologies are also relevant to the study of b-quarks and possible heavy quarks, charged leptons and neutrinos of the fourth generation; they occur too in multiple heavy quark production via jet fragmentation or Higgs bremsstrahlung.     

Heavy Quark Hadron Mass Scale

Without the spin interactions the hadron masses within a multiplet are degenerate. The light quark hadron degenerate multiplet mass spectrum is extended from the 3 quark ground state multiplets at J^P = 0⁻, ½⁺, 1⁻ to include the excited states which follow the spinorial decomposition of SU(2) × SU(2). The mass scales for the 4, 5, 6,… quark hadrons are obtained from the degenerate multiplet mass m₀/M = n²/α with n = 4, 5, 6,… The 4, 5, 6,… quark hadron degenerate multiplet masses follow by splitting of the heavy quark mass scales according to the spinorial decomposition of SU(2) × SU(2).