Recent advances in inkjet printing synthesis of functional metal oxides

Inkjet printing(IJP) synthesis has emerged as a useful technique for the fabrication of functional metal oxides in the fields of nanotechnology and materials science.In this paper,we will review the fundamental state-of-the-art principles of the special ink formulations used for IJP synthesis of functional metal oxides and the applications of these oxides.     

Recent advances in inkjet printing synthesis of functional metal oxides

Inkjet printing (IJP) synthesis has emerged as a useful technique for the fabrication of functional metal oxides in the fields of nanotechnology and materials science. In this paper, we will review the fundamental state-of-the-art principles of the special ink formulations used for IJP synthesis of functional metal oxides and the applications of these oxides.     

Effects of nozzle and fluid properties on the drop formation dynamics in a drop-on-demand inkjet printing

The droplet formation dynamics of a Newtonian liquid in a drop-on-demand(DOD) inkjet process is numerically investigated by using a volume-of-fluid(VOF) method.We focus on the nozzle geometry, wettability of the interior surface, and the fluid properties to achieve the stable droplet formation with higher velocity. It is found that a nozzle with contracting angle of 45° generates the most stable and fastest single droplet, which is beneficial for the enhanced printing quality and high-throughput printing rate. For this nozzle with the optimal geometry, we systematically change the wettability of the interior surface, i.e., different contact angles. As the contact angle increases, pinch-off time increases and the droplet speed reduces. Finally, fluids with different properties are investigated to identify the printability range.     

Fractional Derivative Viscoelasticity at Large Deformations

A time domain viscoelastic model for large three-dimensional responses underisothermal conditions is presented. Internal variables with fractional orderevolution equations are used to model the time dependent part of the response. By using fractional order rate laws, the characteristics of the timedependency of many polymeric materials can be described using relatively fewparameters. Moreover, here we take into account that polymeric materials are often used in applications where the small deformations approximation does nothold (e.g., suspensions, vibration isolators and rubber bushings). A numerical algorithm for the constitutive response is developed and implemented into a finite element code forstructural dynamics. The algorithm calculates the fractional derivatives by means of the Grünwald–Lubich approach.Analytical and numerical calculations of the constitutive response in the nonlinearregime are presented and compared. The dynamicstructural response of a viscoelastic bar as well as the quasi-static response of athick walled tube are computed, including both geometrically and materiallynonlinear effects. Moreover, it isshown that by applying relatively small load magnitudes, the responses ofthe linear viscoelastic model are recovered.     

Viscoelasticity of brain corpus callosum in biaxial tension

Computational models of the brain rely on accurate constitutive relationships to model the viscoelastic behavior of brain tissue. Current viscoelastic models have been derived from experiments conducted in a single direction at a time and therefore lack information on the effects of multiaxial loading. It is also unclear if the time-dependent behavior of brain tissue is dependent on either strain magnitude or the direction of loading when subjected to tensile stresses. Therefore, biaxial stress relaxation and cyclic experiments were conducted on corpus callosum tissue isolated from fresh ovine brains. Results demonstrated the relaxation behavior to be independent of strain magnitude, and a quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) model was able to accurately fit the experimental data. Also, an isotropic reduced relaxation tensor was sufficient to model the stress-relaxation in both the axonal and transverse directions. The QLV model was fitted to the averaged stress relaxation tests at five strain magnitudes while using the measured strain history from the experiments. The resulting model was able to accurately predict the stresses from cyclic tests at two strain magnitudes. In addition to deriving a constitutive model from the averaged experimental data, each specimen was fitted separately and the resulting distributions of the model parameters were reported and used in a probabilistic analysis to determine the probability distribution of model predictions and the sensitivity of the model to the variance of the parameters. These results can be used to improve the viscoelastic constitutive models used in computational studies of the brain.     

无限粘弹介质中圆孔时变问题的解析分析

本文推导粘弹介质中圆孔孔径时变时的应力和位移.由粘弹解与弹性解的对应关系得到粘弹时变应力解.用直接解方程法求径向位移,最终归结为求解关于待定函数的l阶非齐次微分方程.将半径时变函数泰勒展开,用幂级数解法得到一般情况下的解.在寻找定解条件时,采用了对待定函数的光滑化处理,认为在t=0的微小邻域内函数仍满足微分方程,通过积分得到与待定系数数目相同的定解条件,从而获得本问题径向位移解析解.对Maxwell粘弹模型的求解证明了该法的可靠性.文中解适用于任意粘弹模型和孔径任意时变的情况.     

On Spatial Effects of Modelling in Linear Viscoelasticity

The parameters of a linear model of a viscoelastic material are determined by testing the material in homogeneous (i.e. spatially constant) states. Some of the qualitative properties of the behaviour of the material observed in the tests may be unexpectedly lost if the material is confined, so that the behaviour varies in space and is thus not homogeneous. One such property is the (Lyapunov) stability of the deformation. To ensure that the material possesses these properties it is necessary to impose some additional restrictions on the model parameters. These restrictions are found by analysing the boundary value problems for viscoelastic bodies of various shapes and subjected to various boundary conditions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Generation of inkjet droplet of non-Newtonian fluid

In this study, the generation of inkjet droplets of xanthan gum solutions in water–glycerin mixtures was investigated experimentally to understand the jetting and drop generation mechanisms of rheologically complex fluids using a drop-on-demand inkjet system based on a piezoelectric nozzle head. The ejected volume and velocity of droplet were measured while varying the wave form of bipolar shape to the piezoelectric inkjet head, and the effects of the rheological properties were examined. The shear properties of xanthan gum solutions were characterized for wide ranges of shear rate and frequency by using the diffusive wave spectroscopy microrheological method as well as the conventional rotational rheometry. The extensional properties were measured with the capillary breakup method. The result shows that drop generation process consists of two independent processes of ejection and detachment. The ejection process is found to be controlled primarily by high or infinite shear viscosity. Elasticity can affect the flow through the converging section of inkjet nozzle even though the effect may not be strong. The detachment process is controlled by extensional viscosity. Due to the strain hardening of polymers, the extensional viscosity becomes orders of magnitude larger than the Trouton viscosities based on the zero and infinite shear viscosities. The large extensional stress retards the extension of ligament, and hence the stress lowers the flight speed of the ligament head. The viscoelastic properties at the high-frequency regime do not appear to be directly related to the drop generation process even though it can affect the extensional properties.     

一种新的摄动粘弹性边界元法

本文在拉普拉斯变换空间中,运用摄动理论和“弹性-粘弹性”对应性原理,提出了一种新的粘弹性问题边界元求解法。文中结合广义变分原理,导出了摄动粘弹性边界元方程,并给出了摄动粘弹性问题的基本解。最后,详述了一阶摄动的求解过程,并给出了算例。     

Quasilinear Equations for Viscoelasticity of Strain-Rate Type

We consider the quasilinear m ×  m system of partial differential equations that governs the motion of a viscoelastic material of strain-rate type on a bounded domain in . The dependence of the stress on both the strain and strain-rate is nonlinear, and our hypotheses allow for a potential energy which is a nonconvex function of the strain. The critical hypothesis is that the dependence of the stress function on the strain rate is uniformly strictly monotone (in the sense of Minty and Browder). We prove the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions to a natural initial-boundary value problem for a large class of constitutive functions. We then treat the question of H ²-regularity of solutions and show that, while regularity in the initial data is preserved, solutions do not, in general, become more regular than their initial data. This generalizes a result for the semilinear case due to Rybka.     

A Constitutive Model in Finite Viscoelasticity of Particle-reinforced Rubbers

Two series of tensile relaxation tests are performed on natural rubber filled with high abrasion furnace black. To fit observations, constitutive equations are derived for the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of a particle-reinforced elastomer. A filled rubber is modeled as a composite medium, where inclusions with low concentrations of junctions are randomly distributed in the host matrix. The inclusions are treated as equivalent networks of macromolecules, where strands can separate from temporary junctions as they are thermally agitated. The bulk medium is thought of as a permanent network of chains. Unlike conventional concepts of transient networks, the concentration of strands in inclusions is assumed to be affected by mechanical factors: under active loading, inter-chain interactions weaken and some strands that were prevented from detachment from their junctions in a stress-free compound become free to separate from the junctions in a deformed medium. Unloading strengthens interactions between macromolecules, which results in an increase in the number of permanent strands. By using the laws of thermodynamics, stress–strain relations for a particle-reinforced rubber are developed. Adjustable parameters in the constitutive equations are found by fitting the experimental data. It is demonstrated that mechanical pre-loading and annealing of specimens at an elevated temperature noticeably affect concentrations of inclusions with various activation energies for rearrangement of strands.     

A Unified Approach to Dynamic Contact Problems in Viscoelasticity

In this paper we consider mathematical models describing dynamic viscoelastic contact problems with the Kelvin–Voigt constitutive law and subdifferential boundary conditions. We treat evolution hemivariational inequalities which are weak formulations of contact problems. We establish the existence of solutions to hemivariational inequalities with different types of non-monotone multivalued boundary relations. These results are consequences of an existence theorem for second order evolution inclusions. In a particular case we deliver sufficient conditions under which the solution to a hemivariational inequality is unique. Finally, applications to several unilateral and bilateral problems in contact mechanics are provided.*Research supported in part by the State Committee for Scientific Research of the Republic of Poland (KBN) under Grants no. 2 P03A 003 25 and 4 T07A 027 26.