Uranyl-catalyzed chemiluminescent reaction of U4+ oxidation by dioxygen in aqueous HClO4 solution

Chemiluminescence (CL) accompanying the reaction of U⁴⁺ with O₂ in 0.0004–0.1M HClO₄ was studied. It was found that the electron-excited uranyl ion (UO₂ ²⁺)^* is the CL emitter. The fact that the reaction rate and the CL yield increase as the solution acidity decreases was explained by different reactivities of the U _aq ⁴⁺ aquation and the products of its stepwise hydrolysis, UOH³⁺ and U(OH)₂ ²⁺, toward O₂. Based on the results of analysis of the chain-radical mechanism of the reaction between U⁴⁺ and O₂, it was concluded that transfer of an electron from the UO₂ ⁺ ion to the oxidizing agent (a ·OH radical) is the most plausible elementary step of the reaction of (UO₂ ²⁺)^* formation. It was found that the reaction rate, as well as the CL yield, increase substantially in the presence of uranyl ion. Catalytic action of UO₂ ²⁺ was explained by the formation of a UO₂ ²⁺·UO₂ ⁺ complex, which reduces the rate of the UO₂ ⁺ disproportionation reaction (UO₂ ⁺ is an intermediate of the reaction and is involved in chain propagation), and by regeneration of the active center, UO₂ ⁺, in the reaction of UO₂ ²⁺ with U⁴⁺. Published inIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1522–1528, September, 2000.     

The mechanism of ascorbic acid oxidation by Cu(II)-poly-4-vinylpyridine complexes

The mechanism of ascorbic acid (DH₂) oxidation with molecular oxygen catalysed by the polynuclear complex of Cu²⁺ with poly-4-vinylpyridine (PVP), partially quaternized by dimethylsulphate, has been studied. The half-conversion time of the reaction of DH₂ with Cu(II) PVP under anaerobic conditions is independent of [Cu²⁺]. At pH 3.5, t_0.5 (sec) = 0.8 + 5 × 10^?4 [DH₂]. The formation of an intermediate cupric-ascorbate complex is suggested (K_c ≈ 10⁴ M^?1). Free radicals of ascorbic acid are detected by the ESR-method combined with a flow technique. The small steady-state concentration of radicals indicates that their decay occurs inside the macromolecular complex. The rate constant of the PVP Cu(II) DH^? ternary complex dissociation is ≈0.4 sec^?1 (pH 3.5). The reaction of Cu(I) PVP with O₂ is not accompanied by formation of O₂^? outside the macromolecule bulk. The rate constant of this reaction is 1.3 ± 0.15) × 10² M^?1 sec^?1 (pH 3.5). The cyclic mechanism of the catalytic reaction is suggested to include interchange of the redox state of copper-ions. About $\text{2}\text{3}$ of the total copper ion exists in the form Cu(I) PVP during the reaction at pH 3.5. The rate of DH₂ oxidation under these conditions is limited by the rate of Cu(I) PVP reaction with O₂. At pH 4.5 the overall reaction rate is limited by the rate of interaction of Cu(II) PVP with DH^?.     

Increased rates of initiation of polymerization by 4-4′-dicyano-4-4′-azopentanoic acid in the presence of ferric salts

The initiation of the polymerization of acrylamide by 4-4′-dicyano-4-4′-azopentanoic acid in aqueous solution has been studied kinetically at 25°C. Ferric chloride and ferric sulfate were used to terminate polymerization so that rates of initiation could be calculated from the rates of production of ferrous iron. Velocity coefficients at 25°C. for the initiation reaction were found to be (25.7 ± 2.8) × 10^?7 sec.^?1 for the ferric chloride terminated reaction and (73.6 ± 0.6) × 10^?7 sec.^?1 for the ferric sulfate-terminated polymerization. The value reported for the initiation reaction when acrylamide is polymerized in the absence of metal salts is 1.29 × 10^?7 sec.^?1. Velocity coefficients for the termination reaction have been calculated from the overall rates of polymerization obtained with ferric salts present. In the case of the ferric chloride-terminated reaction, it has been shown that the rate of polymerization is reduced by increasing the total concentration of chloride ions. Termination velocity coefficients at 25°C. for the inner sphere complexes FeCl²⁺·5H₂O and FeSO₄⁺·4H₂O have been calculated to be 18.9 × 10⁴ and 7.98 × 10⁴ l./mole-sec., respectively. The dependence on the concentration of ferric chloride of the molecular weights of the polymers produced has also been considered.     

Efficient Oxidation and Destabilization of Zn(Cys)4 Zinc Fingers by Singlet Oxygen

Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) plays an important role in oxidative stress in all types of organisms, most of them being able to mount a defense against this oxidant. Recently, zinc finger proteins have been proposed to be involved in its cellular detection but the molecular basis of this process still remains unknown. We have studied the reactivity of a Zn(Cys)₄ zinc finger with ¹O₂ by combinations of spectroscopic and analytical techniques, focusing on the products formed and the kinetics of the reaction. We report that the cysteines of this zinc finger are oxidized to sulfinates by ¹O₂. The reaction of the ZnS₄ core with ¹O₂ is very fast and efficient with almost no physical quenching of ¹O₂. A drastic (ca. five orders of magnitude) decrease of the Zn²⁺ binding constant was observed upon oxidation. This suggests that the Zn(Cys)₄ zinc finger proteins would release their Zn²⁺ ion and unfold upon reaction with ¹O₂ under cellular conditions and that zinc finger sites are likely targets for ¹O₂.     

Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics study on Addition of CCl4 to 1-hexene Catalyzed by Mo-Mo Quintuply-bond

Transition metal-catalyzed atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions are an effective and versatile strategy for constructing carbon–carbon bonds in organic synthesis. Typically, the metal center in this metal-assisted radical transformation undergoes a reversible redox process. In this work, a quintuply-bonded dinuclear complex, Mo₂(N^∧N)₂ {N^∧N = μ-κ²-CH[N(2,6-iPr₂C₆H₃)]₂}, has been investigated as potential catalyst for radical addition of CCl₄ to 1-hexene by performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The study shows that the Mo₂(N^∧N)₂-mediated radical addition reaction is computationally predicted to occur with acceptable activation energies, indicating that the Mo-Mo quintuple bond can be applied as an effective catalyst for this transformation under mild conditions. The whole reaction involves 3 steps, two of which are metal-mediated. Firstly, the C-Cl bond activiation catalyzed by Mo₂(N^∧N)₂ to obtain Mo₂(N^∧N)₂Cl and ·CCl₃ radical; Then the ·CCl₃ radical interacts with 1-hexene to get an addition, the addition product reacts with the Mo₂(N^∧N)₂Cl to get the last product and regenerate the catalyst Mo₂(N^∧N)₂. Both the thermodynamic and kinetic study show that the second step is the rate-determine step. When coordinating solvent pyridine is added to the catalytic reaction, the reaction is suppressed due to their high energies barriers, which is consistent with experimental results.     

单双核金属配合物选择性催化氧化对甲氧基苦杏仁酸

制备了以铜、钴、锰为中心离子的三种单核金属配合物L¹Cu、L¹Co、L¹Mn (L¹=N,N'-(2-羟乙基)丙二酰胺)和三种双核金属配合物L²Cu、L²Co、L²Mn (L²=N,N'-{2-(2-羟乙基氨基)乙基}丙二酰胺). 研究发现在缓冲溶液中六种金属配合物能将对甲氧基苦杏仁酸(4-MMA)高选择性地氧化成对甲氧基苯甲醛(AAD)以及少量对甲氧基苯甲酸(4-MBA), AAD的选择性(S)大于96%. 然而不同的催化体系在反应速率上表现了很大的不同: 铜金属配合物的催化活性最好; 双核配合物表现出更高的催化效率. 研究了酒石酸(TA)、磷酸(H₃O₄)、醋酸(HAc)三种缓冲溶液体系对L¹Cu催化H₂O₂氧化4-MMA反应的影响, 结果表明缓冲溶液种类对反应速率和选择性影响很大.研究了35℃时弱酸性条件(pH值从2.5到4.5的范围内)在酒石酸缓冲溶液中六种金属配合物催化H₂O₂氧化4-MMA的动力学, 计算出不同pH值条件下催化反应的表观反应速率常数k_obs, 并且讨论了pH值对催化反应的影响.     

Electrooxidation of hydrazine catalyzed by 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyloxy (TEMPOL)

The electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine (N₂H₄) by TEMPOL on a glassy carbon electrode has been studied. The kinetic parameters of the electrode reaction were measured and the electrocatalytic reaction mechanism for the electrooxidation of hydrazine in the presence of TEMPOL was proposed. TEMPOL undergoes a reversible single electron transfer process at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) at pH 1.2–8.0, and the electrochemical oxidation of N₂H₄ at a GCE can be catalyzed by TEMPOL. The catalytic current is affected by the concentration of catalyst and pH. The overall number of electrons involved in the catalytic oxidation of N₂H₄ and the number of electrons involved in the rate determining step (rds) are 4 and 1, respectively. The catalytic oxidation obeys the first-order kinetics with respect to N₂H₄. The proposed mechanism is consistent with the experimental data, and a cation intermediate [> N---O---N₂H₄⁺], formed by reaction of oxoammonium salt with N₂H₄, is involved in the reaction.     

Rate determination for F + CH4 by real-time competitive kinetics

The rate constant for the title reaction was found to be (5.72 ± 0 30) × 10^?11 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1. Fluorine atoms were generated via IR multiphoton dissociation of SF₆ in a mixture of CH₄, D₂, and Ar. The time-dependent concentration of fluorine atoms, and hence the rate of reaction, could be monitored either by HF IR luminescence or by DF luminescence. We have thus established that real-time observation of competitive kinetics can be used to measure a variety of reaction rates.     

Determination of Traces of Osmium Tetroxide by the Fluorescence of the OsO4,-4, 6-Bismethylthio-5-Aminopyrimidine System

Abstract

An indirect method for the determination of OsO₄, in the p.p.m. region is possible by measuring the decrease in fluorescence of the 4,6-bismethylthio-5-aminopyrimidine when OsO₄, is added. At liquid N₂ temperatures 10 p.p.b. OsO₄, can be detected. The OsO₄, to ligand ratio was found to be 2:3. For 1 p.p.m. OsO₄, 10 p.p.m. Ir⁺³, 1 p.p.m. Fe⁺³ and less than 1 p.p.m. Ru⁺³ and Pd⁺² can be tolerated. The fluorescent system is not affected by pH in the 3–12 ranges. It is suggested that the decrease in fluorescence results from a complexation reaction with the first site of reaction being the NH₂. group. With increasing OsO₄, concentration, oxidation appears to occur which produces a black product. This oxidation was not observed at p.p.b. concentrations of Os.     

Reaction of13N produced by recoil deuterons in pile-irradiated acetic acid-d4 and malonic acid-d4

The reaction of¹³N to form¹³N-labelled compounds was studied in acetic acid-d₄ as a function of the halogenoacetic acid concentration and in malonic acid-d₄ as a function of the intermolecular distance of target malonic acid-d₄ at 195 and 295±6 K. In both deuterated carboxylic acids,¹³N atoms were found in several forms in the order of radiochemical yields,¹³NH₃>H¹³NO₃>[¹³N]aminoacid>HC¹³N. The yield of [¹³N]glycine formed in acetic acid-d₄ were markedly enhanced by iodoacetic acid and slightly by chloroacetic acid. In malonic acid-d₄, the yield of¹³NH₃ was directly proportional to the cubic root of the molar ratio, {D₂O/CD₂ (COOD)₂}, while the yields of H¹³N₃, [¹³N]aminomalonic acid and HC¹³N were inversely proportional to the cubic root of the molar ratio. The mechanism of the formation of the¹³N-compounds are discussed.     

The investigation of the interaction of molten TlCl with TiCl4, SnCl4 and TlCl3 by Raman spectroscopy

The Raman spectra of the reaction products of TlCl with TiCl₄, SnCl₄ and TlCl₃ at different temperatures, and pressures up to 8 MPa, have been recorded from 1600 to 60 cm⁻¹. It was shown that complex anions TlCl⁻₄, Tl₂Cl³⁻₉ and TlCl³⁻₆ are present in salt fusions of TlCl-TlCl₃ and interaction of gaseous TiCl₄ and SnCl₄ with molten TlCl leads to formation of the ions TiCl²⁻₆ or SnCl²⁻₆. Other complex products of possible additional reactions were not discovered in these experiments.     

Stereoselective cyanation of β-bromo-β-fluorostyrenes using potassium cyanide and promoted by (CH3CN)4Cu+ BF4−

A general method for the synthesis of α-fluorocinnamonitrile based on the stereoselective reaction between β-bromo-β-fluorostyrene and potassium cyanide, promoted by (CH₃CN)₄Cu⁺ BF₄^? in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), is described.     

Kinetics and mechanism of oxidations by metal ions. Part 16. Oxidation of 4-oxopentanoic acid by aquomanganese(III) ions

Summary The outer-sphere oxidation of 4-oxopentanoic acid (4-OPA) to MeCO₂H by aquomanganese(III) ions exhibits a first-order dependence on [4-OPA] and [Mn(III)](aq). The observed pseudo first-order rate constant k _obs ([4-OPA] [Mn^III](aq)) is independent of [Mn^II] but decreases with increasing [H⁺]. The retarding effect of [H⁺] on the observed rate could be explained by considering either the reaction between MnOH⁺(aq) and MeCOCH₂— CH₂CO₂H or between Mn³⁺(aq) and MeCOCH₂CH₂-COO^– ions. The rate constant for the latter pair of reactants is much higher than the rate constant for the reaction between the first pair. Since the activation enthalpy for the first pair is about 14 kJ mol^–1 less than that of the second pair, it is concluded that the reactive species are MnOH²⁺(aq) and MeCOCH₂CH₂CO₂H or that the preferred oxidant is MnOH²⁺(aq) ion.     

Structural Modulation on NiCo2S4Nanoarray by N Doping to Enhance 2e-ORR Selectivity for Photothermal AOPs and Zn−O2Batteries**

As a H₂O₂ generator, a 2e⁻ oxygen reduction reaction active electrocatalyst plays an important role in the advanced oxidation process to degrade organic pollutants in sewage. To enhance the tendency of NiCo₂S₄ towards the 2e⁻ reduction reaction, N atoms are doped in its structure and replace S²⁻. The result implies that this weakens the interaction between NiCo₂S₄ and OOH*, suppresses O−O bond breaking and enhances H₂O₂ selectivity. This electrocatalyst also shows photothermal effect. Under photothermal heating, H₂O₂ produced by the oxidation reduction reaction can decompose and releaseOH, which degrades organic pollutants through the advanced oxidation process. Photothermal effect induced by the advance oxidation process shows obvious advantages over the traditional Fenton reaction, such as wide pH adaptation scope and low secondary pollutant due to its Fe²⁺ free character. With Zn as anode and the electrocatalyst as cathode material, a Zn−O₂ battery is assembled. It achieves electricity generation and photothermal effect induced by the advance oxidation process simultaneously.     

TG study on the chlorination of MoO2 by CCl4

Molybdenum-dioxide samples were produced by reduction of MoO₃ in flowing H₂. The chlorination kinetics of the pure crystalline MoO₂ and samples containing a mixture of Mo-oxides were studied by thermogravimetry, using gaseous CCl₄ as chlorinating agent. The initial samples and the chlorinated residues were investigated by XRD and BET methods, as well. The pure molybdenum-dioxide sample was remarkably less reactive than the partially reduced non-stoichiometric molybdenum-oxides or MoO₃. The characteristic sigmoid shape of the TG curves were explained by the difference in the reactivity of molybdenum-oxides and by the change of the specific surface area during chlorination. The observed reaction order ofn=0.5 suggests a fast, reversible dissociative adsorption of CCl₄ before the volatilization step. For samples of low specific surface area activation energies of 123 and 97 kJ·mol^?1 were obtained, and the kinetic curves could be well fitted by an Avrami-Erofeev equation. For sample of much higher specific surface area a diffusion controlled reaction (E _a=52 kJ·mol^?1) was supposed, and the kinetic model of contracting spheres could be applied.     

Reactivity of 4‐thiothymidine with Fenton reagent investigated by UV‐visible spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

The reactivity of the sulfur‐containing nucleoside 4‐thio‐(2′‐deoxy)‐thymidine usually abbreviated as 4‐thio‐thymidine, (S⁴‐TdR) under Fenton conditions, ie, in the presence of H₂O₂ and catalytic amounts of Fe(II), was investigated by UV‐vis spectroscopy and electrospray ionization single and tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS and MS/MS). S⁴‐TdR hydroxylated on the S atom was found to be a key reaction intermediate, ultimately leading to (2′‐deoxy)‐thymidine usually abbreviated as thymidine, (TdR) as the main reaction product. This finding was in accordance with the outcome of the reaction between S⁴‐TdR and H₂O₂, previously investigated in our laboratory. On the other hand, the additional presence of ?OH radicals, induced by the Fe(II)/H₂O₂ combination, led to the increased generation of another interesting S⁴‐TdR product, already observed after its reaction with H₂O₂ alone, ie, the covalent dimer including a S? S bridge between two S⁴‐TdR molecules. More importantly, multihydroxylated derivatives of S⁴‐TdR and TdR were detected as peculiar products obtained under Fenton conditions. Among them, a product bearing an OH group both on the methyl group linked to the thymine ring and on the C5 atom of the ring was found to prevail. The results obtained during this study, integrated by those found previously in our laboratory, indicate 4‐thiothymidine as a promising molecular probe for the recognition, through a careful characterization of its reaction products, of the prevailing species among reactive oxygen species (ROS) corresponding to singlet‐state oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxylic radical.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of 4‐methyl‐3‐thiosemicarbazide by acidic bromate

The oxidation of 4‐methyl‐3‐thiosemicarbazide (MTSC) by bromate and bromine was studied in acidic medium. The stoichiometry of the reaction is extremely complex, and is dependent on the ratio of the initial concentrations of the oxidant to reductant. In excess MTSC and after prolonged standing, the stoichiometry was determined to be H₃CN(H)CSN(H)NH₂ + 3BrO₃^? → 2CO₂ + NH₄⁺ + SO₄^2? + N₂ + 3Br^? + H⁺ (A). An interim stoichiometry is also obtained in which one of the CO₂ molecules is replaced by HCOOH with an overall stoichiometry of 3H₃CN(H)CSN(H)NH₂ + 8BrO₃^? → CO₂ + NH₄⁺ + SO₄^2? + HCOOH + N₂ + 3Br^? + 3H⁺ (B). Stoichiometry A and B are not very different, and so mixtures of the two were obtained. Compared to other oxidations of thiourea‐based compounds, this reaction is moderately fast and is first order in both bromate and substrate. It is autocatalytic in HOBr. The reaction is characterized by an autocatalytic sigmoidal decay in the consumption of MTSC, while in excess bromate conditions the reaction shows an induction period before autocatalytic formation of bromine. In both cases, oxybromine chemistry, which involves the initial formation of the reactive species HOBr and Br₂, is dominant. The reactions of MTSC with both HOBr and Br₂ are fast, and so the overall rate of oxidation is dependent upon the rates of formation of these reactive species from bromate. Our proposed mechanism involves the initial cleavage of the C? N bond on the azo‐side of the molecule to release nitrogen and an activated sulfur species that quickly and rapidly rearranges to give a series of thiourea acids. These thiourea acids are then oxidized to the sulfonic acid before cleavage of the C? S bond to give SO₄^2?, CO₂, and NH₄⁺. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 237–247, 2002     

Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Pharmaceutical Samples by Oxidation of Ponceau 4R by Hydrogen Peroxide

A new sensitive and simple kinetic method is developed for determination of traces of ascorbic acid based on its activated effect on oxidation of trisodium‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐(4‐sulphonato‐1‐naphthylazo)naphthalene‐6,8‐disulphonato (red artificial color Ponceau 4R) by hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of Cu(II) as catalyst, in borate buffer. The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by tracing the oxidation product at 478.4 nm within 1 min after addition of H₂O₂. The optimum reaction conditions are: borate buffer (pH = 11.00), Ponceau 4R (9.6·10^?6 mol/L), H₂O₂ (2·10^?2 mol/L), Cu(II) (8·10^?7 mol/L) at 22 °C. Following this procedure, ascorbic acid can be determined with a linear calibration graph up to 1.76 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.28, based on 3S criterion. The relative error ranges between 6.77‐1.66% for the concentration interval of ascorbic acid 1.76‐17.61 ng/mL. The effects of certain foreign ions upon the reaction rate were determined for an assessment of the selectivity of the method. The method was applied for determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical samples, and spectrophotometric method was used like an comparative method.     

Synthesis of Unprecedented 4d/4f-Polypnictogens

A series of 4d/4f-polyarsenides, -polyarsines and -polystibines was obtained by reduction of the Mo-pnictide precursor complexes [{Cp^tMo(CO)₂}₂(μ,η^2:2-E₂)] (E=As, Sb; Cp^t=tBu substituted cyclopentadienyl) with two different divalent samarocenes [Cp*₂Sm] and [(Cp^Me4nPr)₂Sm]. For the reductive conversion of the Mo-stibide only one product was isolated, featuring a planar tetrastibacyclobutadiene moiety as an unprecedented ligand for organometallic compounds. For the corresponding Mo-arsenide a tetraarsacyclobutadiene and a second species with a side-on coordinated As₂²⁻ anion was isolated. The latter can be considered as reaction intermediate for the formation of the tetraarsacyclobutadiene.     

Boosting the photoelectrochemical water oxidation performance of bismuth vanadate by ZnCo2O4 nanoparticles

Due to the involvement of four-electron transfer process at photoanode,water oxidation is the ratelimiting step in water splitting reaction.To settle this dilemma,ZnCo₂ O₄ nanoparticles are combined with BiVO₄ to form a p-n ZnCo₂ O₄/BiVO₄ heterojunction photoanode,which is proved by an input voltage-output current test.The built-in electric field formed within the heterojunction structure promotes the effective separation of elect...