磷酰胆碱基pH敏感性ABA型嵌段共聚物的合成与胶束化

采用氯化亚铜/2,2-联二吡啶催化体系, 2,5-二溴己二酸二乙酯为引发剂, 甲醇为溶剂运用希莱克技术, 利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)方法合成了ABA型三嵌段共聚物PDEAEMA-b-PMPC-b-PDEAEMA. ¹H NMR和GPC(凝胶渗透色谱)对聚合物组成、结构及分子量进行了表征, 利用透光率、粘度测定研究了嵌段共聚物溶液的pH敏感性, 利用表面张力测定、荧光探针和透射电镜研究了嵌段共聚物胶束化作用, 确定了共聚物水溶液的临界胶束浓度(CMC). 结果表明所合成的ABA型三嵌段共聚物水溶液具有pH敏感性, 其临界相变pH 7～7.5. 调节溶液pH值可实现嵌段共聚物胶束化形成“花状”胶束, 并测定了其临界胶束浓度.     

聚L-丙氨酸-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物的胶束化行为研究

以氨基聚乙二醇单甲醚(MPEG-NH₂)为大分子引发剂, 采用开环聚合方法合成了聚L-丙氨酸-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物(PAME), 并对其结构进行了表征; 用圆二色谱(CD)研究了嵌段共聚物在水溶液中的二级结构, 用芘荧光探针技术研究了共聚物胶束的形成及其临界胶束浓度(CMC), 利用动态光散射(DLS)和透射电镜(TEM)研究了胶束的粒径分布和形态. 结果表明, 在水溶液中共聚物链以α-螺旋构象形式存在, 在一定条件下嵌段共聚物能够形成球形的稳定胶束, PAME-1形成胶束的CMC为1.99×10^-5 mol/L, CMC值受共聚物中聚L-丙氨酸(PLA)链段含量的影响.     

基于苯氧基联烯的两亲性嵌段共聚物的合成

运用机理转换策略,结合自由基聚合和原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),制备了含有聚联烯链段的两亲性三嵌段共聚物.设计合成了含有偶氮和ATRP引发基团的双官能团引发剂,先用该双官能团引发剂引发苯氧基联烯单体的自由基聚合,得到了含有ATRP引发基团的聚联烯大分子引发剂,然后该大分子引发剂引发亲水性单体N,N-二乙基氨乙基甲基丙烯酸酯(DEAEMA)的ATRP聚合,制得了聚N,N-二乙基氨乙基甲基丙烯酸酯-聚联烯-聚N,N-二乙基氨乙基甲基丙烯酸酯(PDEAEMA-b-PPOA-b-PDEAEMA).该三嵌段共聚物能在水溶液中形成胶束,通过荧光探针技术分别测定了它在不同离子浓度、不同p H值条件下的临界胶束浓度.实验结果表明,该聚合物胶束的cmc随着p H值增大而减小,随着离子浓度的增大而增大.     

聚丙烯酰胺/聚L-谷氨酸苄酯接枝共聚物的合成及其胶束制备

以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)为大分子引发剂, 采用开环聚合方法, 在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中引发L-谷氨酸苄酯环内酸酐(BLG-NCA)聚合合成了两亲性聚丙烯酰胺/聚L-谷氨酸苄酯接枝共聚物(PAM-g-BLG), 采用IR, 1H NMR和GPC方法对共聚物结构进行了表征; 用芘作荧光探针, 研究了共聚物胶束的形成及其临界胶束浓度(cmc), 利用动态光散射(DLS)和透射电镜(TEM)研究了胶束的粒径分布和形态. 结果表明, PAM能够引发BLG-NCA开环聚合得到接枝共聚物, 在一定条件下接枝共聚物能够形成球形的稳定胶束, cmc值和胶束粒径随着共聚物中疏水性聚L-谷氨酸苄酯(PBLG)链段含量的增加而减小.     

ATRP法合成两亲性嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PAA及其在离子液体[BMIM][PF6]中的自组装行为研究

利用原子转移自由基聚合法(ATRP)合成了分子量可控、分子量分布窄的嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸叔丁酯(PSt-b-PtBA), 进而在酸性条件下由水解反应得到了两亲性嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸(PSt-b-PAA), 并通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(1H NMR)等测试手段对产物进行了表征. 使三种分子量不同的两亲性嵌段共聚物在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIM][PF6])中进行自组装, 通过激光粒度分析仪(DLS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了聚合物在离子液体中自组装的胶束尺寸和结构形态. 当PSt的链段长度一定时, 胶束的形状主要依赖于PAA链的长度. 当PAA链段较长时, 胶束呈球形; 当PAA链段较短时, 则变成不规则的花生状胶束.     

聚乙二醇-聚乳酸-聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯两亲性三嵌段聚合物的合成及其自组装研究

具有生物相容性的两亲性嵌段共聚物在水中易形成胶束,在医学诊断、体内药物缓释及药物靶向输送方面具有广阔的应用前景.利用二嵌段聚合物聚乙二醇-聚乳酸(PEG-PLA)引发甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯的原子转移自由基聚合,制备了两亲性三嵌段聚合物聚乙二醇-聚乳酸-聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(PEG-PLA-PHEMA),利用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC),红外光谱(FT-IR),1H NMR表征了其聚合物组成;然后利用透析法制备了不同分子量的聚合物胶束,动态光散射(DLS)和透射电镜(TEM)结果表明其形貌规整、尺寸均一,而且胶束粒径在PEG和PLA链段长度不变的条件下,随PHEMA链段的变长而增大.PHEMA链上大量羟基的存在为聚合物胶束的功能化改性提供了反应位点,加上本身完全由具良好生物相容性的聚合物制备,使其在可控药物释放方面具有很大的应用潜力.     

pH响应性聚合物胶束的制备、表征及对阿霉素的控制释放研究

以主链含腙键的聚乙二醇大分子(PEG-NH-N=CH-OH)为引发剂,通过开环聚合己内酯(ε-CL),制备了一种具有pH响应性的两亲性嵌段共聚物PEG-NH-N=CH-PCL.运用核磁共振(~1H NMR)、透射电镜(TEM)和动态光散射(DLS)等对聚合物的结构、胶束的形貌及粒径进行表征.结果表明,聚合物胶束呈规整球形且分布均匀,平均粒径约98nm,pH 5.0时胶束粒径显著增加.负载阿霉素(DOX)的聚合物胶束的载药量为16.4%,包封率为57.4%.体外释放研究表明,pH 5.0时药物释放速率比pH 7.4时快,48h后累计释放率达91.1%.因此,该pH响应性聚合物胶束作为抗癌药物载体具有潜在的应用价值.     

不同嵌段比的PEG-b-PDMAEMA共聚物在水溶液中的自聚集行为

采用氢核磁共振(¹H-NMR)、动态光散射(DLS)及透射电子显微镜(TEM)对聚乙二醇-嵌段-聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PEG-b-PDMAEMA)三种具有不同PEG/PDMAEMA嵌段比的PEG-b-PDMAEMA共聚物在水溶液中的自聚集行为进行了研究. 研究表明, 两嵌段比例是影响聚合物胶束化过程的关键因素: 只有当其中聚乙二醇含量较低(质量分数低于33%)时, 聚合物才具有其pH/温度敏感胶束化特性. 此外, 共聚物溶液随温度胶束化过程与共聚物嵌段比大小密切相关. PEG-b-PDMAEMA这种不同于传统双亲性嵌段共聚物(DHBCs)在选择性溶剂中独特的胶束化行为, 是由聚合物溶液体系中各种基团之间的氢键作用决定的.     

温度敏感性PNIPAM-b-PZLL-b-mPEG三嵌段共聚物的合成与自组装研究

通过大分子引发剂引发ε-苄氧羰基-L-赖氨酸-N-羧酸酐(Lys-NCA)开环聚合和大分子缩合的方法合成了聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)-b-聚(ε-苄氧羰基-L-赖氨酸)-b-聚乙二醇单甲醚三嵌段共聚物(PNIPAM-b-PZLL-b-mPEG).用GPC和1H-NMR对其结构进行了表征.用芘荧光探针法证明了该三嵌段聚合物形成胶束的性质并测定了临界胶束浓度(CMC).动态光散射(DLS)研究表明,在固定PNIPAM-b-PZLL链段长度的情况下,mPEG分子量为2000时,胶束在温度高于临界溶解温度(LCST)时发生聚集,mPEG分子量为5000时,胶束在LCST以上没有发生聚集.     

两亲性聚氨基酸三嵌段共聚物构筑pH/溶剂可控多级纳米结构

通过开环聚合（ROP）和原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）合成了一种pH响应性三嵌段共聚物聚乙二醇-b-聚赖氨酸-b-聚苯乙烯（PEG-b-PLL-b-PS），在水-有机溶剂混合溶液中进行组装，并采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）和衰减全反射红外光谱法（ATR-IR）表征.该三嵌段共聚物在四氢呋喃（THF）与水的混合溶剂（V：V=1：1）中可组装成疏水性聚苯乙烯为核、亲水性聚赖氨酸和聚乙二醇分别为内壳和外壳的球状胶束.采用TEM和AFM发现该球状胶束在四氢呋喃（THF）水溶液中退火7 d后可进一步转变为纤维状结构.进一步除去THF后，可恢复至粒径略小的冻结球状胶束.另外，球状胶束的粒径随着pH的增加而增加，当pH为13时，聚赖氨酸的二级结构由无规卷曲构象过渡到α-螺旋构象，聚集体由球形结构过渡到空心囊泡.溶液经透析后可使囊泡恢复至球状胶束.     

结构规整的高密度两亲性接枝聚合物刷的合成及其自组装研究

大分子单体通过两种可控聚合方法, 即开环易位聚合(ROMP)和原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)的联用, 合成一种新型两亲性接枝聚合物刷. 具有高环张力的降冰片烯单侧链大分子单体norbornene-graft-poly(ε-caprolactone)/Br (PCL- NBE-Br)首先进行ROMP反应, 生成聚合物主链, 每个单体单元上含有一条PCL链和一个溴官能团; 然后用含溴的ROMP聚合物poly(norbornene)-graft-poly(ε-caprolactone)/Br (PCL-PNBE-Br)作为大分子引发剂引发单体2-(dimethyl- amino)ethyl methacrylate)的ATRP反应, 生成结构明确的高密度两亲性接枝聚合物刷poly(norbornene)-graft-poly(ε- caprolactone)/poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PCL-PNBE-PDMAEMA), 其主链每个单体单元上均含有一条疏水性PCL接枝链和一条亲水性PDMAEMA接枝链. 最后, 研究此类高密度两亲性接枝聚合物刷的自组装行为, 用动态激光光散射(DLS)研究其在混合溶剂(THF/H2O)中的胶束行为, 考察胶束溶液的浓度以及不同长度的亲水性接枝链对胶束尺寸的影响; 利用透射电镜(TEM)观察胶束为球形, 具有类似线团或草莓状的形态.     

Synthesis of polynorbornene‐poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) nanoparticles with original morphologies by tandem ROMP and ATRP in microemulsion

Composite latex particles based on homopolymers and graft‐copolymers composed of polynorbornene (PNB) and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PtBA) were synthesized in microemulsion conditions by simultaneous combination of two distinct methods of polymerization: Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Only one commercial compound (first generation Grubbs catalyst) was used to initiate the ROMP of norbornene (NB) and activate the ATRP of tert‐butyl acrylate (tBA). Well‐defined nanoparticles with hydrodynamic diameters smaller than 50 nm were prepared with original morphologies depending on the monomer compositions, the type of combination (polymer blend or graft‐copolymer), and the conditions of microemulsion polymerizations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Synthesis of acrylate and norbornene polymers with pendant 2,7-bis(diarylamino)fluorene hole-transport groups

New hole-transport monomers have been synthesized in which a 2,7-(diarylamino)fluorene hole-transport functionality is linked through the 9-position of the fluorene bridge to a polymerizable acrylate or norbornene group; these monomers have been polymerized under free-radical and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) conditions, respectively. The norbornene monomer has also been copolymerized with a cinnamate-functionalized norbornene; this copolymer can be rendered insoluble through photo-crosslinking of the cinnamate groups under UV irradiation, thus permitting the use of the polymer in organic electronic devices based upon multiple polymer layers. The norbornene monomer has also been copolymerized with dicyclopentadiene to afford insoluble crosslinked films. Time-of-flight studies indicate that the norbornene polymer has a higher hole mobility than the analogous acrylate material, consistent with the predictions of the disorder formalism.     

A modular approach toward block copolymers

A novel methodology for the formation of block copolymers has been developed that combines ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with functional chain-transfer agents (CTAs) and self-assembly. Telechelic homopolymers of cyclooctene derivatives end-functionalized with hydrogen-bonding or metal-coordination sites are formed through the combination of ROMP with a corresponding functional CTA. These telechelic homopolymers are fashioned with a high control over molecular weight and without the need for post-polymerization procedures. The homopolymers undergo fast and efficient self-assembly with their complement homopolymer or small molecule analogue to form block-copolymer architectures. The block copolymers show equivalent association constants as their small molecule analogues described in the literature, regardless of size or nature of the complementary unit or the polymer side chain.     

Orthogonally Self‐Assembled Multifunctional Block Copolymers

We report the synthesis of telechelic poly(norbornene) and poly(cyclooctene) homopolymers by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and their subsequent functionalization and block copolymer formation based on noncovalent interactions. Whereas all the poly(norbornene)s contain either a metal complex or a hydrogen‐bonding moiety along the polymer side‐chains, together with a single hydrogen‐bonding‐based molecular recognition moiety at one terminal end of the polymer chain. These homopolymers allow for the formation of side‐chain‐functionalized AB and ABA block copolymers through self‐assembly. The orthogonal natures of all side‐ and main‐chain self‐assembly events were demonstrated by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. The resulting fully functionalized block copolymers are the first copolymers combining both side‐ and main‐chain self‐assembly, thereby providing a high degree of control over copolymer functionalization and architecture and bringing synthetic materials one step closer to the dynamic self‐assembly structures found in nature.     

High dielectric performance of tactic polynorbornene derivatives synthesized by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization

Functional polynorbornenes (PNBEs) containing pyrrolidine moiety and bis(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl side group were synthesized via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), and the microstructure of polymer chain was characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Poly(N‐3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl‐norbornene‐pyrrolidine) (PTNP) and poly(N‐phenyl‐norbornene‐pyrrolidine) (PPNP) are supposed to have practically trans double bonds and adopt isotactic syn conformation, whereas poly(N‐3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl‐norbornene‐dicarboximide) (PTNDI) has both trans and cis double bonds and atactic microstructure. PTNP, PTNDI, and PPNP have much different dielectric constants of 20, 7, and 3, respectively, which is attributed to both the polar 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl group and the stereoregular chain structure. The existence of rigid pyrrolidine moiety has a positive contribution to form the tactic polymer chain during ROMP. Polymers are highly thermal stable up to ～300 °C. Having good dielectric properties and thermal stability, these functional PNBEs are expected as the potential dielectric material in thin film capacitors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013     

Metathesis polymerization of norbornene and terminal acetylenes catalyzed by bis(acetonitrile) complexes of molybdenum and tungsten

The ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene catalyzed by bis(acetonitrile) molybdenum and tungsten complexes, [M(η³-C₃H₅)Cl(CO)₂(NCMe)₂] (1-Mo: M = Mo, 1-W: M = W), which have two labile acetonitrile ligands, has been investigated. These complexes catalyzed the ROMP of norbornene as a single-component initiator. The highly cis-selective polymerization proceeded in a THF solution (95% for 1-Mo and 96% for 1-W), whereas polymerization in CH₂Cl₂ or toluene resulted in lower cis selectivity. The polymerization of terminal acetylenes using these complexes was also examined. The tungsten complex 1-W showed a high catalytic activity for the polymerization of terminal acetylenes, such as phenyl- and tert-butylacetylene. A highly active catalytic system for the ROMP of norbornene was achieved by the activation of the tungsten complex, 1-W, with one equivalent of phenylacetylene, giving poly(norbornene) with a high molecular weight (M_n = 391 × 10⁴) and a high cis selectivity (cis  89%).     

A systematic study of stereochemical effects in homologous poly(alkenamer)s: Dewar benzene versus norbornene

Two diastereomeric derivatives of norbornene, dimethyl (1R,2R,3S,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylate and dimethyl (1R,2S,3S,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylate, were synthesized and polymerized using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). For comparative purposes, diastereomeric derivatives of Dewar benzene, dimethyl (1R,2S,3R,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.0]hex-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylate and dimethyl (1R,2S,3S,4S)-bicyclo[2.2.0]hex-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylate, were also synthesized and polymerized using ROMP. The polymerization reactions proceeded in a controlled manner as evidenced in part by linear relationships between the monomer-to-catalyst feed ratios and the molecular weights of the polymer products. Chain extension experiments were also conducted which facilitated the formation of block copolymers. Although the poly(norbornene) derivatives exhibited glass transition temperatures that were dependent on their monomer stereochemistry (cis: 115°C vs. trans: 125°C), more pronounced differences were observed upon analysis of the polymers derived from Dewar benzene (cis: 70°C vs. trans: 95°C). Likewise, microphase separation was observed in block copolymers that were prepared using the diastereomeric monomers derived from Dewar benzene but not in block copolymers of the norbornene-based diastereomers. The differential thermal properties were attributed to the relative monomer sizes as reducing the distances between the polymer backbones and the pendant stereocenters appeared to enhance the thermal effects.     

Coil-helix and sheet-helix block copolymers via macroinitiation from telechelic ROMP polymers

Coil-helix and sheet-helix block copolymers are synthesized by combining the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene or paracyclophanediene with the anionic polymerization of phenyl isocyanide. Key to the design is the use of an μ-ethynyl palladium (II) functionalized chain-transfer agent (CTA) that can be exploited in a stepwise manner for the termination of ROMP and the initiation of the anionic polymerization. Both the coil- and sheet-macroinitiators, and the ensuing covalent block copolymers, are analyzed using ¹H NMR spectroscopy and gel-permeation chromatography. In all cases, the Pd-end group is maintained and all polymers demonstrate a monomodal distribution with dispersities (Đ) of 1.1–1.4. The resulting helix-coil and helix-sheet block copolymers formed by the macroinitiation route still demonstrate their intrinsic properties (fluorescence, preferential helix-sense). © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 2991–2998     

A new class of ruthenium complexes containing Schiff base ligands as promising catalysts for atom transfer radical polymerization and ring opening metathesis polymerization

A novel series of Schiff base ruthenium complexes that are active catalysts in the field of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), have been prepared. Moreover, when activated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD), these species exhibit good catalytic activity in the ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene and cyclooctene. The activity for both the ROMP and ATRP reaction is dependent on the steric bulk and electron donating ability of the Schiff base ligand. The control over polymerization in ATRP was verified for the two substrates that exhibit the highest activity, namely MMA and styrene. The results show that the optimal ATRP equilibrium leading to a controlled polymerization, can be established by adjusting the steric and electronic properties of the Schiff base ligand.