Enhanced activity of CuO/ZnO catalyst on the decomposition of dimethylhexane-1,6-dicarbamate into dimethylhexane-1,6-diisocyanate

To decompose dimethylhexane-1,6-dicarbamate (HDC) to hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), mixed CuO and ZnO catalysts with Cu/(Cu?+?Zn) ratio of 4 and 8% were prepared by coprecipitation (CP), sequential precipitation (SP) and incipient wetness impregnation (IW). The SP-derived CuO/ZnO catalysts showed higher HDC yields than those derived by CP and IW. The IW method produced CuO/ZnO catalysts consisting of larger CuO and ZnO particles compared to the two precipitation methods. The CP method led to substitution of Zn²⁺ by Cu²⁺ in the hydrozincite precursor phase, resulting in higher BET and Cu surface areas of CuO–ZnO catalysts due to intimate intergrowth of nano-sized particles. However, the inherent character of ZnO in the CP-derived catalysts was modified by interfacial contact between CuO and ZnO identified by UV–visible and Raman spectra. In contrast, the properties of CuO and ZnO, as well as the relatively large surface areas, were kept in the SP-derived catalysts owing to deposition of Cu precipitates to fully aged Zn precipitates. This is believed to be a benefit of the SP method for the reaction. Therefore, our preparation approach has great potential to be extended to various mixed oxide catalysts.     

ZrO2添加方法对CuO-ZnO-ZrO2催化剂性能的影响

研究了ZrO₂的两种加入法所得CuO-ZnO-ZrO₂催化剂对CO₂加H₂合成CH₃OH反应催化活性的影响,得到催化剂的最佳含量组成及各种操作条件下的活性规律。采用BET、XRD、TPR、XPS等手段对催化剂表面晶相组成、活性组分存在状态进行了探讨。     

Hydrothermal preparation of CuO-ZnAl<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> catalyst for phenol <Emphasis Type="Italic">ortho</Emphasis>-alkylation with methanol: effect of the calcination temperature on the catalytic performance

The effect of heat-treatment on 10 wt% CuO-ZnAl₂O₄ catalytic activity in methylation of phenol and the degree of interaction of CuO active phase with support spinel phase were investigated. The CuO-ZnAl₂O₄ sample was subjected to heat-treatment up to 1000°C. The thermal products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption at -196°C and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD-MS) of CO₂. Additionally, the reducibility of copper phases was investigated by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). XRD patterns of the fresh catalyst sample (calcined at 600°C) indicated the presence of a mixture of poorly crystallized CuO and ZnAl₂O₄ spinel phase. The presence of two reducible copper species has been found on fresh CuO-ZnAl₂O₄ catalyst by TPR analysis. After subsequent calcinations in air at elevated temperatures some CuO disappeared with appearance of CuAl₂O₄ phase. The catalytic results revealed that the CuO addition to ZnAl₂O₄ increases the activity in ortho-methylation of phenol. Subsequent heat-treatment up to 900°C causes partial deactivation of copper centers, which is the result of transformation of CuO to the inactive CuAl₂O₄ phase.     

CuO/Ce<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Sn<Subscript>1−<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> catalysts: synthesis,characterization, and catalytic performance for low-temperature CO oxidation

Ce _x Sn_1−x O₂ metal oxides were prepared by a citrate method and used as supports for CuO/Ce _x Sn_1−x O₂ catalysts. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution TEM, and temperature-programmed reduction techniques. XRD analysis indicated that the Ce _x Sn_1−x O₂ samples maintain the fluorite structure and form a solid solution when x = 0.9 or 0.8. TPR analysis revealed that two kinds of copper species are present on the surface of the Ce _x Sn_1−x O₂ support. The catalytic properties of the CuO/Ce _x Sn_1−x O₂ catalysts were evaluated for low-temperature CO oxidation using a microreactor-GC system. The effects of Ce/Sn ratio and CuO loading on the catalytic performance were investigated. The results showed that these CuO/Ce _x Sn_1−x O₂ catalysts are very active for low-temperature CO oxidation. The 650 °C calcined 7 wt%-CuO/Ce _x Sn_1−x O₂ catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity.     

Synthesis and characterization of ZnO-doped cupric oxides and evaluation of their photocatalytic performance under visible light

ZnO–CuO binary oxide photocatalysts were synthesized by the liquid phase coprecipitation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the ZnO–CuO nanocomposites was estimated on the basis of decoloration of methyl orange dye under visible light. The effects of parameters such as calcining temperature, amount of catalyst and pH on the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of methyl orange solutions were investigated in detail. The maximum photocatalytic activity was obtained on ZnO–CuO nanocomposites with a calcining temperature of 350 °C, using a catalyst amount of 0.056 g/L and a pH of 7.5. The visible light-driven capability of ZnO–CuO nanocomposites is much better than that of commercially available TiO₂ photocatalysts under comparable conditions.     

CuO/Al2O3催化剂高温固相反应的原位XRD和Raman研究

采用原位XRD和激光Raman光谱等技术对CuO/Al2O3系列催化剂高温下的表面组成和体相结构的变化进行研究.结果表明,随着焙烧温度升高,CuO首先与载体Al2O3发生固相反应生成CuAl2O4.CuAl2O4层能阻止外层CuO进一步向载体Al2O3扩散,从而使部分CuO稳定在CuO/Al2O3催化剂的表层.     

La2-xCexCu1-yZnyO4 perovskites for high temperature water-gas shift reaction

The performance of La2-xCexCu1-yZnyO4 perovskites as catalysts for the high temperature water-gas shift reaction (HT-WGSR) was inves-tigated. The catalysts were characterized by EDS, XRD, BET surface area, TPR, and XANES. The results showed that all the perovskites exhibited the La2CuO4 orthorhombic structure, so the Pechini method is suitable for the preparation of pure perovskite. However, the La1.90Ce0.10CuO4 perovskite alone, when calcined at 350/700℃, also showed a (La0.935Ce0.065)2CuO4 perovskite with tetragonal struc-ture, which produced a surface area higher than the other perovskites. The perovskites that exhibited the best catalytic performance were those calcined at 350/700 ℃ and, among these, La1.90Ce0.10CuO4 was outstanding, probably because of the high surface area associated with the presence of the (La0.935Ce0.065) 2CuO4 perovskite with tetragonal structure and orthorhombic La2CuO4 phase.     

CO催化氧化中氧化铜对CeO2的调变作用

采用柠檬酸络合法制备并应用XRD、ICP和微反活性等方法研究了Cu－Ce－O催化剂体系,当体系中铜含量较少,焙烧温度较低时,以萤石矿型结构存在,CuO掺杂进入CeO2的晶格中;当铜含量较多,焙烧温度较高时,除了以萤石矿型结构存在外,还伴随有单斜晶系CuO的生成,焙烧温度高达1000℃时,体系无其它结构型式的晶相形成,研究发现少量的CuO使体系催化氧化CO的活性大大提高;只有极少量的CuO进入CeO2的晶格内部,该催化剂最佳配方是Cu／（Cu＋Ce）原子百分比为15％,700℃焙烧4h,其中起高催化氧化作用的是由CuO掺杂调变而成的萤石矿型复合氧化物,其组成为Cu0.06Ce0.94O1.94。     

不同方法制备的CeO2载体对CuO/CeO2催化剂水煤气变换活性和稳定性的影响

分别采用沉淀法(A), 水热法(B)和柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法(C)制备了三种CeO2材料, 并以其为载体采用沉积-沉淀法制备了CuO/CeO2催化剂. 运用N2物理吸附、粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)、原位粉末X射线衍射(in situ PXRD)、氢气-程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和循环伏安法(CV)等技术对其进行了表征, 考察了不同方法制备的CeO2载体对CuO/CeO2水煤气变换(WGS)催化剂的结构、氧化-还原性能、催化活性和稳定性的影响. 结果表明, 它们的催化活性和稳定性顺序都是CuO/CeO2-A>CuO/CeO2-B>CuO/CeO2-C. 联系表征结果, CuO/CeO2催化剂的活性与催化剂中CuO的颗粒度、CuO的微观应力和中等大小且与二氧化铈相互作用的CuO的数量等有关, 而这些因素很大程度上受CeO2载体本身的热稳定性的影响. 根据CV中扫描次数的增加, Cu2+←→Cu0氧化还原峰面积减小, 推断CuO/CeO2催化剂在一定条件下氧化还原是不可逆的, 这可能是其在反应气氛下经受温度循环之后活性降低的原因.     

Comparative Study of CuO Species on CuO/Al2O3, CuO/CeO-Al2O3 andCuO/La2O-Al2O3 Catalysts for CO Oxidation

CuO/Al2O3, CuO/CeO2-Al2O3, and CuO/La2O3-Al2O3 (denoted as Cu/Al, Cu/CeAl, and Cu/LaAl) catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method. CuO species and CuO/Al2O3 thermal solid-solid interaction were characterized by in situ XRD, Raman spectroscopy and H2-TPR techniques. For the Cu/Al catalyst, a CuAl2O4 phase exists between the CuO and Al2O3 layer and the CuO phase exists on the surface in both highly dispersed and bulk forms. For the Cu/CeAl catalyst, there is highly dispersed and bulk CuO on the surface, but most of the CuO has transferred into the internal layer of CeO2 as bulk CuO and CuAl2O4. For the Cu/LaAl catalyst, only bulk CuO is present on the surface of the catalyst and no CuAl2O4 is formed. The catalytic activity order for CO oxidation is Cu/CeAl>Cu/Al>Cu/LaAl. The highly dispersed CuO on the catalyst surface may be the active phase for CO oxidation. The results show that the addition of CeO2 not only promotes both the transference of CuO and the formation of CuAl2O4 but also favors the CO oxidation due to the association of highly dispersed CuO with CeO2, while La2O3 hinders the transference of CuO and the formation of CuAl2O4.     

CuO/SiO2催化剂上1,4-丁二醇脱氢和顺丁烯二酸二甲酯加氢耦合反应过程

以CuO/SiO₂为催化剂, 在常压固定床反应器上实现了1,4-丁二醇脱氢反应与顺丁烯二酸二甲酯加氢反应的耦合, 制备一种重要的精细化学品γ-丁内酯. 和传统的反应过程相比, 耦合反应提高了顺丁烯二酸二甲酯加氢和1,4-丁二醇脱氢活性. 在优选的反应条件下, 原料的转化率可达100%, γ-丁内酯的选择性可达98%. CuO的最佳负载量为w＝21%附近, 和单层分散阈值计算结果基本符合. XRD与TPR表征结果与单层分散阈值计算结果综合表明: 催化剂的活性组分为高分散的Cu⁰, 负载量过高使得催化剂聚集态铜晶体的比例和粒度都大大增加.     

超细CuO/ZnO/TiO2-SiO2的表征和CO2加氢合成甲醇性能研究

用溶胶-凝胶法制备了铜、锌质量分数不同的超细Cu/ZnO/TiO2-SiO2催化剂。通过BET、TPR、XRD及FT-IR等方法对催化剂前驱体CuO/ZnO/TiO2-SiO2的物化性能进行表征。用固定床连续流动微反装置，考察催化剂CO2加氢合成甲醇的催化性能。研究结果表明，溶胶-凝胶法制备的CuO/ZnO/TiO2-SiO2催化剂比表面较大（240 m2/g～590 m2/g），孔径分布单一，晶相组成为CuO。随着铜、锌质量分数的增大，催化剂的比表面积减小，最可几孔径增大; CuO微晶结晶度增大,同时微晶尺寸逐渐增大至20 nm。催化剂具有较高的反应活性和选择性，当氧化铜、氧化锌质量分数各为25%时，在260 ℃，2 500 h－1，CO2∶H2=1∶3（mol比），2.0 MPa的反应条件下，甲醇时空收率为0.126g/(h·g)。     

Ranolazine-functionalized CuO NPs: efficient homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for reduction of 4-nitrophenol

In the present study copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using a hydrothermal method with ranolazine as a shape-directing agent. Ranolazine-functionalized CuO NPs were characterized by various analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM pattern confirmed the morphology of ranolazine-functionalized CuO NPs with well-defined rice-like structures. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the interaction between CuO NPs and ranolazine. The XRD analysis indicated that the structure of ranolazine-functionalized CuO NPs was monoclinic crystalline and the size ranged between 9 and 18 nm with an average particle size of 12 nm. The smaller size range of CuO NPs gave a large surface area that enhanced the efficiency of these catalysts employed for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in the H ₂ O system. In homogeneous catalysis, results showed that 50 μL of CuO NPs was required in the presence of NaBH4 for 99% reduction of 4-NP in 240 s. On the other hand, for heterogeneous catalysis, 0.5 mg of CuO NPs was used in the presence of NaBH4 for 99% catalytic reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP in 320 s. The rate of reaction for homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis was determined from the plots of In(Ct /C0) of 4-NP versus time (s), which showed good linearity with values of 1.3 × 10 ^-2 and 8.8 × 10 ^-3 s ^-1 . respectively. The high-quality catalytic efficiency, good reusability, nontoxic nature, and low cost are favorable properties of the synthesized CuO NPs for use as efficient catalysts for reduction of 4-AP to 4-NP in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media.     

Role of preparation parameters of Cu–Zn mixed oxide catalyst in solvent free glycerol carbonylation with urea

Solvent-free carbonylation of glycerol with urea to glycerol carbonate (GC) was achieved over heterogeneous Cu–Zn mixed oxide catalyst. Cu–Zn catalysts with different ratios of Cu:Zn were prepared using co-precipitation (CP) and oxalate gel (OG) methods. As compared to CuO–ZnO(2:1) catalyst prepared by oxalate gel (OG) method, much higher conversion of glycerol and highest selectivity towards glycerol carbonate (GC) was achieved with CuO–ZnO_CP(2:1) catalyst. Physicochemical properties of prepared catalysts were investigated by using XRD, FT-IR, BET, TPD of CO₂ and NH₃ and TEM techniques. The effect of stoichiometric ratio of Cu/Zn, calcination temperature of CuO–ZnO catalysts and effect of reaction parameters such as molar ratio of substrates, time and temperature on glycerol conversion to GC were critically studied. Cu/Zn of 2:1 ratio, glycerol–urea 1:1 molar ratio, 145 ​°C reaction temperatures were found to be optimized reaction conditions to achieve highest glycerol conversion of 86% and complete selectivity towards GC. The continuous expel of NH₃ from reaction the mixture avoided formation of ammonia complex with CuO–ZnO catalyst. As a result of this, CuO–ZnO catalyst could be recycled up to three times without losing its initial activity.     

A comparative study of CuO/TiO_2-SnO_2,Cut/Tit_2 and CuO/SnO_2 catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation

Nanometer SnO2 particles were synthesized by sol-gel dialytic processes and used as a support to prepare CuO supported catalysts via a deposition-precipitation method. The samples were characterized by means of TG-DTA, XRD, H2-TPR and XPS. The catalytic activity of the CuO/TiO2-SnO2 catalysts was markedly depended on the loading of CuO, and the optimum CuO loading was 8 wt.% (T100 = 80 ◦C). The CuO/TiO2-SnO2 catalysts exhibited much higher catalytic activity than the CuO/TiO2 and CuO/SnO2 catalysts. H2-TPR result indicated that a large amount of CuO formed the active site for CO oxidation in 8 wt.% CuO/TiO2-SnO2 catalyst.     

Enhanced Thermal Decomposition Properties and Catalytic Mechanism of Ammonium Perchlorate over CuO/MoS2 Composite

In this report, CuO/MoS₂ composites were successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method where nano‐sized CuO was uniformly distributed on the surface of hierarchical MoS₂ substrates (CuO/MoS₂ composites). Their physicochemical properties and catalytic performance in ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition were investigated and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, TG/DSC and combustion measurement. The results showed that it could decrease AP decomposition temperature at high decomposition stage from 416.5 °C to 323.5 °C and increase the heat release from 378 J/g (pure AP) to 1340 J/g (AP with catalysts), which was better than pure CuO nanoparticles (345.5 °C and 1046 J/g). Meanwhile, it showed excellent performance in combustion reaction either in N₂ or air atmosphere. The results obtained by photocurrent spectra, photoluminescence spectra and time‐resolved fluorescence emission spectra indicated that loading CuO mediated the generation rate and combination rate of electrons and holes, thus tuning the catalytic performance on AP decomposition. This study proved that employing the supports that can synergistically interact with CuO is an efficient strategy to enhance the catalytic performance of CuO.     

Thermal Studies in Cuo−Cu2O−SnO2 System At Two Oxygen Pressures, As Observed by DTA/TG Experiments

This study reports experimental investigations by DTA/TG analysis of (1−x)SnO₂−xCuO compositions, up to 1773 K and at two oxygen partial pressures (i.e. air and argon). In air, DTA/TG results showed thermal effects due exclusively to CuO presence in the initial mixture. No binary compounds were formed. The reduction process of CuO to Cu₂O over 1273 K as well as the formation over 1373 K of the liquid phase, have been evidenced. In argon atmosphere, CuO to Cu₂O reduction reaction is shifted toward 1205 K, while the liquid phase appears in the studied mixtures over 1473 K. The formation of an eutectic composition between SnO₂−Cu₂O, melting at 1491 K, coordinates:0.932Cu₂O+0.068SnO₂, has been experimentally established in argon. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

浆态床用CuO/ZrO2催化剂的完全液相法合成及其对CO加氢的催化性能

 利用完全液相法制备了CuO/ZrO2浆状催化剂,通过X射线衍射、氮气吸附和程序升温还原等方法对催化剂的结构和织构性质进行了研究,并考察了CuO/ZrO2催化剂上CO加氢反应的性能. 结果表明,本方法制备的CuO/ZrO2浆状催化剂具有与传统方法制备的固体催化剂相似的相结构; 利用共沸蒸馏法进行表面处理后, CuO/ZrO2催化剂分散均匀且易于还原; CuO/ZrO2浆状催化剂用于CO加氢反应时,不需另外添加甲醇脱水剂就可以直接合成二甲醚,在473 K时CuO/ZrO2对二甲醚的选择性达到92.1%, 并且在15 d的反应中催化剂呈现出良好的稳定性.     

Selective oxidation of CO in excess hydrogen on copper—cerium-containing catalysts

Selective oxidation of CO that is in mixtures enriched in H₂ was studied to investigate catalytic properties of the 0.5—80% CuO/Ce_0.7Zr_0.3O₂ system. The catalysts were prepared by the combined decomposition of copper, cerium, and zirconyl nitrates at 300 °C. The systems studied are active and stable under mild conditions of the process (80—160 °C) and at high space velocities (to 100000 h^–1) of the reaction mixture (2% CO, 1% O₂, 40—50% H₂). With an increase in the CuO content in the catalysts up to 20%, the degree of CO removal achieves 60% (120 °C and V = 35000 h^–1) and further does not change appreciably. The contribution of oxygen participation into CO oxidation is virtually independent of the copper concentration in the sample and ranges from 65 to 75%. The dependences of the Arrhenius equation parameters for CO and H₂ oxidation on the catalyst composition were determined, which makes it possible to calculate the conversion of reactants and selectivity of CO conversion under the specified conditions of the process. The addition of CO₂ and H₂O (12—15%) to the reaction mixture decreases the catalyst activity and simultaneously increases the selectivity of CO oxidation to 100%. It is shown by the TPR and X-ray diffraction methods that the combined decomposition of the starting Cu²⁺, Ce³⁺, and ZrO²⁺ nitrates produces solid solutions of oxides with a high content of CuO. The reductive pre-treatment of fresh samples of the studied catalysts results in the destruction of the solid solution and formation of highly dispersed Cu particles on the surface of Ce—Zr—O. These particles are active in CO oxidation.     

State of the copper ions in the catalysts for oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide

The state of the copper ions in the catalysts for the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, prepared by dissolving an activated copper-containing aluminum alloy in water followed by calcination (method A) and by impregnation of the support produced by dissolving activated aluminum in water with copper nitrate solution (method B), was investigated by diffuse reflection electronic spectroscopy. It was established that the catalysts contain Cu ²⁺ ions stabilized in fields of octahedral symmetry. The concentration of these ions depends on the method of synthesis of the catalyst, its copper content, and the pretreatment temperature. It is higher in the samples produced by impregnation than in the samples produced by fusion; increase in the amount of copper leads to a decrease while increase in the calcination temperature leads to an increase in the concentration of the above-mentioned ions. Treatment of the oxide systems with the reaction mixture does not affect the state and concentration of Cu ²⁺. The catalytic activity of the samples depends on the method of preparation and increases with decrease in the amount of Cu ²⁺ (O_h) and with increase in the content of the CuO phase in the system.N. D. Zelinskii Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117913. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 786–790, April, 1992.