Boehmite@tryptophan‐Pd nanoparticles: A new catalyst for C–C bond formation

A boehmite@tryptophan‐Pd nanoparticulate catalyst was prepared by a simple, fast and convenient route. The nanomaterial was characterized using various techniques and employed as a thermally stable catalyst for Heck, Stille and Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions. Optimized conditions for these reactions are described. The catalyst could be isolated, post‐reaction, by simple filtration and recycled for several consecutive cycles without a notable change in its activity.     

Short synthesis of bis-NHC-Pd catalyst derived from caffeine and its applications to Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira reactions in aqueous solution

A short and efficient synthesis of a bis-NHC-palladium catalyst simply prepared from caffeine in two steps was reported. The air and moisture stable Pd catalyst can be used as a good catalyst in running Suzuki-Miyaura, Mizoroki-Heck, and Sonogashira reactions in aqueous solution.     

Iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction: Heterogeneous palladium and copper‐free Heck and Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions catalyzed by a reusable Fe(III) complex

An interesting silica‐supported iron catalyst was successfully prepared and demonstrated as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides. The as‐prepared nanocatalyst was well characterized and found to be highly efficient in Heck reaction under mild and sustainable conditions (water as solvent at 80 °C in short reaction time). Furthermore, the obtained catalyst was used as an efficient, inexpensive and green heterogeneous catalyst for Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions of various aryl iodides and provided the corresponding products with moderate to good yields. This phosphine, copper and palladium‐free catalyst was simply recovered from the reaction mixture and recycled five times without substantial decrease in its catalytic activity.     

Preparation and characterization of Cu supported on 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)aniline-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a novel magnetic catalyst for Ullmann and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions

Copper supported on 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)aniline (BIA)-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Cu-BIA-Si-Fe₃O₄) as a novel magnetic catalyst was designed and used for the synthesis of new products via Ullmann and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. The Ullmann reaction was performed by mixing arylboronic acid with aniline derivatives in dimethylsulfoxide solvent. Also, diaryls were synthesized via Suzuki C–C reactions between aryl halides and phenylboronic acid in the same solvent. The prepared materials and catalyst were characterized with various analytical techniques. The Cu-BIA-Si-Fe₃O₄ catalyst demonstrated catalytic efficiency with good to excellent yields for both types of reactions in comparison with commercial palladium catalysts. Also, the catalyst could be recovered by a simple filtration and retained its activity even after several cycles.     

Pd/Cu-free Heck and Sonogashira coupling reactions applying cobalt nanoparticles supported on multifunctional porous organic hybrid

A new heterogeneous cobalt catalyst has been synthesized by immobilizing Co species onto a nitrogen-rich porous organic polymer (Co@imine-POP). The heterogeneous catalyst synthesized was efficient in Heck and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions in green media under mild reaction conditions without inert air and phase transfer agents. This phosphine-, copper-, and palladium-free catalyst was stable under the reaction conditions and could be reused for at least eight successive runs without a discernible decrease in its catalytic activity.     

Pd–S-methylisothiourea supported on magnetic nanoparticles as an efficient and reusable nanocatalyst for Heck and Suzuki reactions

Supported Pd–S-methylisothiourea on magnetic nanoparticles (Pd–SMU-MNPs) as an efficient and magnetically reusable nanocatalyst was prepared and applied for the Heck and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. All coupling reactions proceeded in short reaction times with good to excellent yields. After completion of reactions, the catalyst was easily separated from the reaction mixture using an external magnetic field and reused for several consecutive runs without significant loss of its catalytic efficiency and activity. This nanomagnetic catalyst was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, VSM, ICP-OES, TEM and SEM techniques. The leaching of the catalyst has been examined by a hot filtration test and ICP-OES analysis.     

Polystyrene-supported recyclable palladacycle catalyst for Heck, Suzuki and Sonogashira reactions

A new type of soluble polystyrene-supported palladium complex as an excellent and recyclable palladacycle catalyst was discovered for carboncarbon bond formation in Heck, Suzuki and Sonogashira reactions. Precipitation and filtration process for recycling the catalyst was also achieved.     

木质素负载钯催化剂的制备及对Heck反应的催化性能

以天然木质素和PdC l2为原料,合成了木质素负载钯催化剂,用IR、XPS、TG、DTA等对其进行了表征.研究表明,该催化剂在空气氛围中能催化丙烯酸与芳基碘的Heck反应,并有一定的重复使用性能.     

Silica‐supported terpyridine palladium(II) complex as an efficient and reusable catalyst for Heck and Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions

Silica‐supported terpyridine palladium(II) was prepared and used as an effective and recyclable catalyst in Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. The catalyst was very effective for the Mizoroki–Heck reaction of aryl halides with olefins and conversion was in most cases excellent. The catalyst showed good thermal stability (up to 230 °C) and could be recovered and reused for four reaction cycles. The Suzuki coupling of aryl iodides with aryl boronic acids in the presence of the catalyst was also investigated and the reaction proceeded with a short reaction time and excellent conversion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Suzuki Reaction of Aryl Bromides Using a Phosphine-Free Magnetic Nanoparticle-Supported Palladium Catalyst

A palladium catalyst immobilized on superparaganetic nanoparticles was prepared with a palladium loading of 0.30 mmol/g. The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and nitrogen adsorption. The immobilized palladium catalyst was an efficient catalyst without added phosphine ligands for the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of several aryl bromides with phenylboronic acid. The recovery of catalyst was simply by magnetic decantation in the presence of a magnet. The immobilized palladium catalyst can be reused many times without significant degradation in catalytic activity. No leaching of active palladium species into the reaction solution was detected.     

Amorphous Cu0 on Carbon Nanofiber as Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for N-Arylation Reactions

A novel heterogeneous catalyst,amorphous Cu^0 on the carbon nanofibers was developed and characte-rized by means of several characterization techniques.The prepared Cu^0 was investigated as a heterogeneous catalyst for N-arylation reaction.The results show it is an excellent catalyst with recyclability,high consistency and catalytic activity.After the catalyst was used for 5 cycles in the N-arylation reaction,amorphous Cu^0 reunited into crystalline copper nanoparticles with different particle sizes and its good heterogeneity in the catalytic system was confirmed after the catalyst recovery.     

Esterification of Tertiary Amides: Remarkable Additive Effects of Potassium Alkoxides for Generating Hetero Manganese–Potassium Dinuclear Active Species

A catalyst system of mononuclear manganese precursor 3 combined with potassium alkoxide served as a superior catalyst compared with our previously reported manganese homodinuclear catalyst 2 a for esterification of not only tertiary aryl amides, but also tertiary aliphatic amides. On the basis of stoichiometric reactions of 3 and potassium alkoxide salt, kinetic studies, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we clarified a plausible reaction mechanism in which in situ generated manganese–potassium heterodinuclear species cooperatively activates the carbonyl moiety of the amide and the OH moiety of the alcohols. We also revealed details of the reaction mechanism of our previous manganese homodinuclear system 2 a , and we found that the activation free energy (ΔG^≠) for the manganese–potassium heterodinuclear complex catalyzed esterification of amides is lower than that for the manganese homodinuclear system, which was consistent with the experimental results. We further applied our catalyst system to deprotect the acetyl moiety of primary and secondary amines.     

炭负载Pd/Ce双金属催化剂对Heck反应的催化性能

通过简便的方法制备了炭负载Pd/Ce双金属催化剂,利用Pd/Ce双金属催化剂的协同效应提高催化剂对Heck反应的催化效率。 以碘苯与丙烯酸的Heck芳基化反应为模型反应,研究了反应条件对催化剂催化性能的影响。 结果显示,在反应温度为130 ℃,反应时间为5 h,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)作为溶剂和三丁胺(Bu₃N)作为碱的条件下,炭负载Pd/Ce双金属催化剂对丙烯酸和碘苯的Heck芳基化反应具有良好的催化性能,产率达到70%以上。 另外,该催化剂属于非均相催化剂,催化剂易与反应溶液分离;也可以重复利用,使用3次反应产率仍达到66.9%,显示了炭负载Pd/Ce双金属催化剂良好的催化活性。     

复合床合成低碳醇的研究

采用了三种不同的合成醇催化剂分别作为第一段催化床层,以ＺｎＯ／Ｃｒ２Ｏ３催化剂作为第二段催化床层,研究了复合催化剂床对合成低碳醇反应行为的影响。结果表明,采用复合床层技术可以提高反应产物中低碳醇的选择性,但是烃类的转化率增加,液收减小。同时发现,第一段催化床层的反应产物分布与第二段催化床层的反应条件直接影响最终的反应结果。第一段催化剂床层中ＣＯ的转化率或甲醇的选择性过高都不利于提高反应产物中低碳醇的选择性     

Preparation of a titania‐supported highly dispersed palladium nano‐catalyst and its application in Suzuki and Heck coupling reactions

In this work, palladium complexes nanoparticles in titania are prepared by a pH‐controlled adsorption and without pH‐controlled adsorption method. This method results in high‐dispersion palladium on the titania surface. We demonstrate the use of the titania‐supported palladium as an efficient catalyst for Suzuki and Heck reactions of a representative range of aryl bromides and chlorides. The reusability of catalyst was tested, and deactivation process of the catalyst was not observed after four recycles. The catalysts were characterized by FT‐IR, NMR, elemental analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nafion®‐supported oxovanadium‐catalyzed hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes under solventless conditions

A Nafion® resin‐supported oxovanadium(IV) catalyst was readily prepared via ion‐exchange method. This solid vanadyl perfluorinated sulfonate catalyst was used as an efficient and recoverable catalyst for the hydrophosphonylation of various aldehydes under solventless conditions at room temperature. The catalyst could be recovered by simple filtration and reused without a significant loss of activity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Catalytic reactions of C4 hydrocarbons on the fluid catalytic cracking catalyst

利用小型固定流化床实验装置,对C4烃类在催化裂化催化剂上催化转化反应规律进行了实验研究,考察了不同反应温度及空速对C4烃类催化转化反应的产物分布和组成的影响。实验结果表明,催化裂化催化剂对C4烃类具有一定芳构化和裂化性能,在适宜的反应条件下,可增产芳烃和丙烯;在C4烃类催化转化过程中,丁烯是主要的反应物,而丁烷几乎不反应;低反应温度有利于增产芳烃,高反应温度有利于增产丙烯。较低的空速对增产芳烃和丙烯都有利。根据双分子反应机理和反应结果,建立了C4烃类在催化裂化催化剂上催化转化过程的反应网络。对C4烃类催化转化历程分析表明,中间产物碳五和碳六烯烃较弱的二次裂化性能是C4烃类在催化裂化催化剂上催化转化过程中乙烯和丙烯产率较低的主要原因。     

Green,cost‐effective and efficient procedure for Heck and Sonogashira coupling reactions using palladium nanoparticles supported on functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 by polyvinyl alcohol as a highly active,durable and reusable catalyst

A novel heterogenized organometallic catalyst was synthesized by coordinating palladium with polyvinyl alcohol‐functionalized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ nanospheres. This novel catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, UV–vis spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and inductively coupled plasma analysis. The prepared palladium nanoparticles supported on polyvinyl alcohol functionalized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ nanoparticles were successfully applied as a magnetically recyclable catalyst in Heck and Sonogashira coupling reactions in water. They showed remarkable activity toward aryl halides (I, Br, Cl) using very low palladium loading in excellent yields and demonstrated high TONs (mmol of product per mmol of catalyst). Also, the catalyst could be magnetically separated and reused seven times without any appreciable loss of catalytic activity.     

Preparation of Mg–Al hydrotalcite from the effluent of Friedel–Crafts reaction and its application as a catalyst in Knoevenagel reaction

Abstract

Hydrotalcite containing magnesium and aluminium (Mg–Al HT) with a molar ratio of Mg(II)/Al(III) = 2.5 has been prepared by a co-precipitation method using the effluent of a Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction. The HT was calcined at 500°C and reconstructed with deionized water. The synthesized HT was characterized by XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy and was successfully used as a catalyst in the Knoevenagel reaction of aldehydes and active methylene compounds. The catalyst was found to be reusable.     

Copper‐ and phosphine‐free Sonogashira coupling reaction catalyzed by silica–(acac)‐supported palladium nanoparticles in water

A palladium‐based catalyst supported on acac‐functionalized silica was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction of various aryl halides and phenylacetylene under copper‐ and phosphine‐free conditions. This catalytic system serves as an efficient and stable catalyst for this cross‐coupling reaction and allows easy separation and recycling of the catalyst. The catalyst could be recycled for five runs without appreciable loss of its catalytic activity. In addition, the reaction was carried out in water as a green solvent. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.