Classical Keggin Intercalated into Layered Double Hydroxides: Facile Preparation and Catalytic Efficiency in Knoevenagel Condensation Reactions

The family of polyoxometalate (POM) intercalated layered double hydroxide (LDH) composite materials has shown great promise for the design of functional materials with numerous applications. It is known that intercalation of the classical Keggin polyoxometalate (POM) of [PW₁₂O₄₀]^3? (PW₁₂) into layered double hydroxides (LDHs) is very unlikely to take place by conventional ion exchange methods due to spatial and geometrical restrictions. In this paper, such an intercalated compound of Mg_0.73Al_0.22(OH)₂ [PW₁₂O₄₀]_0.04?0.98 H₂O (Mg₃Al‐PW₁₂) has been successfully obtained by applying a spontaneous flocculation method. The Mg₃Al‐PW₁₂ has been fully characterized by using a wide range of methods (XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, EDX, XPS, FT‐IR, NMR, BET). XRD patterns of Mg₃Al‐PW₁₂ exhibit no impurity phase usually observed next to the (003) diffraction peak. Subsequent application of the Mg₃Al‐PW₁₂ as catalyst in Knoevenagel condensation reactions of various aldehydes and ketones with Z‐CH₂‐Z′ type substrates (ethyl cyanoacetate and malononitrile) at 60 °C in mixed solvents (V_2‐propanol:V_water=2:1) demonstrated highly efficient catalytic activity. The synergistic effect between the acidic and basic sites of the Mg₃Al‐PW₁₂ composite proved to be crucial for the efficiency of the condensation reactions. Additionally, the Mg₃Al‐PW₁₂‐catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate demonstrated the highest turnover number (TON) of 47 980 reported so far for this reaction.     

Influence of the Preparation Method on the Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Platinum Catalysts Supported on Bayerite Alumina for the Partial Oxidation Reactions of Hydrocarbons

Kinetics and Catalysis - Platinum catalysts supported onto bayerite alumina were synthesized and studied. Alumina of the θ-Al2O3 type, which was prepared from metallic aluminum by an aluminate...     

The Influence of HCl Concentration on the Rate of the Hydrolysis–Condensation Reaction of Phenyltrichlorosilane and the Yield of (Tetrahydroxy)(Tetraphenyl)Cyclotetrasiloxanes,Synthesis of All Its Geometrical Isomers and Thermal Self-Condensation of Them under “Pseudo”-Equilibrium Conditions

The rate of hydrolysis–condensation reaction of phenyltrichlorosilane in water-acetone solutions and the product yields were shown to significantly depend on the concentration of HCl (C_HCl) in the solutions. The main product of the reaction was all-cis-(tetrahydroxy)(tetraphenyl)cyclotetrasiloxane. This was different from the earlier published results of analogous reactions of m-tolylSiCl₃, m-ClPhSiCl₃, and α-naphtylSiCl, in which some products of other types were formed. For example, trans-1,1,3,3-tetrahydroxy-1,3-di-α-naphtyldisiloxane was obtained in the case of α-naphtylSiCl₃. All-cis-(tetrahydroxy)(tetraphenyl)cyclotetrasiloxane was treated in acetone with HCl to give the other three geometric isomers (cis-cis-trans-, cis-trans-, and all-trans-). The thermal self-condensation of these four isomers under “pseudo”-equilibrium conditions (under atmospheric pressure) was investigated in different solvents, in quartz or molybdenum glass flasks. The compositions of the products were monitored by APCI-MS and ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that all-cis- and cis-cis-trans-isomers in toluene or anisole mostly gave the cage-like Ph-T_8,10,12,14 and uncompleted cage-like Ph-T_10,12OSi(HO)Ph compounds. In contrast to these two isomers, the cis-trans–isomer in toluene mainly formed dimers with the loss of one or two molecules of water. However, in acetonitrile, significant amounts of Ph-T_10,12 and Ph-T_10,12OSi(HO)Ph species were formed along with the dimers. All-trans-isomer did not enter into the reaction at all.