多聚赖氨酸诱导的负电性磷脂巨囊泡形变

利用荧光显微技术表征了多聚赖氨酸诱导的负电性磷脂巨囊泡的动力学响应行为.研究发现,多聚赖氨酸可吸附至二油酰磷脂酰胆碱和二油酰磷脂酸混合磷脂巨囊泡的表面,诱导其发生粘连、出"绳"及破裂现象.分析认为,在低盐环境中,膜形变由多聚赖氨酸吸附于二油酰磷脂酸富集区引起的膜两叶应力不对称,以及静电相互作用等因素产生.研究结果对基于聚合物-巨囊泡体系的药物输运控释、细胞形变、微控反应和基因治疗等方面的研究提供有价值的支持.     

Influence of surface affinity of planar walls on effective interaction between the wall and colloids

Using density functional theory, we investigate the effective interaction between a big colloid immersed in a sea of small colloids and a wall which has different affinity to the small colloids. Steele 10-4-3 potential is introduced to mimic both short-range repulsive and long-range attractive interactions between the wall and the small colloids. It is found that the surface affinity of the wall has a significant influence on the effective interaction. In the short-range repulsive case, the repulsion greatly enhances the big colloid-wall effective attraction, which sensitively depends on the concentration of small colloids, and is not sensitive to the repulsive strength. In the long-range attractive case, both the concentration of small colloids and the attractive strength have great effect on the effective interaction, and with an increase of the attractive strength, a strong repulsion may be induced when the big colloid is close to the wall. In low density limit of small colloids, the present results agree well with those of the Asakura and Oosawa(AO) approximation.     

Dynamics of polymers in flowing colloidal suspensions

Using hydrodynamic simulations we examine the behavior of single polymers in a confined colloidal suspension under flow. We study the conformations of both, collapsed and noncollapsed polymers. Our results show that the presence of the colloids has a pronounced effect on the unfolding and refolding cycles of collapsed polymers, but does not have a large effect for noncollapsed polymers. Further inspection of the conformations reveals that the strong flow around the colloids and the direct physical compressions exerted on a globular polymer diffusing in between colloidal shear bands largely facilitate the initiation and unraveling of the globular chains. These results are important for rheological studies of (bio)polymer-(bio)colloid mixtures.     

受驱无序胶体动力学

利用Langevin分子动力学，本数值研究点钉扎中心随机分布的二维胶体动力学．随着钉扎中心强度的提高，我们发现了从弹性脱钉到塑性脱钉的渡越，并伴随临界钉扎力在渡越区的明显提高，类似于超导体中的峰值效应．另外，我们首次发现：当塑性流动发生时，高速运动胶体粒子感受到的平均钉扎力在从玻璃态到液态的转变过程中会出现峰值效应，并伴随有速度-驱动力曲线的交叠．     

Protein transfer to membranes upon shape deformation

Red blood cells, milk fat droplets, or liposomes all have interfaces consisting of lipid membranes. These particles show significant shape deformations as a result of flow. Here we show that these shape deformations can induce adsorption of proteins to the membrane. Red blood cell deformability is an important factor in several diseases involving obstructions of the microcirculatory system, and deformation induced protein adsorption will alter the rigidity of their membranes. Deformation induced protein transfer will also affect adsorption of cells onto implant surfaces, and the performance of liposome based controlled release systems. Quantitative models describing this phenomenon in biomaterials do not exist. Using a simple quantitative model, we provide new insight in this phenomenon. We present data that show convincingly that for cells or droplets with diameters upwards of a few micrometers, shape deformations induce adsorption of proteins at their interface even at moderate flow rates.     

tBid蛋白引发磷脂膜透化过程的研究

Bid蛋白是仅有BH3结构域的Bcl-2家族蛋白,在溶酶体膜透化以及线粒体外膜透化引发的细胞凋亡过程中起着非常重要的调控作用,但是Bid蛋白与生物膜之间的相互作用导致脂膜透化的确切机制尚不十分清楚.本文利用激光扫描共聚焦显微成像技术及基于氧化石墨烯表面诱导荧光衰逝的单分子荧光技术,分别从单囊泡及单分子水平对tBid蛋白与磷脂膜之间的相互作用进行了系统的研究.结果表明,tBid蛋白在膜上聚集后可引起脂膜的透化,且脂膜透化的发生源于聚集体中一些tBid蛋白更深入地插入了脂膜中.     

Depletion interactions between colloidal particles in polymer solutions: density functional approach

A density functional theory for colloid–polymer mixtures based on the weighted-density approximation has been developed to investigate the depletion effects acting between two colloids immersed in a bath of polymers and the depletion effects for a colloid near a planar hard wall. The theoretical results for the polymer-induced depletion interactions and the local polymer density distributions are in good agreement with the computer simulations. The calculation shows that the depletion interaction for a colloid near a planar hard wall is much stronger than that between two colloids in a polymer solution because of the strong confinement effect. The behaviour of the depletion interactions has been analysed as a function of the polymer density, the polymer chain length, and the colloid/polymer size ratio. Strong depletion effects appear in short-chain systems and with large colloid/polymer size ratios.     

甘氨酸在正、负电性纳米银上的吸附及振动谱的密度泛函计算

获得了甘氨酸在不同的pH值下在正、负电性纳米银上表面增强拉曼散射光谱(SERS),用B3LYP/lanl2dz计算了甘氨酸-银原子四种不同的吸附方式的拉曼光谱,通过实验结果与理论计算结果的对比,发现有三种理论计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,借助理论计算的结果对甘氨酸在正、负电性纳米银上的可能的三种吸附进行了讨论。     

Electric-field-induced polarization of the layer of condensed ions on cylindrical colloids

In concentrated suspensions of charged colloids, interactions between colloids can be induced by an external electric field through the polarization of charge distributions (within the diffusive double layer and the layer of condensed ions) and/or electro-osmotic flow. In case of rod-like colloids, these field-induced inter-colloidal interactions have recently been shown to lead to anomalous orientation perpendicular to the external field, and to phase/state transitions and dynamical states, depending on the field amplitude and frequency of the external field. As a first step towards a (semi-) quantitative understanding of these phenomena, we present a linear-response analysis of the frequency-dependent polarization of the layer of condensed ions on a single, long and thin cylindrical colloid. The in-phase and out-phase response functions for the charge distribution and the electric potential are calculated for arbitrary orientation of the cylindrical colloid. The frequency-dependent degree of alignment, which is proportional to the electric-field-induced birefringence, is calculated as well, and compared to experiments on dilute fd virus suspensions.     

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering of hydroxyproline

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of hydroxyproline and one deuterated analogue are reported. In this work, we tackled the problem of SERS reproducibility by employing gold colloids instead of the usual silver sols to achieve plasmon enhanced Raman scattering. We slightly modified modified a previously published procedure to obtain to obtain the colloid, and concentrated the gold particles by centrifugation. The SERS spectra show distinctive bands of hydroxyproline, assigned by comparison to normal Raman spectra and density functional theory calculations. Repeated measurements using this procedure showed reproducible SERS spectra. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide colloid as a receptor directed MR contrast agent.

We have synthesized a surface functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide colloid whose clearance from the vascular compartment was inhibited by asialofetuin but not fetuin. Unlike other particulate or colloidal magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents, the agent of the current communication is not withdrawn from the vascular compartment by cells of the macrophage-monocyte phagocytic system, as indicated by its selective increase in hepatic relaxation rates. Because of this we refer to this colloid as a hepatic selective (HS) MR contrast agent. At 20 mumol Fe/kg the HS MR agent darkened MR images of liver. The HS MR agent exhibited no acute toxicity when injected into rats at 1800 mumol Fe/kg. Based on these observations, surface functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide colloids may be the basis of MR contrast agents internalized by receptor mediated endocytosis generally, and by the asialoglycoprotein receptor in particular.     

Improving surfactant grafting in magnetic colloids

The grafting number of surfactant coating on magnetite nanoparticles in a magnetic colloid (magnetic fluid), defined as the number of surfactant molecules adsorbed per surface area of nanoparticles, was successfully obtained from the atomic absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. We found that the increases of grafting number with the molar concentration of surfactant and the adsorption temperature can be quantitatively measured, making it possible to produce well controlled, stable magnetic colloids that are precursors for many magnetic nanostructures.     

应用银溶胶膜探测水中抗生素的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

以自组装法制备的银溶胶膜为表面增强拉曼散射活性基底实现了对水中抗生素的痕量检测。采用微波加热法制备银溶胶,自组装法制备银溶胶膜。通过改变银溶胶的pH值及镀膜的次数,研究其对抗生素增强效果的影响。实验发现,采用不同pH值的银溶胶镀膜所获得的银溶胶膜的增强效果有很大差异,当银溶胶pH=4,且镀膜次数为五次时,增强效果最佳。以此银溶胶膜为基底对三种抗生素(氯霉素、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星)进行了SERS检测,可以检测到的最低浓度分别为120,15,120 nmol·L-1。结果表明,利用改进方法制备的银溶胶膜,可以对水中抗生素进行痕量检测,为实现养殖水中残留抗生素的检测提供了方法。     

Photoconductivity of potassium colloids in KCl single crystals

Detailed photoconductivity spectra of potassium colloids in KCl single crystals are presented. A broad band peaked at ～2 eV, together with a small shoulder at ～1.3 eV are observed for crystals containing colloids with radii in the 20–500 Å range.The spectrum shape is essentially independent of temperature and colloid radius. On the other hand, the maximum photoconductivity yield depends on the colloid radius reaching a maximum value at about 60 Å.     

Colloids on free-standing smectic films

We study the structure of a free-standing smectic-A film around a micron-size polystyrene colloid adsorbed onto the film. We find that a colloid or a cluster of colloids is surrounded by an optically distinct and radially decorated meniscus ending with a sharp edge. The observed strong and finite-range attraction between the adsorbed colloids is driven by the fusion of menisci. We interpret the structure of the smectic meniscus in terms of a model dominated by the surface free energy and we argue that the characteristic appearance of the meniscus is due to layer undulations.     

How Phospholipid-Cholesterol Interactions Modulate Lipid Lateral Diffusion, as Revealed by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Cholesterol is a key player in regulating physico-chemical properties of cellular membranes and, thereby, ensuring cell viability. In particular, lipid-cholesterol interactions may provide important information on the spatio-temporal organization of membrane components. Here, we apply confocal imaging and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) to Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) composed of binary mixtures of lipids and cholesterol.The effect of cholesterol on lipid dynamics and molecular packing order of unsaturated, monounsaturated, fully saturated (with both low and high phase transition temperatures, T_m) glycero-phospholipids and sphingomyelin has been investigated. We show that, for unsaturated glycerophospholipids, the decrease of the lipid diffusion coefficient as a result of the interaction with cholesterol does not depend on the fatty acid chain length. However, the values of the diffusion coefficient change as a function of chain length. The monounsaturated phospholipid palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) exhibits a dynamic behavior very similar to the unsaturated dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC). By contrast, for saturated (low T_m) glycero-phospholipids, cholesterol causes a decrease of lipid mobility in a chain length-dependent manner.FCS can be employed as a valuable tool to study lipid-sterol interactions and their effect on lipid dynamics, molecular packing and degree of conformational order.     

多环芳烃的表面增强拉曼光谱探测与分析

首次实现了以参数优化的金溶胶为表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)活性基底探测水中痕量的多环芳烃。采用化学还原法制备不同颗粒大小的金溶胶,实验确定了632.8 nm激发光下的最优金纳米颗粒的平均粒径为(32±3) nm,并以此金溶胶为基底,探索pH值对多环芳烃增强效果的影响,发现pH=13效果最佳,与pH=6相比谱线绝对强度提高约20倍。以粒径为(32±3) nm,pH=13的金溶胶为活性基底对不同浓度萘、菲、芘溶液进行了SERS光谱探测,探测到的最低浓度分别为20,4和4 nmol·L-1,特征峰强与浓度呈线性关系,线性拟合相关系数均在0.985以上,三者混合溶液的SERS光谱可清晰分辨出各自的特征峰。结果表明,该实验所采用的SERS活性基底灵敏度较高,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Cellular solid behaviour of liquid crystal colloids 1. Phase separation and morphology

We study the phase ordering colloids suspended in a thermotropic nematic liquid crystal below the clearing point and the resulting aggregated structure. Small () PMMA particles are dispersed in a classical liquid crystal matrix, 5CB or MBBA. With the help of confocal microscopy we show that small colloid particles densely aggregate on thin interfaces surrounding large volumes of clean nematic liquid, thus forming an open cellular structure, with the characteristic size of inversely proportional to the colloid concentration. A simple theoretical model, based on the Landau mean-field treatment, is developed to describe the continuous phase separation and the mechanism of cellular structure formation. Received 13 March 2000 and Received in final form 6 June 2000     

软凝聚态物质物理学

软物质是指其某种物理性质在小的外力作用下能产生很大变化的凝聚态物,典型的例子包括液晶、高分子体系、胶体、微乳液等。软物质的结构和性质主要不是由内能,而是由熵来决定,较通俗地介绍了软物质的概念,仔细分析了熵在软物质中所起的作用,同时详细介绍了聚合物体系、胶体及生物膜等几种典型的软物质,通过硫化橡胶和无管虹吸等十分有趣的例子。说明了聚合物对流变性质的影响;通过分析硬球胶体的相变及相分离等行为说明了熵力的概念;仔细分仔了电稳定胶体的相互作用,并介绍了DLVO理论以及近年来发现的对这一理论的偏离,特别是约束条件下同号带电胶球的长程吸引相互作用及其对此现象的一些解释;对生物膜也作了初步介绍。人们对软物质的研究和理解目前还处于一个非常原始的阶段,深入研究和理解软物质的各种性质必将促进人类对自然和人类自身的认识。