缺口件疲劳寿命分布预测的有效应力法

本文提出了一种由光滑件疲劳寿命试验数据预测缺口件疲劳寿命分布的有效应力法。该方法中缺口件的裂纹可能萌生表面被分解成一个个微元,整个表面可看成是这些微元组成的一个串联模型,按照串联概率失效模型,缺口件的疲劳强度失效概率就可以由各微元的疲劳强度失效概率计算得到,其中微元的疲劳强度失效概率是由光滑件的疲劳强度失效概率通过最弱环节理论计算得到的。在缺口件的疲劳强度失效概率表达式中,引入了有效应力的概念,用它查取光滑件的疲劳寿命试验数据就可以直接得到缺口件的疲劳寿命分布。该方法可以同时考虑到应力梯度和试件尺寸对缺口件疲劳寿命分布的影响。进行了材料LY12CZ的带中心孔缺口件的寿命算例分析,预测结果和试验结果吻合良好,表明该方法是有效的。     

Finite element method applied to the quenching of steel cylinders using a multi-phase constitutive model

Heat treatment processes are usually employed to control the mechanical properties of steels and quenching is one of the most common treatments. This article deals with the modeling and simulation of quenching in steel cylinders using a multi-phase constitutive model. Finite element method is employed for spatial discretization. Numerical simulations are carried out by considering an iterative process associated with the operator split technique. Initially, a verification procedure is of concern establishing a comparison between numerical and experimental data, presenting a good agreement. Afterward, notched steel cylinders are treated evaluating the influence of notches in quenched pieces. Temperature, phase transformations and stresses are monitored during the quenching in order to give a general idea of the thermomechanical behavior of the process.     

Stress analysis of notched anisotropic finite plates under mechanical and hygrothermal loads

Summary Notch-induced stress concentrations in anisotropic composite materials depend on their directional material properties, especially for uniaxially reinforced composites with high-modulus fibres. The design of notched high-performance composites requires therefore a special proof of their notched strength, which includes the structural parameters of the fibre/matrix combination, fibre orientation and layer arrangement. The assessment of the effects of the finite outer boundary is of practical importance when dimensioning critical notched regions. An anisotropic plate with finite dimensions and a hole in its center will be used here to model stress concentrations. The calculation is based on conformal mappings combined with complex-valued stress functions. The outer boundary is described using point-matching and the least-squares method. The solutions are conducive to the assessment of the essential influencing factors of material properties, geometry and loads. Notched finite plates made of fibre/matrix composites, mainly carbon-fibre reinforced polymers, will be presented as illustrations. Received 29 June 1998; accepted for publication 22 October 1998     

A CFD study of the interaction of oscillatory flows with a pair of side-by-side cylinders

The behavior of vortices induced by a pair of side-by-side square cylinders in an oscillating flow is investigated using an in-house numerical model. The study is carried out for various Keulegan–Carpenter numbers, Reynolds numbers, and cylinder gap spacings. For an oscillating flow past a pair of side-by-side cylinders, the gap ratio plays a vital role in the flow pattern. A jet-like structure is observed when fluid flows through the gap. Moreover, the gap promotes the earlier appearance of asymmetric vortex shedding. In-line force and lift force coefficients of two square cylinders are analyzed using spectral analysis. An autocorrelation function is used to determine the relation between flow patterns around two cylinders. These results demonstrate the transition of the flow field from the periodic state to the chaotic state.     

A LES study of the flow interference between tandem square cylinder pairs

The results of an investigation on the interference effects of the tandem square cylinders exposed to a uniform flow are presented in this paper. Time-dependent and three-dimensional flow simulations are carried out using large eddy simulation with a one-equation subgrid model. An incompressible three-dimensional finite volume code with a collocated grid arrangement is used for solving filtered Navier–Stokes equations. These equations are solved with an implicit fractional two-step method. Simulations are conducted with different Reynolds numbers between 10³ and 10⁵. The longitudinal spacing between the cylinders is selected 4D for the chosen Reynolds numbers, where D is the side of the cylinders. Also the effect of the spacing between cylinders, ranging from 1D to 12D, is studied for the selected Reynolds numbers. The instantaneous flow field is studied by analyzing the vortices, pressure, streamlines and Q-criterion to assist understanding of the various flow patterns, vortical structures and Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices in the separating shear layers. The hysteresis is observed in a certain range of the gap spacing, which this range depends on the selected Reynolds number. The global results are also computed and compared with available experimental results. The results indicate that there is a satisfactory agreement between the predictions and available experimental data considering the fine grid adopted.     

缺口复合材料层合板疲劳性能的试验研究

对带各种缺口的复合材料层合板的疲劳性能进行了研究。设计了不同类型的制品试件,分别进行静态和疲劳试验。试验数据表明,缺口对复合材料的静强度和静刚度的影响不大,缺口试样的疲劳寿命带高于缺口试样,与金属材料相比,复合材料对缺口不敏感。采用条状试样获得的力学性能不参代表复合材料的真实性能,实现表明自由边的缺口对结构提高疲劳寿命是有利的。文中还对疲劳过程中复合材料的刚度变化进行了研究,对文中所研究的层合板,     

Numerical simulation of high‐Reynolds number flow around circular cylinders by a three‐step FEM–BEM model

An innovative computational model, developed to simulate high‐Reynolds number flow past circular cylinders in two‐dimensional incompressible viscous flows in external flow fields is described in this paper. The model, based on transient Navier–Stokes equations, can solve the infinite boundary value problems by extracting the boundary effects on a specified finite computational domain, using the projection method. The pressure is assumed to be zero at infinite boundary and the external flow field is simulated using a direct boundary element method (BEM) by solving a pressure Poisson equation. A three‐step finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the momentum equations of the flow. The present model is applied to simulate high‐Reynolds number flow past a single circular cylinder and flow past two cylinders in which one acts as a control cylinder. The simulation results are compared with experimental data and other numerical models and are found to be feasible and satisfactory. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

割口单向叠层板的拉伸应力集中与强度

基于剪滞理论,建立一种分层剪滞模型,分析了含割口的单向叠层板在拉伸载荷作用下的应力重新分布问题,获得了割口前缘完整纤维的应力集中因子.在此基础上,采用细观统计破坏理论,研究了割口单向叠层板的拉伸破坏强度,得到了与现有实验较吻合的结果.     

Characteristics of a viscoplastic material in the couette flow

A model governing a steady flow of a viscoplastic material between coaxial cylinders is proposed. Nonlinear velocity sensitivity typical of superplastic materials is taken into account. An algorithm of calculating the characteristics of the material is developed. The algorithm is based on the experimental data on moments and angular velocities of the rotating coaxial cylinders. The stability of the algorithm to errors in the initial data is estimated.     

Taylor–Dean instability of yield-stress fluids at large gaps

Centrifugal instability of Bingham fluids is investigated in Taylor–Dean flow when the gap size is large compared to the cylinders radii. To determine conditions for the onset of instability, an infinitesimal axisymmetric disturbance was introduced to the basic flow and its evolution in time was monitored using a normal-mode linear stability analysis. To avoid the problem with the stress discontinuity at the location of the yield surface(s), use was made of the Papanastasiou’s regularized variation of the Bingham model in order to obtain the basic flow velocity profiles. An eigenvalue problem was obtained for the exact Bingham fluid which was solved numerically using the collocation method. A plot of the neutral instability curve at different Bingham numbers suggests that the yield stress can have a stabilizing or destabilizing effect on Taylor–Dean flow depending on the sign and magnitude of the pressure gradient, and also on the sense of rotation of the two cylinders with respect to each other.     

Instability of Bingham fluids in Taylor-Dean flow between two concentric cylinders at arbitrary gap spacings

Stability of Bingham fluids is investigated numerically in azimuthal pressure-driven flow between two infinitely long concentric cylinders. An infinitesimal perturbation is introduced to the basic flow and its time evolution is monitored using normal mode linear stability analysis. An eigenvalue problem is obtained which is solved numerically using pseudo-spectral collocation method. Numerical results are obtained for two different cases: (i) the inner cylinder is rotating at constant velocity while the outer cylinder is fixed (i.e., the Taylor-Dean flow) and (ii) both cylinders are fixed (i.e., the Dean flow). The results show that the yield stress always has a stabilizing effect on the Taylor-Dean flow. But, for the Dean flow the effect of the yield stress is predicted to be stabilizing or destabilizing depending on the magnitude of the Bingham number and also the gap size.     

用伪应力函数法求解幂硬化材料柱体的扭转问题

本文引用伪应力函数使得幂硬化材料的任意形状等截面柱体和变直径圆截面柱体扭转问题的定解方程具有弹性柱体扭转问题的相应形式,从而可用类似于求解弹性柱体扭转的方法或直接利用已知的弹性解答求解对应的幂硬化材料柱体的扭转问题,本文用这种方法求得了幂硬化材料椭圆截面柱体及含球形空腔的圆轴扭转问题的解析解。     

Hydrodynamic forces on dual cylinders of different diameters in steady currents

Turbulent flow past two circular cylinders of different diameters is numerically investigated. The two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved by using a finite element method with a k–ω turbulence closure. Following a relevant numerical model validation process, effects of cylinder gap-to-diameter ratio, the angular position of the smaller cylinder and the diameter ratio of cylinders on the vortex shedding and the forces on the cylinders are investigated using the numerical model. It is found that the relative position of the small cylinder has significant effects on the hydrodynamic force and vortex shedding characteristics of the cylinders.     

大柔性圆柱体两自由度涡激振动试验研究

基于模型试验研究了柔性圆柱体两自由度涡激振动问题, 研究了顺流向涡激振动和横向涡激振动的频率与振幅关系, 提出了考虑流固耦合的两自由度涡激振动非线性分析模型. 研究表明, 在不同的流速(雷诺数)范围, 柔性圆柱体顺流向涡激振动与横向涡激振动的频率比和幅值比是不同的; 在非锁定区, 圆柱体的顺流向振动频率与横向振动频率相同, 在锁定区, 圆柱体的顺流向振动频率是横向振动频率的两倍; 在非锁定区, 顺流向振幅与横向振幅比约为1, 而在锁定区, 顺流向振幅与横向振幅比约为1/3~2/3.      

A numerical study on nonlinear dynamics of three-dimensional time-depended viscoelastic Taylor-Couette flow

In this paper, three-dimensional viscoelastic Taylor-Couette instability between concentric rotating cylinders is studied numerically. The aim is to investigate and provide additional insight about the formation of time-dependent secondary flows in viscoelastic fluids between rotating cylinders. Here, the Giesekus model is used as the constitutive equation. The governing equations are solved using the finite volume method (FVM) and the PISO algorithm is employed for pressure correction. The effects of elasticity number, viscosity ratio, and mobility factor on various instability modes (especially high order ones) are investigated numerically and the origin of Taylor-Couette instability in Giesekus fluids is studied using the order of magnitude technique. The created instability is simulated for large values of fluid elasticity and high orders of nonlinearity. Also, the effect of elastic properties of fluid on the time-dependent secondary flows such as wave family and traveling wave and also on the critical conditions are studied in detail.     

A computer simulation of elastic effects in the two-roll mill problem

In a previous paper consideration was given to the flow of a generalised Newtonian liquid between contra-rotating cylinders — the so-called two-roll mill problem. We present here an extension to that work in which we consider the effect of elasticity on the flow. An Oldroyd three-constant model is used to characterize the fluid properties and a finite-element method used to solve the relevant equations. Results are presented for different speeds of rotation of the cylinders and for various values of the fluid parameters. A comparison is made between the effects of elasticity and of shear-thinning on the flow patterns around the cylinders.     

用伪应力函数法求解幂硬化材料柱体的扭转问题

本文引用伪应力函数使得幂硬化材料的任意形状等截面柱体和变直径圆截面柱体扭转问题的定解方程具有弹性柱体扭转问题的相应形式,从而可用类似于求解弹性柱体扭转的方法或直接利用已知的弹性解答求解对应的幂硬化材料柱体的扭转问题,本文用这种方法求得了幂硬化材料椭圆截面柱体及含球形空腔的圆轴扭转问题的解析解。     

Characterizing void nucleation in a damage-based constitutive model using notched tensile sheet specimens

An experimental and numerical test programme was conducted to investigate damage-induced ductile fracture in notched tensile sheet specimens of an aluminum–magnesium alloy. An upper bound, damage-based constitutive model was employed to estimate the formability of the material over a range of stress states found in sheet metal forming. Stress- and strain-based nucleation models are evaluated to characterize damage initiation and fracture of the material. The ligament strain-to-failure, elongation-to-failure and load–displacement curves can be captured using either nucleation rule. The advantages of each nucleation model are discussed in relation to quantitative measurements of damage available in the literature. Stress-based nucleation provides a promising approach for characterizing the nucleation behaviour over a range of stress states compared to strain-based nucleation.     

Interaction between two circular cylinders in slow flow of Bingham viscoplastic fluid

The interaction between two circular cylinders was studied in the slow flow of a Bingham viscoplastic fluid in an infinite medium without any inertia effects. The configuration studied is that in which the flow direction is parallel to the centre line of the cylinders. Finite-element numerical simulations were used with an approximation by Papanastasiou's regularisation method. The case of high yield stress effect was particularly examined. The convergence of the solutions was examined in detail. Changes in the rigid zones, kinematics and stresses were determined in relation to the degree of interaction, which is a function of the distance between the cylinders and the effect of yield stress. The results compared with the case of a single cylinder show that yield stress reduces interaction effects. The transition between configurations with interacting cylinders and configuration with isolated cylinders was examined as a function of the effect of yield stress. Correlations were proposed for the drag coefficient and the stability criterion when the cylinders are interacting.