实心砖石古塔动力特性与结构损伤分析

为研究"丝绸之路"起点世界文化遗产建筑兴教寺测师塔的动力性能及结构损伤,采用超低频动态测试系统进行了原位动力测试试验.在环境随机激励下,采集了该塔各楼层顶部水平振动的速度响应信号,经滤波后通过积分变换进行自谱及互谱分析,得到了结构沿水平方向的前2阶自振频率与振型.并依据结构测绘结果,建立测师塔数值模型,计算了弹性模量逐渐降低时的振动特性,并与测试结果进行对比,依据结构损伤参数识别的改进形法,进行了测师塔结构损伤分析.结果表明,该塔沿东西与南北两个水平方向的前2阶频率值相近,第1阶振型呈弯曲型,第2阶振型呈弯剪型;与无损砌体弹性模量的取值比较,测师塔结构的等效弹性模量降低较多,其结构整体损伤较为严重.因此,可通过确定无损砌体的弹性模量,采用动力测试及数值计算依据等效弹性模量进行残损砖石古塔结构损伤识别.     

汽轮机动叶片的可靠性设计方法

提出了汽轮机叶片可靠性设计方法,介绍了叶片可靠性的含义和计算方法。该方法以概率论和统计学为基础,把汽轮机叶片的静应力、动应力、叶片疲劳强度、叶片安全倍率、叶片振动频率和激振力频率处理为随机变量,通过试验数据的统计分析和计算,确定有关随机变量的分布参数。使用概率设计法、应力与强度干涉模型确定汽轮机叶片疲劳强度和振动设计的可靠度。文中给出了叶片疲劳强度的动应力设计法和安全倍率设计法以及第一种调频叶片、第二种调频叶片和整圈连接叶片组的振动可靠性设计的计算公式和一些应用实例。使用这些方法,可以在设计阶段确定汽轮机叶片设计的可靠度,为汽轮机叶片的可靠性设计提供了科学的依据。     

Understanding the Dynamic Behaviour of a Tennis Racket under Play Conditions

The ‘feel’ of tennis rackets is of increasing importance to manufacturers seeking product differentiation in a context where further performance enhancements are prevented by a combination of mechanical limits and regulations imposed to protect the integrity of the sport. Vibrations excited during a shot contribute greatly to the perception of ‘feel’. Previous studies have been reported but none has covered the full set of mode families or the frequency range in this study. In-plane vibrations associated with the routine use of topspin shots in modern tennis have not been documented so far in the literature. To consider modal behaviour, multiple measurements during play conditions are required but this is practically impossible. This paper proposes an alternative approach and successfully relates a comprehensive modal analysis on a freely suspended racket to vibration measurements under play conditions. This is achieved through an intermediate stage comprising a necessarily more limited modal analysis on a hand-gripped racket and use of the mass modification modal analysis tool. This stage confirmed the prevailing view that hand-gripping can be considered as a mass modification distributed along the handle of the freely suspended racket but the associated mass was much lower than that of an actual hand and the hand also increased the damping ratio of frame modes significantly. Furthermore, in frame vibration measurements during forehand groundstrokes, a greater reduction in bending mode frequencies was observed, consistent with a mass-loading of around 25 % of the actual hand as a consequence of the tighter grip. In these play tests, the first two bending modes, the first torsional mode, the first eight stringbed modes, the first three hoop modes and the third in-plane bending mode were identified, with the stringbed modes being particularly prominent.     

Averaging in vibration suppression by parametric stiffness excitation

Stability investigations of vibration suppression employing the concept of actuators with a variable stiffness are presented. Systems with an arbitrary number of degrees of freedom with linear spring- and damping-elements are considered that are subject to self-excitation as well as parametric stiffness excitation. General conditions for full vibration suppression and conditions of instability are derived analytically by applying a singular perturbation of first and second order. The analytical predictions are compared for exemplary systems by numerical time integration and show a great improvement of former results. These basic results obtained can be used for accurate design of a control strategy for actuators. The first author gratefully acknowledges the mobility grant of Vienna University of Technology for visiting the University of Utrecht during which preliminary results were obtained.     

金属连接导管振动疲劳极限测试方法研究

为确定滚压和焊接钛合金导管的振动疲劳极限寿命,采用HB5277-84规定的振动疲劳试验方法和失效准则。分别利用激光位移传感器和电阻应变片测定了试件的第一阶频率和规定加速度载荷激励下的试件悬臂端位移及试件根部的应变。试验发现：对于具有连接特性的试件在进行定频振动疲劳试验初期,试件第一阶响应频率快速下降,此时试件并未发生裸眼可见破坏和裂纹。为满足产品定寿要求,采用逐级增加试验载荷进行扫频振动试验,直至试件频率稳定以及根部应变和端部位移达到试验要求后,再进行正式定频振动疲劳试验,仍采用依据频率下降1%作为失效准则完成了所用规定试验。     

Plastic flow for non-monotonic loading conditions of an aluminum alloy sheet sample

Non-linear deformation paths obtained using uniaxial tension followed by simple shear tests were performed for a 1050-O aluminum alloy sheet sample in different specimen orientations with respect to the material symmetry axes. In order to eliminate the time influence, the time interval between the first and second loading steps was kept constant for all the tests. Monotonic uniaxial tension tests interrupted during loading were used to assess the recovery that takes place during this time. In order to eliminate the influence of the initial plastic anisotropy and to compare the results as if the material hardening was isotropic, the flow stress was represented as a function of the plastic work. The behavior of the material after reloading was analyzed in terms of dislocation microstructure and crystallographic texture evolutions. For more quantitative assessment, the full constraints [Int. J. Plasticity 13 (1997) 75] and visco-plastic self-consistent [Acta Metall. Mater. 41 (1993) 2611] polycrystal models were used to simulate the material behavior in the non-linear deformation paths. Based on experimental and simulation results, the relative contributions of the crystallographic texture and dislocation microstructure evolution to the anisotropic hardening behavior of the material were discussed.     

航天器噪声试验中结构振动响应预示方法研究

航天器在随运载火箭发射过程中要承受严酷的噪声环境,需通过噪声试验来检验航天器承受噪声环境并能正常工作的能力.航天器噪声试验中结构振动的响应特性是结构强度设计应该考虑的因素之一,更是制定器上组件随机振动试验条件的重要依据,因此有必要在航天器研制初期对噪声载荷作用下的结构振动进行响应预示.文章应用商用有限元分析软件MSC.Patran和MSC.Nastran建立了某型号航天器结构舱板的有限元模型,将噪声载荷声压谱转换为脉动压力功率谱密度,进而采用模态法分析结构在噪声载荷作用下的随机振动响应,并将仿真预示结果与试验结果进行对比研究,在仿真分析中考虑阻尼参数模型和流场附加质量效应等因素的影响;通过研究表明:采用阻尼比随频率提高而减小的经验阻尼参数模型可以较好地反映中高频响应特性、得到较为准确的总均方根响应分析结果,进一步采用虚拟质量法考虑流场附加质量效应可以得到较为准确的功率谱密度响应分析结果.文章提出的仿真分析方法建模简便、计算成本低,适用于在航天器研制初期对航天器噪声试验中的结构振动进行响应预示.      

Nonlinear Assessment of Cable Vibration in a Stayed Bridge

An experimental study for cables in a stayed bridge is presented. In this analysis, the tensions on the cables were calculated considering linear and nonlinear approaches; for the nonlinear analysis a 2D model was used to evaluate vibration modes and responses under wind and traffic loads. The 8 semi-harp cable stayed bridge used for this study has 112 cables and vibration measurements were done under normal operational conditions. Tensions computed from the nonlinear model were compared with those from the traditional linear model, where average differences were within 3.3%. The estimated tensions from vibration tests have good correlation with the experimental values measured from load tests, while the vibration procedure was carried out in less than 2 days without limiting the bridge operation; converse to the load tests where approximately 30 days are necessary and the bridge traffic has to be closed for short periods during measurements.     

Exploiting the subharmonic parametric resonances of a buckled beam for vibratory energy harvesting

The potential of harvesting vibratory energy via a bistable beam subjected to subharmonic parametric excitations is investigated. The vibrating structure is a buckled beam with two stable equilibria separated by a potential barrier. The beam is subjected to a superposition of a static axial load beyond its buckling load and a harmonic axial excitation whose frequency is around twice the frequency of the buckled beam’s first vibration mode. A macro-fiber composite patch is attached to one side of the beam to convert the strain energy resulting from the beam’s oscillation into electricity. The study considers two regimes of excitations: an amplitude sweep and a frequency sweep. In the first regime, the amplitude of excitation is quasi-statically varied while the excitation frequency is tuned at twice the natural frequency of the first vibration mode. In the second regime, the excitation frequency is swept forward and backward around the subharmonic resonant frequency while the amplitude of excitation is kept constant. A theoretical model which governs the electromechanical coupling of the transverse vibrations of the beam and the output voltage is used to monitor the response as the excitation parameters are changed. An experimental setup is also built and a series of tests is performed to validate the theoretical findings. It is shown that, depending on the amplitude and frequency of excitation, the harvester can perform small-amplitude periodic intra-well motion, intra- and inter-well chaotic motions, as well as periodic inter-well motions. Experimental results also show that, as compared to the classical linear resonance, utilizing the sub-harmonic resonance of a bistable energy harvesters can result in a broadband frequency response.     

Experimental investigation on using the piezoelectric and electromagnetic vibration absorbers in milling

The paper presents an active control system that counteracts the development of chatter vibration. The vibration amplitude depends on the dynamic properties of the machine tool, cutting tool and work-piece. In the paper we analyze the case when the loss of machining stability is caused by the work-piece. The proposed active control system employs electromagnet or piezoelectric actuator to suppress vibration during milling. The active control introduces damping into the system, thereby raising the critical depth of cut and reducing forced vibration amplitude. It enables stable cutting under a much wider range of cutting parameters that for the uncontrolled system. Cutting tests are performed on JAFO FYN-50 machine with mill DIN 845 B-25 K-N HSS to demonstrate an effectiveness of the proposed systems.     

立式电机模态仿真与实验研究

振动是电机的重要性能指标。本文在MSC.NASTRAN仿真环境下,利用有限元方法对立式电机进行了电机整机的模态仿真,得到了整机的前五阶固有振动频率、振型等参数值。根据仿真结果,分析了整机的危险位置和振型。进行了电机模态试验,验证虚拟样机和数值模拟的有效性。结果表明,系统不会发生共振。最后,在力学分析的基础上对结构进行优化,为立式电机的改进和振动测试提供了参考。     

旋转运动柔性梁的时滞主动控制实验研究

对旋转运动柔性梁的时滞主动控制进行实验研究,验证时滞反馈控制的有效性. 实验中采用交流伺服电机带动柔性梁旋转运动,柔性梁上粘贴有压电作动器,用于控制梁的弹性振动. 实验研究考虑如下3种情况:(1)仅使用电机扭矩进行控制,电机扭矩存在时滞;(2)使用电机扭矩和压电作动器同时控制,仅压电作动器存在时滞;(3)使用电机扭矩和压电作动器同时控制,电机和压电作动器存在不同的时滞量. 重点通过实验验证时滞反馈控制的可行性和有效性.      

Detection and description of non-linear phenomena in experimental modal analysis via linearity plots

Ground vibration tests (GVTs) on aircraft prototypes are mainly performed to experimentally identify the structural dynamic behaviour in terms of a modal model. This assumes a linear dynamic behaviour of the structure. However, in the practice of ground vibration testing it is often observed that structures do not behave in a perfectly linear manner. Non-linearities can be determined, for example, by free play in junctions, hydraulic systems in control surfaces, or friction. This paper compiles measured, typical, non-linear phenomena from various GVTs on large aircraft. The standard procedure in GVTs nowadays is the application of the Harmonic Balance method which linearizes the dynamic behaviour on the level of excitation. The procedure requires a harmonic excitation of the structure which is usually performed during phase resonance testing. The non-linear behaviour is investigated in terms of linearity plots in which the resonance frequency of a mode is plotted as a function of the excitation level. The experimental data is then compatible with all post-processing procedures for the measured results, e.g. updating of the finite element model or flutter calculations. This paper shows measured linearity plots for some typical non-linear phenomena. In the second part of the paper analytical linearity plots for different non-linear stiffness and damping models are considered in order to investigate whether the type of non-linearity can be identified from measured linearity plots. The analytical linearity plots are discussed with respect to their application limits. The analytical linearity plots are used to interpret the experimental linearity plots stemming from various GVTs on different aircraft prototypes. Finally, the observability of non-linear stiffness and non-linear damping characteristics via linearity plots is assessed.     

横观各向同性热电材料简支矩形板的自由振动

从耦合的三维压电热弹性理论出发分析了横观各向同性热电材料简支矩板的自由振动,证明其存在两类振动,即解耦的第一类振动和耦合的第二类振动,如果板的结构和上下表面边界条件关于中面对称,则第二类振动又可进一步分解为对称振和反对称振动,给出了热电材料简支矩形板自由振动的三维精确解,采用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ法克服了超越方程求复根的困难。对于ＰＺＴ－４矩形板给出了数值结果,分析了耦合效应对振动频率的影响,计算     

航空发动机压气机叶片振动频率与温度的关系

以某型航空发动机压气机第六级叶片为例，研究了温度对叶片振动频率的影响。发现由于温度的升高导致了材料弹性模量的下降，而弹性模量的下降又导致了叶片在发动机一定的转速范围内，除一阶振动外，其余各阶振动的动频均小于静频，因此与通常的工程处理方法不同，研究压气机叶片的动频时，应考虑温度的影响。     

杆状弯曲行波型超声电机运动机理研究

为了深入研究杆状弯曲行波型超声电机的运动机理，本文分析了定子表面质点椭圆运动轨迹的形成，并将椭圆运动分解为产生驱动力的有效椭圆运动与使定、转子产生径向滑动的径向直线运动；然后基于有效椭圆运动变化情况，分析了在两相振幅不平衡和任意相位差情况下对转子运动平稳性的影响，为这类电机的设计和性能控制提供理论依据。     

外爆条件下冲击波与组合壳结构的相互作用

为研究冲击波与组合壳结构的相互作用,针对带防护墙的地面直立钢筋混凝土组合壳结构,考虑结构安置于地面和周边围土2种工况,开展结构爆炸实验,分析了结构外表面冲击波荷载分布及振动特性。实验结果表明:冲击波作用下,结构外表面爆炸荷载主要产生在冲击波绕射过程,确定荷载时应考虑冲击波压力在绕射传播过程中的自然衰减;整个结构中与冲击波最早接触的构件先产生振动,而后由于结构整体参与使得振动频率降低,振动幅值减小;结构周边围土可降低防护墙迎爆部分构件的振动频率,减小防护墙和组合壳的振动幅值。     

A combined isotropic-kinematic hardening model for the simulation of warm forming and subsequent loading at room temperature

A coupled isotropic-kinematic hardening material model was developed based on phenomenological observations of performed two stage experiments on a medium carbon steel – SAE 1144, where the first deformation is performed at elevated temperatures and the second deformation at room temperature. Above all, deformations with orthogonal loading at various temperatures were investigated in order to determine the influence of the loading direction as well as of the temperature. Bergström’s theory of work hardening as well as the nonlinear kinematic hardening of an Armstrong–Frederick type were used as a basis for the model development. In the proposed model a relationship between material coefficients of the classical Bergström model and temperature was investigated. The aim of the new material model was to introduce the least possible amount of new parameters as well as to facilitate the mathematical determination of parameters during the fitting of the model with experimental data. The developed model was implemented in an in-house FE-Code in order to simulate the material behavior due to the dynamic strain aging and the hardening behavior after the dynamic strain aging process. Representative simulation results were compared with the experimental data in order to validate the efficiency and the application range of the model.     

冰激结构频率锁定振动的发生机理及简单分析方法

冰激结构频率锁定振动是冰区海洋工程结构的危险工况.对频率锁定振动过程的传统机理解释没有体现这一过程的全部物理特征,导致现有的分析方法无法准确分析这一问题.本文基于对现场测量结果的分析,提出了一种海冰韧性损伤--破碎过程与结构振动耦合导致频率锁定振动的机理.该机理认为,海冰在直立结构频率锁定振动过程中发生韧性损伤-破碎行...     

Internal-external resonance of a curved pipe conveying fluid resting on a nonlinear elastic foundation

In this study, the forced vibration of a curved pipe conveying fluid resting on a nonlinear elastic foundation is considered. The governing equations for the pipe system are formed with the consideration of viscoelastic material, nonlinearity of foundation, external excitation, and extensibility of centre line. Equations governing the in-plane vibration are solved first by the Galerkin method to obtain the static in-plane equilibrium configuration. The out-of-plane vibration is simplified into a constant coefficient gyroscopic system. Subsequently, the method of multiple scales (MMS) is developed to investigate external first and second primary resonances of the out-of-plane vibration in the presence of three-to-one internal resonance between the first two modes. Modulation equations are formed to obtain the steady state solutions. A parametric study is carried out for the first primary resonance. The effects of damping, nonlinear stiffness of the foundation, internal resonance detuning parameter, and the magnitude of the external excitation are investigated through frequency response curves and force response curves. The characteristics of the single mode response and the relationship between single and two mode steady state solutions are revealed for the second primary resonance. The stability analysis is carried out for these plots. Finally, the approximately analytical results are confirmed by the numerical integrations.