用于油/水分离的环保无氟超疏水织物的制备与性能

针对目前用于油/水分离的超疏水材料普遍存在的原料不环保、不可降解、涂层耐久性差等缺点,采用简便的浸渍法,制备了一种环保、工艺简单且性能优良的超疏水材料。首先,使用水性聚氨酯（WPU）将聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯P（MMA-r-GMA）微球固定在棉织物表面,构造微纳米级粗糙结构。其次,通过水解-缩合反应,将无毒的十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷（HDTMS）与甲基三乙氧基硅烷（MTES）锚定在棉织物表面,制备得到超疏水棉织物。结果表明,改性棉织物接触角最高可达157.3（°）,滚动角为5（°）。同时具有很好的耐溶剂性,在酸碱溶液中浸泡30 min后,接触角几乎无变化。油水分离效率最高可达97.8%,即使在经过10次循环分离之后,油水分离效率仍然在95%以上。该超疏水织物具有出色的油水分离效率和优良的稳定性,可用于可持续且环保的油水分离领域。     

二乙烯苯-苯乙烯交联聚合物包覆毛细管硅胶整体柱的制备与评价

在优化条件下制备了一类新型的无机-有机复合型毛细管整体柱.即通过在硅胶毛细管整体柱柱床上包覆纳米级聚合物薄膜得到了二乙烯基苯-苯乙烯交联聚合包覆的硅胶整体柱,突破了有机聚合物和无机硅胶整体柱的界限,使之兼具无机、有机两种基质的优点,从而拓展了硅胶整体柱的应用范围.考察了这种交联聚合物包覆的硅胶毛细管整体柱的结构特征和μ-HPLC性能,并成功分离了稠环芳烃类系列小分子化合物,其对于萘的柱效可达28 000 N/m.     

环境化学实验“自制海藻酸钙包覆纳米铁降解亚甲基蓝速率常数的测定”

纳米铁系材料用于去除水体中的污染物是当前环境修复领域的研究热点之一。将自制的海藻酸钙包覆纳米铁材料用于降解亚甲基蓝的实验引入环境化学实验教学中具有极其重要的意义。实验过程包括制备海藻酸钙包覆纳米铁材料,绘制了亚甲基蓝的标准曲线,比较不同材料降解亚甲基蓝的效果,比较不同温度下海藻酸钙包覆纳米铁降解亚甲基蓝的效率,研究温度对其降解速率常数的影响。     

特殊润湿性油水分离材料的开发与研究

随着工业的发展,油水污染日渐严重,特别是石油的泄露、有机化学品的排放对生态环境造成了难以挽救的损害。因此,开发新型高效的油水分离材料与技术是一个极为重要的任务。特殊润湿性油水分离材料的出现,为科研人员指明了道路。本文以用于油水分离的特殊润湿性材料为研究体系;首先,对具有特殊润湿性油水分离材料的基本理论和设计理念进行分析;然后介绍了通过调控材料表面的微观结构和表面化学组成制备特殊润湿性材料实现不同的油水分离效果的研究进展,并且尝试从微纳米尺度上揭示特殊润湿性材料的特征,形成从微纳米尺度上揭示油水分离用材料化学品结构特征的技术基础。最后指出了目前在油水分离用功能材料化学品这一领域存在的一些问题,并对这一领域的发展趋势进行展望。     

空心微球表面定向生长TiO2纳米棒及其光催化性能研究

通过表面溶胶-凝胶处理和水热反应成功制备出包覆有二氧化钛纳米棒的复合空心微球. 用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等表征了所得产品, 探索了水热反应时间、煅烧时间对产物形貌和结构的调控作用, 并对产物光催化降解亚甲基蓝进行了研究. 结果表明, 所制备的表面包覆有二氧化钛纳米棒的复合空心微球在紫外光照射下可将亚甲基蓝完全降解. 该材料质轻, 可浮于水面, 有望成为一种新型光催化剂, 应用于治理水体表面的大面积污染.     

原子层沉积氧化物包覆层对奥克托金感度的影响

通过原子层沉积(ALD)技术在微米级奥克托今(HMX)炸药颗粒表面包覆了氧化铝和氧化锌薄膜.采用X射线光电子能谱和扫描电子显微镜对包覆后HMX颗粒的表面化学组成和形貌进行了表征,利用差示扫描量热法和热重法分析了包覆后HMX的热分解行为.测试了ALD氧化物包覆的HMX的机械感度和静电火花感度,研究了HMX颗粒表面包覆层的组成和厚度对其感度的影响.结果表明,ALD氧化铝或氧化锌薄膜均能够完整、均匀地覆盖HMX颗粒的全部外表面,薄膜厚度在纳米尺度范围内精确可调.ALD氧化铝或氧化锌薄膜对HMX的热分解性能影响很小.由于金属氧化物具有很高的硬度,ALD氧化铝或氧化锌包覆膜不能降低HMX的机械感度.但氧化物薄膜具有一定的导电性,可降低HMX的静电火花感度.     

不同形貌ZnO@PANI纳米复合材料的制备及光催化性质

采用直接沉淀法和水热合成法制备出形貌和尺寸比较均一的颗粒状、棒状和球形花状的纳米ZnO。使用硅烷偶联剂KH-42(苯胺甲基三乙氧基硅烷,C6H5-NH-CH2-Si(OCH3)3)对所得纳米ZnO进行表面化学修饰,修饰后的纳米ZnO(m-ZnO),经由皮克林乳液聚合法使苯胺单体在其表面聚合,形成聚苯胺(PANI)包覆的氧化锌纳米复合材料(m-ZnO@PANI),采用XRD、SEM、HRTEM、FTIR、UV-Vis、TG等对样品进行表征;研究了m-ZnO@PANI纳米复合材料对亚甲基蓝(MB)的光催化性能。结果表明,复合材料对可见光也有较强的吸收,在紫外、可见光照射下都有较好的光催化降解效率。其中,棒状ZnO纳米复合材料的光催化降解性能最好,它的紫外-可见光和可见光光催化降解率分别达到98.2%和97.1%,而且复合材料的光催化性能稳定,二次循环的紫外-可见光催化降解率仍达到96.0%。     

网络状纳米氧化锌光催化降解水中有机染料的研究

在太阳光照射条件下用自制的网络状纳米氧化锌对不同有机染料溶液的降解性能作了系统的研究。结果表明,网络状纳米氧化锌对弱碱性有机染料溶液的降解效果较好。本文还比较了自制网络状纳米氧化锌与纳米二氧化钛对有机染料的降解性能,氧化锌的降解效果明显优于二氧化钛。     

基于纳米ZnO/聚苯乙烯的复合材料光催化性能研究

通过将聚苯乙烯与纳米氧化锌前驱体共混制备了复合材料前驱体,运用TG-DTA联机分析得到了其分解温度及相关热分解数据;前驱体经适当温度煅烧后得复合材料光催化剂,运用TEM、XRD、FT-IR、UV-Vis、ESR等测试手段进行了表征。在荧光灯作用下对复合材料光催化性能进行了检测,并与相同条件下纳米氧化锌的光催化性能进行了比对分析。结果表明,该复合材料在荧光作用下对甲基橙催化降解11h后,甲基橙的降解率为35%,与纳米氧化锌催化降解甲基橙5%的降解率相比有较大程度的提高。     

超亲水-水下超疏油PVDF-g-PAA多孔膜的制备及油水分离性能

采用相反转方法制备了丙烯酸(AA)接枝的超亲水-水下超疏油聚偏氟乙烯膜(PVDF-g-PAA),通过加入一定量的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮获得可用于油水分离的多孔聚偏氟乙烯膜.多孔聚偏氟乙烯膜具有较好的抗油污染性能及较高的力学强度,可以快速高效地分离油水混合体系和乳化油水体系,分离性质稳定,多次使用后对油水混合物的分离效率在98%以上,对油水乳化液的分离效率在91%以上,可广泛应用于油水混合体系和乳化油水体系的油水分离.     

Green Approach to the Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Mesh Surface for Oil/Water Separation

We report a simple and environment friendly method to fabricate superhydrophobic metallic mesh surfaces for oil/water separation. The obtained mesh surface exhibits superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity after it was dried in an oven at 200 °C for 10 min. A rough silver layer is formed on the mesh surface after immersion, and the spontaneous adsorption of airborne carbon contaminants on the silver surface lower the surface free energy of the mesh. No low‐surface‐energy reagents and/or volatile organic solvents are used. In addition, we demonstrate that by using the mesh box, oils can be separated and collected from the surface of water repeatedly, and that high separation efficiencies of larger than 92 % are retained for various oils. Moreover, the superhydrophobic mesh also possesses excellent corrosion resistance and thermal stability. Hence, these superhydrophobic meshes might be good candidates for the practical separation of oil from the surface of water.     

Facile preparation of superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic mesh for oil/water separation in harsh environments

An effective solution to separate oil and water is urgently needed owing to the increasingly serious problem of oil pollution. Numerous studies have been done to endow ordinary materials with extreme wettability for oil/water separation. Unfortunately, most of these materials cannot work in harsh environments, resulting in the low stability and practicability in practice. Herein, a facile method was proposed to fabricate superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic mesh by immersing ordinary mesh in a mixture of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and chromium trioxide (CrO₃). After immersing for just 1?min, the mesh was endowed with superhydrophilicity (CA?=?0°) and underwater superoleophobicity (hexane CA?=?151°, SA?=?14°). Increasing the immersion time to 3?min, the prepared mesh exhibited better superoleophobicity. A separation device was developed based on the prepared mesh and the separation efficiencies for diverse oil/water mixtures containing acid, alkaline, salt and hot water were above 95%. The device retained a high efficiency after being reused for 20 times and the prepared mesh maintained superoleophobicity after immersing underwater for 72?h and abrasion test of 100 cycles. This oil/water separation method is easy-to-use, inexpensive, power-free and it can be used to separate caustic oil/water mixtures.     

Controllable wettability of laser treated aluminum mesh for on-demand oil/water separation

Oil/water separation has attracted more attention with the dramatic increasing of oil spill accidents and arbitrarily discharged oily industrial water. However, many reported materials with controllable wettability for on-demand oil/water separation of both heavy and light oil/water mixtures involve complicated devices and dangerous fabrication processes. Herein, we propose a simple, environmentally friendly and high-efficient method to fabricate Al mesh with controllable wettability. Heavy oil can be separated with a high efficiency of 99% in oil-removing mode. For light oil, the separation efficiency can also reach up to 99% in water-removing mode. Additionally, surface wettability of the mesh can be conversed from superhydrophobicity to superhydrophilicity by atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and heating, thereby realizing continuous bidirectional separation. Therefore, this work provides a facile, green, and efficient way for on-demand oil/water separation and finds a promising solution for oil pollution problems.     

A mechanically robust copper mesh with switchable wettability and antibacterial activity for selective oil–water separation

With the continuous improvement in living standards, the discharge of oily sewage in daily life and industry has gradually increased, causing considerable damage to the environment and also great inconvenience to people. Traditional treatment methods cannot meet the increasing demand for sewage treatment, so more efficient treatment methods need to be studied. Research on oil–water separation materials is gradually becoming intelligent, but most of these intelligent materials cannot solve the problem of bacterial growth on the surface, new antibacterial and hydrophobic materials need to be studied. Here, an inexpensive and simple method is presented to prepare an antibacterial copper mesh with pH-responsive wettability between hydrophilic and hydrophobic. First, a copper mesh with a rough surface was prepared by an oxidation method, and then the oxidized copper mesh was immersed in the prepared coating solution of stearate (SA)-TiO₂ to obtain a superhydrophobic copper mesh. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the modified copper mesh changed from the original smooth surface to a rough surface covered with needle-like nano-oxide wires. The SA-TiO₂-coated copper mesh (STCM) has good separation efficiency (about 97%) and separation flux (about 1.1 × 10⁵ L·m⁻²·h⁻¹) for the immiscible oil–water mixture, the separation efficiency remained basically unchanged (about 97%) after 15 separation cycles, and the wettability of this can be changed by soaking in an alkaline solution at a specific pH (from 12 to 14). In addition, the prepared STCM showed good antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This preparation strategy of STCM provides a low-cost and facile method for wastewater treatment in practical applications.     

Superhydrophobic Micro/Nanostructured Copper Mesh with Self-Cleaning Property for E ective Oil/Water Separation

In this work, a simple method was carried out to successfully fabricate superoleophilic and superhydrophobic N-dodecyltrimethoxysilane@tungsten trioxide coated copper mesh. The as-fabricated copper mesh displayed prominent superoleophilicity and superhydrophobicity with a huge water contact angle about 154.39^° and oil contact angle near 0^°. Moreover, the coated copper mesh showed high separation efficiency approximately 99.3%, and huge water flux about 9962.3 L·h^-1·m^-2, which could be used to separate various organic solvents/water mixtures. Furthermore, the coated copper mesh showed favorable stability that the separation efficiency remained above 90% after 10 separation cycles. Benefiting from the excellent photocatalytic degradation ability of tungsten trioxide, the coated copper mesh possessed the self-cleaning capacity. Therefore, the mesh contaminated with lubricating oil could regain superhydrophobic property, and this property of self-cleaning permitted that the fabricated copper mesh could be repeatedly used for oil and water separation.     

基于原位结晶苯膦酸锆膜的油水分离网的制备及应用

运用水热法在铜网表面原位结晶生长苯膦酸锆,获得微纳米级粗糙结构,且苯环排列在苯膦酸锆表面的最外层,使铜网具有超疏水和超亲油的性质,无需任何低表面能物质修饰,即可对油水混合物进行分离.苯膦酸锆层与基底存在一定的结合力,具有机械稳定性;同时又具有抗酸碱的化学稳定性.这种油水分离网不仅能够实现油水混合物的分离,还可以实现乳化油的油水分离,在实际生产运用过程中具有较好的应用前景.     

Janus Copper Mesh Film with Unidirectional Water Transportation Ability toward High Efficiency Oil/Water Separation

Inspired by the special asymmetric wettability and controllable permeation function of cell membranes, we report a Janus nanostructured copper mesh film with unidirectional water transportation ability. Water can permeate from the hydrophobic side to the hydrophilic side, but is retained in the opposite direction. Notably, based on this special unidirectional water permeation property, both heavy oil/water mixtures (ρ _oil>ρ _water) and light oil/water mixtures (ρ _oil<ρ _water) can be separated. Additionally, the film demonstrates high separation efficiency and good recyclability. This paper reports a new Janus film that achieved highly efficient oil/water separation based on smart control of the wettability of the film. It is believed to have the potential to be used in many practical applications, such as wastewater treatment and oil‐spill cleanup.     

Straightforward Oxidation of a Copper Substrate Produces an Underwater Superoleophobic Mesh for Oil/Water Separation

A superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic Cu(OH)₂‐covered mesh with micro‐ and nanoscale hierarchical composite structures is successfully fabricated through a one‐step chemical oxidation of a smooth‐copper mesh. Such mesh, without any further modification, can selectively separate water from oil/water mixtures with high separation efficiency, and possess excellent stability even after 60 uses. This method provides a simple, low‐cost, and scalable strategy for the purification of oily wastewater.     

Activation of Cellulose Assisted by CO2 for the Preparation of a Superhydrophobic Nanocoating

There is increasing demand for superhydrophobic materials, which can be used for separating oil and water efficiently. To avoid secondary pollution, it is desirable to prepare such materials with green technology. Here, we present an environmentally benign method for fabricating superhydrophobic materials by using organic base based solvents in which cellulose can be dissolved and activated. The dissolved cellulose could be chemically modified with a silanization reagent, and the solvent could be recycled after CO₂ was removed. The obtained cellulose nanocoating exhibited excellent hydrophobic effects. By spraying it on filter paper (water contact angle (WCA)=165°) for oil and water separation, the separation efficiency of more than 95 % was achieved; ultrasonication of an ordinary sponge in its dispersion (WCA=163°), meant it could be used as an oil absorber. It can also absorb a certain amount of bisphenol A (BPA), with the concentration decreasing by 66 % from the original concentration (0.1 mm ). Besides the high separation efficiency, it is resistant to a wide range of pH solutions, which means that it could be used in harsh environments. More importantly, the process is cost‐effective, the solvent can be recycled, and the whole process is green. Thus, the activation method provides a green route for the preparation of other cellulose‐based materials.     

超疏水超亲油不锈钢网的制备工艺优化及其性能研究

采用十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷(HDTMS)对纳米二氧化硅(Nano-SiO2)进行疏水改性,通过一步浸渍法将疏水Nano-SiO2负载在化学刻蚀后的不锈钢网表面。以空气中水的静态接触角为评价手段,优化制备工艺并研究改性剂HDTMS的用量、改性时间、改性温度以及浸渍时间对疏水处理后不锈钢网的影响。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)对制得的疏水亲油Nano-SiO2进行表征;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、接触角测量仪对制得的超疏水超亲油油水分离材料进行表征,并将其应用于油水分离。结果表明,控制HDTMS用量为1.5 mL,改性时间为3 h,改性温度为50℃,不锈钢网浸渍时间为30 min,所制得的负载疏水性Nano-SiO2的不锈钢网表面水的静态接触角为153°,煤油的接触角为0°。油水分离实验表明负载疏水改性的Nano-SiO2的不锈钢网片有良好的油水分离性能,可以分离多种油(环己烷、甲基环己烷、甲苯、煤油、液体石蜡、大豆油等)与水的混合物。