特征参量法1: 简单级数反应的热动力学研究法

建立了测定热动力学体系冷却常数的线性拟合法和简单级数反应通用的热动力学研究法---特征参量法。导出了简单级数反应的动力学参数Kn和速率常数kn的通用计算式。应用冷却常数的线性拟合法在不同温度下测定了两个反应体系的冷却常数, 探讨了温度、浓度、介质及装样方式对冷却常数的影响。应用简单级数反应的特征参量法研究了一级、二级、三级和分数级反应的热动力学, 结果文献值吻合。讨论了热动力学体系的冷却常数对速率常数计算结果的影响。     

特征参量法1: 简单级数反应的热动力学研究法

建立了测定热动力学体系冷却常数的线性拟合法和简单级数反应通用的热动力学研究法---特征参量法。导出了简单级数反应的动力学参数Kn和速率常数kn的通用计算式。应用冷却常数的线性拟合法在不同温度下测定了两个反应体系的冷却常数, 探讨了温度、浓度、介质及装样方式对冷却常数的影响。应用简单级数反应的特征参量法研究了一级、二级、三级和分数级反应的热动力学, 结果文献值吻合。讨论了热动力学体系的冷却常数对速率常数计算结果的影响。     

电位法测定酸解离常数和络合物稳定常数的基本原理和方法(Ⅰ)

应广大读者的要求,本刊开辟了《基础知识讲座》。有机试剂、掩蔽剂等的解离常数和络合物稳定常数对它们的合理使用有很大指导意义,因而愈来愈引起分析化学工作者的重视。不过,测定方法种类繁多,繁简难易相差极大,似乎无所适从。为此,本刊约请北京医学院药学系王夔教授撰写了酸“解离常数和络合物稳定常数的测定”一文,试图向分析化学工作者介绍电位法及光度法测定有关平衡常数的原理和方法。全文分五部分:(Ⅰ)电位法测定酸解离常数和络合物稳定常数的基本原理和方法;(Ⅱ)电位法测定多元酸解离常数;(Ⅲ)电位法测定络合物稳定常数;(Ⅳ)光度法测定解离常数和稳定常数;(Ⅴ)几种特殊情况(易水解金属络合物、混合配体络合物、极稳定络合物等)。本刊将陆续刊载。     

运用pH滴定法测定弱酸的电离常数

运用pH传感器和滴数传感器,采取pH滴定法测定了乙酸的电离常数和草酸的二级电离常数,分析了实验误差以及不宜选用此法测定中强酸的电离常数的原因。     

难溶有机物在水中离解常数及其分配系数的测定

离解常数是弱酸、弱碱很重要的物理常数,特别是有机试剂,因其分析性能与离解常数有很大的关系,所以测定新试剂的离解常数尤为必要。离解常数的测定常用电位滴定法和光度法。就光度法来说,目前绝大多数报道的是测     

硅酸及其盐的研究 ⅩⅩⅠ.三甲基硅烷化-气相色谱法测定单硅酸的离解常数

单硅酸的离解常数是表征其基本性质的重要数据,前人已有不少工作,但由于测定的方法和实验条件不同,所得数据很不一致。本实验室曾用“N’曲线法测得了单硅酸的各级离解常数,由于这些常数系在单硅酸到达多硅酸直至凝胶的过程中所测得,故和公认的单硅酸标准离解常数差别很大,只能称为胶凝离解常数。     

一个与化学反应速率常数有关的问题

对物理化学教科书和教学参考书中较为普遍存在的一个有关化学反应速率常数的问题进行了讨论。指出必须对反应的速率常数k与某反应物的消耗速率常数（或某产物的生成速率常数）后。加以严格区分,二者之间的关系是：ki=｜vi｜·k。     

应用UHF-INDO方法对氰乙酸自由基结构的计算

本文应用UHF-INDO方法研究了氰乙酸自由基的结构.计算了氰乙酸自由基的本征值.本征向量、价电子密度、自旋密度、各向异性耦合常数、各向同性耦合常数以及总能量、键能和偶极矩:计算的各向同性耦合常数和各向异性耦合常数与实验值符合很好.     

阳离子交换法和溶解度法测定溶液中混合型络合物稳定常数的一般处理

离子交换法测定溶液中络合物稳定常数是近十几年来才开始的,溶解度法是测定络合物稳定常数的经典方法之一,均有专论。溶液中混合型络合物稳定常数的测定也是近十几年才开始的,国内有过评介。但用阳离子交换法和溶解度法测定溶液中混合型络合物的稳定常数还未见报导。最近徐光宪等用萃取法以作图外推法测得混合型络合物稳定常数。本文尝试推导了用阳离子交换法和溶解度测定单核双配位体络合物稳定常数的有关公式。     

品红甲亚胺染料影像光稳定性的研究 Ⅱ.抗氧化剂猝灭单重态氧的反应速率常数测定

本文利用高效液相色谱法测定了色满类,双螺色满类,对一甲氧基苯酚类和双螺茚类抗氧化剂与单重态氧反应的物理猝灭速率常数和化学猝灭速率常数。实验结果表明,抗氧化剂猝灭单重态氧的过程以物理猝灭为主,物理猝灭速率常数和总猝灭速率常数愈大,品红甲亚胺染料的防褪色效果愈好,但存在一极限褪色率。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。