Dynamic crack kinking from a PMMA/Homalite interface

The behavior of a pre-existing, dynamically loaded, interfacial crack kinking away from the interface separating two materials was experimentally investigated under dynamic loading conditions. Dynamic fracture experiments were performed on pre-cracked bimaterial panels of PMMA bonded with Homalite-100 impact loaded using a high-speed gas gun. By varying the location of impact, a large range of mixed mode loading at the crack tip was produced. Information about the stress state surrounding the crack tip was obtained through use of the lateral shearing interferometer of coherent gradient sensing in conjunction with high-speed photography. The high-speed interferogram corresponding, to the time of crack initiation was analyzed in each case to find the preinitiation mode mixity at the crack tip. Measurement of both the local initiation mode mixity and the crack kink angle allows for possible extension of existing quasi-static interface crack kinking criteria, such as maximum opening stress or maximum energy release rate, to the case of dynamic loading. It was found that for bimaterial systems with small material property mismatch, such as the PMMA/Homalite system, the maximum opening stress criterion accurately predicts the relation between crack tip mode mixity and resulting kink angle for small initial crack kinking speeds.     

Fracture of structural elements made of viscoelastic aging materials

International Applied Mechanics -     

定向有机玻璃疲劳断裂性能的频闪法研究

疲劳裂纹扩展前应力集中区域变形场的测试对材料疲劳性能的研究起到至关重要的作用.但由于疲劳试验为动态的过程,在动态下测量比在静态下要复杂得多,这样就给变形场的测量带来了困难.通过调节频闪光源的频率使其与疲劳试验机的频率相同,可把此动态过程转换为准静态过程,采集不同循环周期内的相同时刻的灰度图像,并运用数字图像频域相关分析...     

定向有机玻璃疲劳断裂性能的频闪法研究

疲劳裂纹扩展前应力集中区域变形场的测试对材料疲劳性能的研究起到至关重要的作用。但由于疲劳试验为动态的过程,在动态下测量比在静态下要复杂得多,这样就给变形场的测量带来了困难。通过调节频闪光源的频率使其与疲劳试验机的频率相同,可把此动态过程转换为准静态过程,采集不同循环周期内的相同时刻的灰度图像,并运用数字图像频域相关分析法进行测试。本文运用此方法对定向有机玻璃缺口应力集中区域的变形场进行了测试,并分析得出其层间疲劳断裂力学性能薄弱的结论。     

Temperature dependence of the interfacial tension of PS/PMMA, PS/PE, and PMMA/PE blends

The effect of temperature on the interfacial tension for PS/PMMA, PS/PE, and PMMA/PE was measured using the imbedded fiber retraction method. Interfacial tensions for PS/PMMA, PS/PE, and PMMA/PE were measured over temperature ranges of 160–250 °C, 140–220 °C, and 140–220 °C, respectively. The interfacial tension was found to follow a dependence of 3.6–0.013 T dyn/cm, 7.6–0.051 T dyn/cm and 11.8–0.017 T dyn/cm for PS/PMMA, PS/PE, and PMMA/PE, respectively. Comparison of the data with the mean field theory of Helfand and Sapse were made; however, a simple linear fit to the data described the temperature dependence in the experimental window as well as the predictions of the mean field theory. Received: 6 July 1999 Accepted: 23 March 2000     

An assessment of particle methods for approximating anisotropic dispersion

We derive a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) approximation for anisotropic dispersion that only depends upon the first derivative of the kernel function and study its numerical properties. In addition, we compare the performance of the newly derived SPH approximation versus an implementation of the particle strength exchange (PSE) method and a standard finite volume method for simulating multiple scenarios defined by different combinations of physical and numerical parameters. We show that, for regularly spaced particles, given an adequate selection of numerical parameters such as kernel function and smoothing length, the new SPH approximation is comparable with the PSE method in terms of convergence and accuracy and similar to the finite volume method. On other hand, the performance of both particle methods (SPH and PSE) decreases as the degree of disorder of the particle increases. However, we demonstrate that in these situations the accuracy and convergence properties of both particle methods can be improved by an adequate choice of some numerical parameters such as kernel core size and kernel function. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal fatigue assessment of components made with particulate polymer composites

Many appliance materials are made of PMMA/Si acrylic casting dispersion. In these situations, failure can occur by thermal fatigue induced by severe temperature variations such as alternating flows of cold and hot water. This paper is concerned with the numerical analysis of the thermal stresses in three composites with different volume fractions of filler and particle size. Their trade marks are Asterite, Amatis and Ultra-quartz. Cosmos/M finite element method software was used to study the influence of the cold and hot water temperatures as well as the time of interruption of water flow in the transition between hot and cold water on thermal stresses. Residual stresses were measured and superimposed to thermal stress in fatigue analysis. Typical defects in the corner of holes produced by drilling were predicted using experimental fatigue lives and da/dN curves. Based on predicted defects thermal fatigue assessment of commercially available sinks made with the three materials mentioned earlier was done by taking into account the influence of both cyclic thermal and static residual stresses induced by the manufacturing process.     

Numerical simulation of turbulent heat transfer from perforated plate-fin heat sinks

Excessive heat from microelectronic components is essential to remove to increase the reliability of the system. In this paper, various types of perforations in the form of small channels such as square, circular, triangular and hexagonal cross sections are introduced and thermal performances are compared to improve the cooling performance of heat sink. The governing equations are solved by adopting a control volume based finite element method with an unstructured non-uniform grid system. Flow and heat transfer characteristics are presented for Reynolds numbers from 2 × 10⁴ to 4 × 10⁴ based on the fin length and Prandtl number is taken as Pr = 0.71. RANS based k-ε turbulence model is used to predict the turbulent flow parameters. The predicted results are validated by the previously published experimental data and in reasonable agreement with the experiment. Results show that fins having circular perforations have better thermal and fluid dynamic performances than the other types of fins considered here.     

Stress relaxation behavior of PMMA/PS polymer blends

In this work, the stress relaxation behavior of PMMA/PS blends, with or without random copolymer addition, submitted to step shear strain experiments in the linear and nonlinear regime was studied. The effect of blend composition (ranging from 10 to 30 wt.% of dispersed phase), viscosity ratio (ranging from 0.1 to 7.5), and random copolymer addition (for concentrations up to 8 wt.% with respect to the dispersed phase) was evaluated and correlated to the evolution of the morphology of the blends. All blends presented three relaxation stages: a first fast relaxation which was attributed to the relaxation of the pure phases, a second one which was characterized by the presence of a plateau, and a third fast one. The relaxation was shown to be faster for less extended and smaller droplets and to be influenced by coalescence for blends with a dispersed phase concentration larger than 20 wt.%. The relaxation of the blend was strongly influenced by the matrix viscosity. The addition of random copolymer resulted in a slower relaxation of the droplets.     

PU/PMMA IPNs复合材料的摩擦学性能和阻尼性能研究

聚合物互穿网络(IPNs),结构可调且设计性强,是制备具有阻尼减振效果兼具海水润滑特性复合材料的一种有效选择.本研究中设计合成了一系列组成成分不同的基于聚四氢呋喃二元醇(PTMG)-聚氨酯(PU)/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)的互穿网络结构(IPNs),并系统研究了PU/PMMA IPNs在海水润滑条件下的摩擦学性能及其阻尼性能.结果表明:随着PU含量的增加,其摩擦系数和磨损率均显著降低,当PU与PMMA的组成比例为60/40时,复合材料的摩擦系数降低至0.15,质量磨损率0.10%;同时材料的阻尼因子从0.77降至0.24,有效阻尼温域从40℃降至25℃,阻尼性能呈下降趋势.     

Bootstrap方法在导弹落点密集度评估中的误用

以导弹落点密集度评估作为研究基础,对利用Bootstrap方法提升小子样下落点密集度估计精度问题的自助法进行分析。在简要描述Bootstrap方法数学思想和应用方法的基础上,从理论分析和仿真验证两个方面证实了参数Bootstrap方法生成的自助统计量围绕经典估计值呈现正态分布,对于经典估计结果没有精度的提高;并且推导了自助统计量分布与估计偏差分布之间的关系,指出在小子样条件下参数Bootstrap方法自助统计量在分布近似上存在偏差;最后本文论证了随机加权法应用于密集度估计同样不能取得明显的改进效果。     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/纳米有机改性蒙脱土复合材料的制备及其摩擦磨损性能研究

采用乳液插层法制备聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/纳米有机改性蒙脱土复合材料,采用X射线衍射仪表征复合材料结构,考察有机改性蒙脱土(OMMT)含量对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,并通过扫描电子显微镜观察分析复合材料磨损表面形貌.结果表明:所制备的纳米片状分散型复合材料的磨损率随OMMT含量增加先减小而后增加;摩擦系数随OMMT含量的变化趋势则相反,当OMMT含量为5%时,复合材料的磨损率最小,为PMMA的25%;当OMMT含量为6%时,摩擦系数最大,比PMMA增加8%.复合材料的磨损机制为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,随着OMMT含量不同,2种机理的表现程度有所变化.     

Viscoelastic behavior of PMMA/grafted PBA nanoparticle systems in the molten state

The viscoelastic properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/grafted poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) nanoparticle systems were investigated. The rubber particles consist of PBA core (60 nm in diameter) and grafted PMMA shell. The grafting degree, defined as the weight ratio of grafted PMMA to PBA particles, ranges from 0.8 to 1.5. Two series of samples, A series with 7.5 wt.% of PBA content and B series with 12 wt.% of PBA content, were used. The systems exhibited fast and slow relaxation process, the former reflecting the relaxation of the matrix PMMA chains and the latter being attributed to grafted PBA particles. For A series samples, time-temperature superposition (TTS) was held well over the frequency (ω) and temperature (T) ranges measured. However, for B series samples, TTS was not satisfied at low ω due to the particle-particle interaction of grafted PBA particles, although the samples obeyed TTS at high ω associated with the relaxation with entanglement of matrix PMMA. At high T and low ω region, the B series samples showed a sol-gel transition at elevating T and the critical gel behavior characterized with a power-law relationship, G′ = G″/tan(nπ/2) ∝ ωⁿ, was observed. This behavior suggested formation of a self-similar, fractal structure of grafted PBA particles. The critical gel temperature (T _gel) and the critical exponent (n) were determined for the B series samples. TEM observations revealed that as-prepared A and B samples had well-dispersed particles but the B samples after viscoelastic measurements had fragmented networks of the PBA particles, confirming that the sol-gel transition occurred for the PMMA/grafted PBA systems at elevating T.     

Morphology development of a PS/PMMA polymer blend during flow in dies

The morphology development in dilute and semi-concentrated blends (2 and 15 wt% disperse phase) of viscoelastic polymers is studied during flow in dies. In the entrance region the droplets deform into fibrils. In the die itself some of the fibrils can break up depending on their shear history and hence on their radial position. The morphology at the exit of the die is investigated by quenching the extrudate and visualizing the structure via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For fibrils moving along the die axis, the theory of Tomotika for break-up of a fibril in a quiescent matrix describes the observations satisfactorily. Fibrils flowing off center undergo a shearing flow in the die, which could have an effect on the growth of the Rayleigh disturbances that cause break-up. It is observed that during flow break-up still occurs via Rayleigh instabilities. As a first approximation the theory of Tomotika also predicts the break-up of fibrils flowing off center, if the viscosity at the relevant shear rate is used.     

Characterization of gold/PMMA hybrid nanomaterials synthesized by hard X-ray synchrotron radiation

In this study,new types of hybrid gold poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanomaterials are synthesized.Both PMMA spheres coated with gold nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles coated with PMMA can be synthesized using different ratios of HAuCl4 and MMA precursors,by exposing the mixtures to hard X-ray synchrotron radiation without the use of a reducing agent.According to the photochemical mechanism,gold nanoparticles will precipitate from a solution of HAuCl4 on exposure to synchrotron radiation,followed by the synthesis of PMMA by the polymerization of MMA monomers.These reactions can result in the formation of two different types of new hybrid nanomaterials.When a 1:1 volume ratio of HAuCl4 to MMA is used,we obtain PMMA spheres coated with gold nanoparticles.When a 10:1 ratio of HAuCl4 and MMA is used,we obtain gold nanoparticles coated with PMMA.The hybrid gold/PMMA nanostructures are characterized by transmission electron microscopy,elemental analysis,dynamic-light scattering analysis,gel permeation chromatography and Raman spectroscopy.The hybrid nanomateriais have potential application in the fields of biosensors and drug delivery.     

Stress relaxation behavior of co-continuous PS/PMMA blends after step shear strain

Stress relaxation probing on the immiscible blends is an attractive route to reveal the time-dependent morphology–viscoelasticity correlations under/after flow. However, a comprehensive understanding on the stress relaxation of co-continuous blends, especially after subjected to a shear strain, is still lacking. In this work, the stress relaxation behavior of co-continuous polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (50/50) blends with different annealing times, strain levels, and temperatures was examined under step shear strain and was correlated with the development of their morphologies. It was found that co-continuous blends display a fast relaxation process which corresponded to the relaxation of bulk polymer and a second slower relaxation process due to the recovery of co-continuous morphology. The stress relaxation rates of co-continuous blends tend to decrease due to the coarsening of instable co-continuous structure during annealing. Furthermore, the stress relaxation of the co-continuous blends is strongly affected by the change of viscosity and interfacial tension caused by the temperature. The contribution of morphological coarsening, viscosity, and interfacial tension variation on the stress relaxation behavior of co-continuous blends was discussed based on the Lee–Park model and time–temperature superposition principle, respectively.