Rhodium complex with ethylene ligands supported on highly dehydroxylated MgO: synthesis, characterization, and reactivity

Mononuclear rhodium complexes with reactive olefin ligands, supported on MgO powder, were synthesized by chemisorption of Rh(C(2)H(4))(2)(C(5)H(7)O(2)) and characterized by infrared (IR), (13)C MAS NMR, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies. IR spectra show that the precursor adsorbed on MgO with dissociation of acetylacetonate ligand from rhodium, with the ethylene ligands remaining bound to the rhodium, as confirmed by the NMR spectra. EXAFS spectra give no evidence of Rh-Rh contributions, indicating that site-isolated mononuclear rhodium species formed on the support. The EXAFS data also show that the mononuclear complex was bonded to the support by two Rh-O bonds, at a distance of 2.18 A, which is typical of group 8 metals bonded to oxide supports. This is the first simple and nearly uniform supported mononuclear rhodium-olefin complex, and it appears to be a close analogue of molecular catalysts for olefin hydrogenation in solution. Correspondingly, the ethylene ligands bonded to rhodium in the supported complex were observed to react with H(2) to form ethane, and the supported complex was catalytically active for the ethylene hydrogenation at 298 K. The ethylene ligands also underwent facile exchange with C(2)D(4), and exposure of the sample to carbon monoxide led to the formation of rhodium gem dicarbonyls.     

Oxide- and zeolite-supported isostructural ir(c(2)h(4))(2) complexes: molecular-level observations of electronic effects of supports as ligands

Zeolite Hβ- and γ-Al(2)O(3)-supported mononuclear iridium complexes were synthesized by the reaction of Ir(C(2)H(4))(2)(acac) (acac is acetylacetonate) with each of the supports. The characterization of the surface species by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and infrared (IR) spectroscopies demonstrated the removal of acac ligands during chemisorption, leading to the formation of essentially isostructural Ir(C(2)H(4))(2) complexes anchored to each support by two Ir-O(support) bonds. Atomic-resolution aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images confirm the spectra, showing only isolated Ir atoms on the supports with no evidence of iridium clusters. These samples, together with previously reported Ir(C(2)H(4))(2) complexes on zeolite HY, zeolite HSSZ-53, and MgO supports, constitute a family of isostructural supported iridium complexes. Treatment with CO led to the replacement of the ethylene ligands on iridium with CO ligands, and the ν(CO) frequencies of these complexes and white line intensities in the X-ray absorption spectra at the Ir L(III) edge show that the electron density on iridium increases in the following order on these supports: zeolite HY < zeolite Hβ < zeolite HSSZ-53 ? γ-Al(2)O(3) < MgO. The IR spectra of the iridium carbonyl complexes treated in flowing C(2)H(4) show that the CO ligands were replaced by C(2)H(4), with the average number of C(2)H(4) groups per Ir atom increasing as the amount of iridium was increasingly electron-deficient. In contrast to the typical supported catalysts incorporating metal clusters or particles that are highly nonuniform, the samples reported here, incorporating uniform isostructural iridium complexes, provide unprecedented opportunities for a molecular-level understanding of how supports affect the electronic properties, reactivities, and catalytic properties of supported metal species.     

Synthesis and reactivity of dimethyl gold complexes supported on MgO: characterization by infrared and X-ray absorption spectroscopies

Dimethyl gold complexes bonded to partially dehydroxylated MgO powder calcined at 673 K were synthesized by adsorption of Au(CH3)2(acac) (acac is C5H7O2) from n-pentane solution. The synthesis and subsequent decomposition of the complexes by treatment in He or H2 were characterized with diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFT), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies. The XANES results identify Au(III) in the supported complexes, and the EXAFS and DRIFTS data indicate mononuclear dimethyl gold complexes as the predominant surface gold species, consistent with the lack of Au-Au contributions in the EXAFS spectrum and the presence of nu(as)(CH3) and nu(s)(CH3) bands in the IR spectrum. EXAFS data show that each complex is bonded to two oxygen atoms of the MgO surface at an Au-O distance of 2.16 angstroms. The DRIFT spectra show that reaction of Au(CH3)2(acac) with MgO at room temperature also formed Mg(acac)2 and H(acac) species on the support. Treatment of the dimethyl gold complexes in He or H2 at increasing temperatures varying from 373 to 573 K removed CH3 ligands and caused aggregation forming zerovalent gold nanoclusters of increasing size, ultimately with an average diameter of about 30 angstroms. Analysis of the gas-phase products during the genesis of the gold clusters indicated formation of CH4 (consistent with removal of CH3 groups) and CO2 at 473-573 K, associated with decomposition of the organic ligands derived from acac species. O2 and CO2 were also formed in the decomposition of ubiquitous carbonates present on the surface of the MgO support.     

Role of the Support in Catalysis: Activation of a Mononuclear Ruthenium Complex for Ethene Dimerization by Chemisorption on Dealuminated Zeolite Y

A set of supported ruthenium complexes with systematically varied ratios of chemisorbed to physisorbed species was formed by contacting cis‐[Ru(acac)₂(C₂H₄)₂] ( I ; acac=C₅H₇O₂^?) with dealuminated zeolite Y. Extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra used to characterize the samples confirmed the systematic variation in the loadings of the two supported species and demonstrated that removal of bidentate acac ligands from I accompanied chemisorption to form [Ru(acac)(C₂H₄)₂]⁺ attached through two Ru? O bonds to the Al sites of the zeolite. A high degree of uniformity in the chemisorbed species was demonstrated by sharp bands in the infrared (IR) spectrum characteristic of ruthenium dicarbonyls that formed when CO reacted with the anchored complex. When the ruthenium loading exceeded 1.0 wt % (Ru/Al≈1:6), the additional adsorbed species were simply physisorbed. Ethene ligands on the chemisorbed species reacted to form butenes when the temperature was raised to approximately 393 K; acac ligands remained bonded to Ru. In contrast, ethene ligands on the physisorbed complex simply desorbed under the same conditions. The chemisorption activated the ruthenium complex and facilitated dimerization of the ethene, which occurred catalytically. IR and EXAFS spectra of the supported samples indicate that 1) Ru centers in the chemisorbed species are more electron deficient than those in the physisorbed species and 2) Ru–ethene bonds in the chemisorbed species are less symmetric than those in the physisorbed species, which implies the presence of a preferred configuration for the catalytic dimerization.     

Molecular chemistry in a zeolite: genesis of a zeolite Y-supported ruthenium complex catalyst

Dealuminated zeolite Y was used as a crystalline support for a mononuclear ruthenium complex synthesized from cis-Ru(acac)2(C2H4)2. Infrared (IR) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra indicated that the surface species were mononuclear ruthenium complexes, Ru(acac)(C2H4)2(2+), tightly bonded to the surface by two Ru-O bonds at Al(3+) sites of the zeolite. The maximum loading of the anchored ruthenium complexes was one complex per two Al(3+) sites; at higher loadings, some of the cis-Ru(acac)2(C2H4)2 was physisorbed. In the presence of ethylene and H2, the surface-bound species entered into a catalytic cycle for ethylene dimerization and operated stably. IR data showed that at the start of the catalytic reaction, the acac ligand of the Ru(acac)(C2H4)2(2+) species was dissociated and captured by an Al(3+) site. Ethylene dimerization proceeded approximately 600 times faster with a cofeed of ethylene and H2 than without H2. These results provide evidence of the importance of the cooperation of the Al(3+) sites in the zeolite and the H2 in the feed for the genesis of the catalytically active species. The results presented here demonstrate the usefulness of dealuminated zeolite Y as a nearly uniform support that allows precise synthesis of supported catalysts and detailed elucidation of their structures.     

Surface photochemistry of Rh(CO)2 on zeolite Y-production of a stable coordinatively unsaturated rhodium monocarbonyl surface species at room temperature

The photochemical production and chemical reactivity of a new coordinatively unsaturated rhodium monocarbonyl species on the surface of dealuminated zeolite Y over a temperature range of 300-420 K and a pressure range from 10(-5) to 20 Torr has been studied. Using high vacuum techniques and transmission infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet irradiation (350 +/- 50 nm) of supported Rh(CO)(2) surface species led to the production of stable, but reactive, =Rh(CO) surface species, characterized by an infrared band at 2023 cm(-1). The coordinatively unsaturated =Rh(CO) species convert to less reactive and coordinatively saturated Rh(CO) by thermal treatment above 370 K. The Rh(CO) species were characterized by an infrared band at 2013 cm(-1). An explanation of the mode of bonding of the rhodium monocarbonyl species to the zeolite surface is provided. Coordinatively unsaturated =Rh(CO) species captured N(2), H(2), and O(2) gas molecules near room temperature to produce a variety of mixed ligand rhodium surface complexes of the form Rh(CO)(N(2)), Rh(CO)(H(2)), Rh(CO)(H)(2), Rh(CO)(H), Rh(CO)(O), and Rh(O). Infrared band assignments for the new species are provided. The work provides new insight into the photochemical behavior of Rh(CO)(2) species supported on high-area zeolite materials and may improve our understanding of the role of active rhodium monocarbonyl species in the development of heterogeneous photocatalysts.     

Molecular heterogeneous catalysis: a single-site zeolite-supported rhodium complex for acetylene cyclotrimerization

By anchoring metal complexes to supports, researchers have attempted to combine the high activity and selectivity of molecular homogeneous catalysis with the ease of separation and lack of corrosion of heterogeneous catalysis. However, the intrinsic nonuniformity of supports has limited attempts to make supported catalysts truly uniform. We report the synthesis and performance of such a catalyst, made from [Rh(C(2)H(4))(2)(CH(3)COCHCOCH(3))] and a crystalline support, dealuminated Y zeolite, giving {Rh(C(2)H(4))(2)} groups anchored by bonds to two zeolite oxygen ions, with the structure determined by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and the uniformity of the supported complex demonstrated by (13)C NMR spectroscopy. When the ethylene ligands are replaced by acetylene, catalytic cyclotrimerization to benzene ensues. Characterizing the working catalyst, we observed evidence of intermediates in the catalytic cycle by NMR spectroscopy. Calculations at the level of density functional theory confirmed the structure of the as-synthesized supported metal complex determined by EXAFS spectroscopy. With this structure as an anchor, we used the computational results to elucidate the catalytic cycle (including transition states), finding results in agreement with the NMR spectra.     

A Zeolite‐Supported Molecular Ruthenium Complex with η6‐C6H6 Ligands: Chemistry Elucidated by Using Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory

An essentially molecular ruthenium–benzene complex anchored at the aluminum sites of dealuminated zeolite Y was formed by treating a zeolite‐supported mononuclear ruthenium complex, [Ru(acac)(η²‐C₂H₄)₂]⁺ (acac=acetylacetonate, C₅H₇O₂^?), with ¹³C₆H₆ at 413 K. IR, ¹³C NMR, and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra of the sample reveal the replacement of two ethene ligands and one acac ligand in the original complex with one ¹³C₆H₆ ligand and the formation of adsorbed protonated acac (Hacac). The EXAFS results indicate that the supported [Ru(η⁶‐C₆H₆)]²⁺ incorporates an oxygen atom of the support to balance the charge, being bonded to the zeolite through three Ru? O bonds. The supported ruthenium–benzene complex is analogous to complexes with polyoxometalate ligands, consistent with the high structural uniformity of the zeolite‐supported species, which led to good agreement between the spectra and calculations at the density functional theory level. The calculations show that the interaction of the zeolite with the Hacac formed on treatment of the original complex with ¹³C₆H₆ drives the reaction to form the ruthenium–benzene complex.     

反应条件对固相合成负载羰基铑原子簇催化剂及其性能的影响

本文报告了由金属盐直接固相合成负载铑络合物或原子簇催化剂的新方法及IR谱表征。CO容易使表面吸附有水分子的RhCl_3/SiO_2还原并生成表面羰基物Rh~+-(CO)_2/SiO_2;CO、CO/H_2和CO/2H_2等不同还原气对表面络合物的生成没有影响。采用H_2还原只能得到金属Rh催化剂。水是重要影响因素,如果RhCl_3/SiO_2先抽空脱水,再用含水的CO还原,就会使Rh~+(CO)_2/SiO_2转化为Rh_6(CO)_(16)/SiO_2。此外,还考察了负载原子簇的CO加氢和热分解反应性能。采用CO还原RhCl_3/SiO_2制备的催化剂同负载原子簇催化剂的反应行为非常相近,而且比传统催化剂具有更高的反应活性。     

Surface‐Mediated Synthesis of Dimeric Rhodium Catalysts on MgO: Tracking Changes in the Nuclearity and Ligand Environment of the Catalytically Active Sites by X‐ray Absorption and Infrared Spectroscopies

The preparation of dinuclear rhodium clusters and their use as catalysts is challenging because these clusters are unstable, evolving readily into species with higher nuclearities. We now present a novel synthetic route to generate rhodium dimers on the surface of MgO by a stoichiometrically simple surface‐mediated reaction involving [Rh(C₂H₄)₂] species and H₂. X‐ray absorption and IR spectra were used to characterize the changes in the nuclearity of the essentially molecular surface species as they formed, including the ligands on the rhodium and the metal‐support interactions. The support plays a key role in stabilizing the dinuclear rhodium species, allowing the incorporation of small ligands (ethyl, hydride, and/or CO) and enabling a characterization of the catalytic performance of the supported species for the hydrogenation of ethylene as a function of the metal nuclearity and ligand environment. A change in the nuclearity from one to two Rh atoms leads to a 58‐fold increase in the catalytic activity for ethylene hydrogenation, a reaction involving unsaturated, but stable, dimeric rhodium species.     

Rhodium cluster complexes containing bridging phenylgermanium ligands

The reaction of Rh(4)(CO)(12) with Ph(3)GeH at 97 degrees C has yielded the first rhodium cluster complexes containing bridging germylene and germylyne ligands: Rh(8)(CO)(12)(mu(4)-GePh)(6), 9, and Rh(3)(CO)(5)(GePh(3))(mu-GePh(2))(3)(mu(3)-GePh)(mu-H), 10. When the reaction is performed under hydrogen, the yield of 9 is increased to 42% and no 10 is formed. Compound 9 contains a cluster of eight rhodium atoms arranged in the form of a distorted cube. There are six mu(4)-GePh groups bridging each face of this distorted cube. Four of the rhodium atoms have two terminal carbonyl ligands, while the remaining four rhodium atoms have only one carbonyl ligand. Compound 10 contains a triangular cluster of three rhodium atoms with one terminal GePh(3) ligand, three bridging GePh(2) ligands, and one triply bridging GePh ligand. There is also one hydrido ligand that is believed to bridge one of the Rh-Ge bonds. Compound 9 reacted with PPhMe(2) at 25 degrees C to give the tetraphosphine derivative Rh(8)(CO)(8)(PPhMe(2))(4)(mu(4)-GePh)(6), 11. The structure of 11 is similar to 9 except that a PPhMe(2) ligand has replaced a carbonyl ligand on each the four Rh(CO)(2) groups. Compound 10 reacted with CO at 68 degrees C to give the complex Rh(3)(CO)(6)(mu-GePh(2))(3)(mu(3)-GePh), 12. Compound 12 is formed by the loss of the hydrido ligand and the terminal GePh(3) ligand from 10 and the addition of one carbonyl ligand. All compounds were fully characterized by IR, NMR, elemental, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.     

Heterometallic cluster complexes (RhMo, RhW) containing bridging 1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane-1,2-dichalocogenolato ligands

The 16-electron half-sandwich rhodium complex [Cp*Rh{E2C2(B10H10)}] [Cp* = eta5-C5Me5, E = S (1a), Se (1b)] [Cp*Rh{E2C2(B10H10)} = eta5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl[1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12)-dichalcogenolato]rhodium] reacted with Mo(CO)3(py)3 in the presence of BF3.Et2O in THF solution to afford the {Cp*Rh[E2C2(B10H10)]}2Mo(CO)2 (E = S (3a); Se (3b)), {Cp*Rh[S2C2(B10H10)]}{Mo(CO)2[S2C2(B10H10)]} (4). The voluminous di-tert-butyl substituted Cp half-sandwich rhodium complex [Cp'Rh{E2C2(B10H10)}] [E = S (2a), Se (2b)] [CpRh{E2C2(B10H10)} = eta5-(1,3-di(tert-butyl)cyclopentadienyl-[1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12)-dichalcogenolato]rhodium) reacted with W(CO)3(py)3 in the presence of BF3.Et2O in THF solution to give the {Cp'Rh[S2C2(B10H10)]}{W(CO)2[S2C2(B10H10)]} (5) and {Cp'Rh[Se2C2(B10H10)]}(mu-CO)[W(CO)3] (6), respectively. The complexes have been fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy as well as by elemental analyses. The X-ray crystal structures of the complexes 3-6 are reported.     

IR STUDIES ON SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF RHODIUM IN HYDROFORMYLATION CATALYSTS

lntroductionRhodiummctalandrh0dlumcompoundsarcvery'extcnsivclystudiedandappllcdlnthcfieldofhctcrogcncousClcatalysis,bccauseofthcirmultifuncti0naIactivationtowardC0andhighcatal}ticactivityRegardingthenatureofintcractionofrhodiumwiththcsuffocesofoxidesandC0,manyinvcstigatorshavedescribcdtheiravailableexperimcntalresultsonthebasis0fspcctroscopicobscrvationsAInbiguityanddebateexist,concerningtheformationofsurfaccffo (C0)2BascdonIRstudieswithRh/Al2O3,earlierinvcstlgatorshavcprop0scdrcspcctivcl}…     

STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF BIMETALLIC Rh-CoCLUSTERS FROM MONOMETALLIC RHODIUM ANDCOBALT CLUSTERS

IntroductionFormorethanonedecade,catalyticchemistshavemadenotableachievementsindevelopingthepreparativeapproachestoheterogenizedmolecularcatalystsandhighlydispersedmetalcatalystsfromorganometalliccompoundsandclusters,throughtheexplorationinsurfaceorganome…     

State of supported rhodium nanoparticles for methane catalytic partial oxidation (CPO): FT-IR studies

The effect of pretreatments as well as of rhodium precursor and of the support over the morphology of Rh nanoparticles were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of adsorbed CO. Over a Rh/alumina catalyst, both metallic Rh particles, characterized by IR bands in the range 2070-2060 cm-1 and 1820-1850 cm-1, and highly dispersed rhodium species, characterized by symmetric and asymmetric stretching bands of RhI(CO)2 gem-dicarbonyl species, are present. Their relative amount changes following pretreatments with gaseous mixtures, representative of the catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) reaction process. The Rh metal particle fraction decreases with respect to the Rh highly dispersed fraction in the order CO approximately CO/H2 > CH4/H2O, CH4/O2 > CH4 > H2. The metal particle dimensions decrease in the order CH4/O2 > H2 > CH4/H2O > CO > CO/H2. Grafting from a carbonyl rhodium complex also increases the amount and the dimensions of Rh0 particles at the catalyst surface. Increasing the ratio (extended rhodium metal particles/highly dispersed Rh species) allows a shorter conditioning process. The surface reconstruction phenomena going on during catalytic activity are related to this effect.     

A new interpretation of the IR bands of supported Rh(I) monocarbonyl complexes

The characteristic CO vibrational frequency of supported monocarbonyl complexes Rh(I)CO, at 2014 and 1984 cm(-1) on dealuminated Y zeolite and alumina, respectively, is lower than the frequencies of both the symmetric and the antisymmetric CO normal modes of the corresponding stable supported Rh(I) dicarbonyls. The CO mode with a measured frequency between those of the symmetric and antisymmetric CO frequencies of the dicarbonyls, previously assigned to rhodium monocarbonyl, is reassigned to mixed carbonyl dihydrogen complexes Rh(H(2))(CO) or Rh(H)(2)(CO). This reassignment is based on a critical analysis of reported experimental data, supplemented by quantum chemical calculations.     

Chemistry of transition‐metal complexes containing functionalized phosphines: synthesis and structural analysis of rhodium(I) complexes containing allyl and cyanoalkylphosphines

A series of related acetylacetonate–carbonyl–rhodium compounds substituted by functionalized phosphines has been prepared in good to excellent yields by the reaction of [Rh(acac)(CO)₂] (acac is acetylacetonate) with the corresponding allyl‐, cyanomethyl‐ or cyanoethyl‐substituted phosphines. All compounds were fully characterized by ³¹P, ¹H, ¹³C NMR and IR spectroscopy. The X‐ray structures of (acetylacetonato‐κ²O,O′)(tert‐butylphosphanedicarbonitrile‐κP)carbonylrhodium(I), [Rh(C₅H₇O₂)(CO)(C₈H₁₃N₂)] or [Rh(acac)(CO)(^tBuP(CH₂CN)₂}] ( 2b ), (acetylacetonato‐κ²O,O′)carbonyl[3‐(diphenylphosphanyl)propanenitrile‐κP]rhodium(I), [Rh(C₅H₇O₂)(C₁₅H₁₄N)(CO)] or [Rh(acac)(CO){Ph₂P(CH₂CH₂CN)}] ( 2h ), and (acetylacetonato‐κ²O,O′)carbonyl[3‐(di‐tert‐butylphosphanyl)propanenitrile‐κP]rhodium(I), [Rh(C₅H₇O₂)(C₁₁H₂₂N)(CO)] or [Rh(acac)(CO){^tBu₂P(CH₂CH₂CN)}] ( 2i ), showed a square‐planar geometry around the Rh atom with a significant trans influence over the acetylacetonate moiety, evidenced by long Rh—O bond lengths as expected for poor π‐acceptor phosphines. The Rh—P distances displayed an inverse linear dependence with the coupling constants J_P‐Rh and the IR ν(C[triple‐bond]O) bands, which accounts for the Rh—P electronic bonding feature (poor π‐acceptors) of these complexes. A combined study from density functional theory (DFT) calculations and an evaluation of the intramolecular H…Rh contacts from X‐ray diffraction data allowed a comparison of the conformational preferences of these complexes in the solid state versus the isolated compounds in the gas phase. For 2b , 2h and 2i , an energy‐framework study evidenced that the crystal structures are mainly governed by dispersive energy. In fact, strong pairwise molecular dispersive interactions are responsible for the columnar arrangement observed in these complexes. A Hirshfeld surface analysis employing three‐dimensional molecular surface contours and two‐dimensional fingerprint plots indicated that the structures are stabilized by H…H, C…H, H…O, H…N and H…Rh intermolecular interactions.     

Rh/SiO~2和Rh/NaY催化剂上合成气反应的高压原位 红外光谱研究

采用高压原位FT-IR技术,对比研究了CO加H~2反应条件下Rh/SiO~2和Rh/NaY催化剂表面反应中间物种。在Rh/SiO~2表面上,无论在常压还是在1.0MPa合成气中,只观察到线式和桥式吸附CO。而在常压合成气中,Rh/NaY上不仅存在上述CO吸附物种,而且还有孪生型的Rh(Ⅰ)(CO)~2和少量Rh~6(CO)~1~6;当合成气压力升至1.0MPa后,Rh(Ⅰ)(CO)~2迅速转化成Rh~6(CO)~1~6和在2042cm^-^1产生吸收的单核羰基Rh物种,与此同时催化剂表面还生成了单齿和双齿乙酸根物种;这些在高压下生成的物种在合成气压力重新降回到常压时依然稳定存在。研究Rh/NaY上合成气反应表面物种与H~2的反应行为表明单齿乙酸根很可能是反应的活性中间物。这些结果说明Rh/NaY催化剂在高压合成气中的重构是诱发选择生成乙酸反应的基础。     

硅胶键合膦的制备及其对铑络合物催化1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应的影响

以硅胶为载体, 采用键合接枝法将2-(二苯膦基)乙基三乙氧基硅烷(DPPES)共价键合于硅胶表面, 制备了性能优良的硅胶键合型膦配体(以SiO₂(PPh₂)表示). 以SiO₂(PPh₂)为配体, Rh(acac)(CO)₂ (acac:乙酰丙酮)为催化前体, 负载铑膦络合物催化剂(SiO₂(PPh₂)/Rh)在1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应中原位生成. 对生成的负载型催化剂和硅胶键合型膦配体进行了傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱表征, 考察了膦/铑摩尔浓度比([P]/[Rh])、温度等因素对铑催化的长链1-辛烯氢甲酰化反应的影响. 结果表明, 膦/铑摩尔浓度比的增加能显著提高反应的成醛选择性, 降低铑的流失. 在[P]/[Rh]=12、363 K、2.0 MPa、1.5 h 的温和反应条件下, 1-辛烯转化率和成醛选择性分别可达98.4%和95.3%, 其催化活性与DPPES或三苯基膦(TPP)作配体时的均相铑催化相近. 催化剂循环4 次后, 反应活性无明显下降, 1-辛烯转化率均在97.0%左右, 经电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)检测,有机相中铑流失低于0.1%.     

A mononuclear cyclopentadiene-iron complex grafted in the supercages of HY zeolite: synthesis, structure, and reactivity

The reaction of ferrocene with the acidic hydroxy groups in the supercages of zeolite HY dehydrated at 673 K and the reactivity of the resultant surface species towards CO and O(2) were investigated by temperature-programmed decomposition (TPD) and reduction (TPR) and IR, X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (XAFS), and X-ray photoelectron (XP) spectroscopy. In situ FTIR, TPD, TPR, and chemical analysis reveal that the Cp(2)Fe molecule adsorbed on the zeolite surface loses one cyclopentadienyl group under vacuum at 423 K, which leads to the formation of a well-defined mononuclear surface Fe-C(5)H(6) complex grafted to two acidic sites and one ([triple bond]Si-O-Si[triple bond]) unit, as confirmed by the lack of Fe-Fe contributions in the EXAFS spectra. Each iron atom is coordinated, on average, to three oxygen atoms of the zeolite surface with a Fe--O distance of 2.00 A and to five carbon atoms with a Fe--C distance of 2.09 A. IR spectra indicate that the cyclopentadiene-iron species grafted on the surface of the zeolite is quite stable in vacuo or under an inert or hydrogen atmosphere below 423 K, and is also relatively stable under oxygen at room temperature. However, the cyclopentadiene ligand readily reacts with CO to form a compound containing carbonyl at 323 K, and even at room temperature. The single carbonyl band in the IR spectra provides evidence for the nearly uniform formation of a cyclopentadiene-iron species on the surface of the zeolite.