Pulsed Power Compression Research by Vacuum Opening Switch at ILE Osaka

The performance of a vacuum fast opening switch in an inductive store pulse compression system was investigated theoretically and experimentally at the Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University. A parameter survey for the pulsed power compression system was performed for optimizing the power amplification and efficiency. An analysis of the plasma erosion opening switch (PEOS) showed that a low-density high-injection velocity plasma and a small radius switch is desired for pulse compression. In experiments, the effect of plasma injection velocity and injection polarity on the switch operation was studied on an "inverse pinch" electron beam diode, and high-voltage and high-impedance operation were performed on an ion diode.     

Plasma Erosion Opening Switch Research at NRL

This paper is a review of plasma erosion opening switch (PEOS) research performed at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Several experimental and theoretical results are described to illustrate the present level of understanding and the best switching results obtained to date. Significant power multiplication has been achieved on the Gamble II generator, producing 3.5 TW with less than 10-ns rise time. Switching after nearly 1-?s conduction time has been demonstrated on Pawn, producing a 0.2-TW 100-ns pulse. Scaling the switch to higher current, power, and conduction time should be possible based on theoretical analysis and the favorable results of scaling experiments performed thus far.     

Plasma Erosion Opening Switch Operation at Long Conduction Times

The plasma erosion opening switch (PEOS) can conduct large (~megamperes) currents for several tens of nanoseconds before opening in < 10 ns, generating megavolt-level voltages in the process. In the present experiment, the conduction time of the PEOS has been extended by almost an order of magnitude to several hundred nanoseconds. The dependence of the peak conduction current on PEOS parameters and the results of magnetic probe and load voltage measurements are all consistent with PEOS theory. These results indicate that the PEOS operating mechanisms at these long conduction times are the same as those operating in previous experiments at shorter conduction times. Translation of the switch plasma into the load region, due to j? × B? forces during the conduction phase, was not observed in this experiment.     

The Application of a Plasma Erosion Opening Switch to a Nanosecond Generator at the Power Level of 1010 W

This paper is devoted to experimental studies of a short-pulse (80 ns) inductive system with a coaxial plasma erosion opening switch (PEOS), operating at the 2-5 × 1010 W level. Scalings of the PEOS and ion diode characteristics with different parameters (PEOS plasma density and velocity, PEOS electrode geometry, load impedance, type and strength of an external magnetic field) were carried out. It was seen that for the most efficient energy and power switching to the load by the PEOS, the following conditions are preferable: high velocity and low density of the plasma flow, negative polarity of the inner PEOS electrode, coincidence of the switch current and injected plasma flow directions, the absence of an external magnetic field, and the presence of an additional self-field in the PEOS region. Power enhancement of a factor of 3 and pulse shortening by a factor of 2 were obtained under optimal conditions.     

等离子体断路开关的一维磁流体力学数值模拟

 采用磁流体力学的方法对等离子体端路开关进行了一维数值模拟，通过对给定的进入等离子体的电流波形模型的计算，给出了轴向上等离子体的运动及其不同时刻的密度分布，分析了磁场在等离子体内部的异常渗透过程，指出考虑Hall效应是产生这一异常现象的最为主要的因素。     

Implicit Collisional Three-Fluid Simulation of the Plasma Erosion Opening Switch

The plasma erosion opening switch (PEOS) has been studied with the aid of the ANTHEM implicit simulation code. This switch consists of fill plasma injected into a transmission line. The plasma is ultimately removed by self-electrical forces, permitting energy delivery to a load. Here, ANTHEM treats the ions and electrons of the fill plasma and the electrons emitted from the transmission-line cathode as three distinct Eulerian fluids-with electron inertia retained. This permits analysis of charge separation effects, and avoids the singularities that plague conventional MHD codes at low density. E and B fields are computed by the implicit moment method, allowing for time steps well in excess of the electron plasma period ?t >> ?p-1, and cells much wider than a Debye length, ?x >> ?D. Switch dynamics are modeled as a function of the driving electrical pulse characteristics, the fill plasma parameters, and the emission properties of the transmission line walls-for both collisionless and anomalously collisional electrons. Our low-fill-density (ne ? 4 × 1012 electrons/cm3) collisionless calculations are in accord with earlier particle code results. Our high-density computations (ne ? 2 × 1013 electrons/cm3) show the opening of the switch proceeding through both ion erosion and magnetic pressure effects. The addition of anomalous electron collisions is found to diffuse the driving B field into the fill plasma, producing broad current channels and reduced magnetic pressure effects, in some agreement with NRL experimental measurements.     

HIRFL-CSR可控硅脉冲二极磁铁电源预研究

简要介绍了兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环电源系统的概况 ,指出了电源系统建设中的主要难点和设计制作大功率可控硅脉冲电源样机的必要性.并且详细介绍了已经完成的可控硅脉冲电源样机的实施方案、电路原理、关键技术和测试结果等. The pulsed power supply is very important for HIRFL-CSR power supply system. All power supplies in CSRm and CSRe need pulsed operation mode. These power supplies must have high current stability, low current ripple and good dynamic characteristic. A small-scale thyristor rectifier prototype has been researched and designed to find and solve all technique problems of pulsed power supply. The parameters of prototype are the same or higher than dipole po...     

Sensitivity Analysis of Dual-Window High Power SPST Switch at W-Band Frequencies

This paper discusses the sensitivity analysis of high power, high performance W-band dual-window SPST switch with respect to key design parameters viz. the window capacitance, window inductance and the spacing between the windows. The theoretical analysis presented in this work reveals that the Insertion Loss of the switch depends critically on the window capacitance and window spacing. The performance is not strongly affected over a fairly wide range of window inductance.     

Fluid Simulation of the Conduction Phase of the Plasma Erosion Opening Switch

The conduction phase of the plasma erosion opening switch (PEOS) is studied using a 1?-D electromagnetic two-fluid code. The focus of this work is on understanding how two effects, a current-limiting model of electron emission, and the magnetic insulation of electrons at the cathode, determine current conduction in the plasma. Simulations are performed in the parameter regimes of the Gamble I, POP, and PBFA II pulsed power generators, and previous low-density, short-rise time simulations of the PEOS. Fluid code results are compared to a 1-D analytic theory and to the Gamble I and POP experiments. Good agreement between theory and simulation, but mixed agreement between simulation and experiment is found. Experimental B-field measurements on POP show weaker j × B compression than the simulation. Current penetration and plasma current channels qualitatively similar to experimental observation are found in the Gamble I regime. However, magnetic insulation of electrons emitted from the cathode bunches the electron flow into narrower current channels than observed experimentally. In several cases, the presence of an electron-scattering or energy-loss mechanism near the cathode must be invoked to overcome magnetic insulation and widen the current channels.     

Plasma Cathode Research in Plasma Physics and Pulsed Power Laboratory

Russian Physics Journal - In this review, several types of plasma electron sources, studied in the Plasma Physics and Pulsed power Laboratory during the last 20 years, are considered. Namely, main...     

A Self-Similar Model for Conduction in the Plasma Erosion Opening Switch

The conduction phase of the plasma erosion opening switch (PEOS) is characterized by combining a 1-D fluid model for plasma hydrodynamics, Maxwell's equations, and a 2-D electron-orbit analysis. A self-similar approximation for the plasma and field variables permits analytic expressions for their space and time variations to be derived. It is shown that a combination of axial MHD compression and magnetic insulation of high-energy electrons emitted from the switch cathode can control the character of switch conduction. The analysis highlights the need to include additional phenomena for accurate fluid modeling of PEOS conduction.     

Two-Dimensional MHD Simulations of Magnetic Field Penetration in the Plasma Opening Switch

Three mechanisms for anomalous magnetic field penetration have been investigated in computer simulations of Sandia's plasma opening switch (POS). The POS simulations have been performed using the two-dimensional (2-D) two-temperature single-fluid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code HAM [1], [2]. The three penetration mechanisms considered are 1) the Chodura model based on the ion-acoustic instability where the saturated value of the anomalous collision frequency is approximated by the ion plasma frequency; 2) a model based on the lower hybrid instability in which the anomalous collision frequency is proportional to both the ion plasma frequency and the electron drift velocity; and 3) a model that limits the ion drift velocity to the plasma influx velocity. Two-dimensional MHD calculations of the POS will be presented which show these models to be qualitatively similar for densities above a few 1013 cm-3, though at lower densities they can be quite different. The calculations are compared to experiments, and some agreement is seen with the lower hybrid model. The other models compare only marginally to experimental results.     

激光诱导击穿光谱脉冲激光功率锁定的研究

激光诱导击穿光谱(laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,LIBS)在煤质在线监测方面展现了突出的应用前景和研究价值。针对该技术在实际应用中会由于脉冲激光功率起伏导致的长期测量稳定性差的问题,建立了闭环负反馈式脉冲激光功率锁定装置,采用激光功率负反馈信号控制和锁定Nd∶YAG激光器输出功率。实验研究了不同分光比例脉冲激光器锁定在设定输出功率,同一分光比例激光器锁定在不同输出功率以及长时间运行时的功率锁定。结果表明,不同的分光比例对激光输出功率的锁定效果影响不大,分光比例越小,稳定速度越快;同一分光比例实现激光脉冲功率不同预设值的锁定以及在长时间运行时,采用此装置进行功率锁定后,激光输出功率处于预设区间内,RSD值由自由运行时的2.4%降低至1.1%。     

大电流窄脉宽LD脉冲驱动电源研究

基于三维激光成像雷达成像性能的需求,设计了一款应用于其发射系统的半导体激光器脉冲驱动电源。在对驱动电路模型理论分析的基础上,选取了RF高速功率开关,并运用PSPICE工具对驱动电路进行了仿真分析,设计出了一款峰值电流可达30A,上升沿小于2ns,脉宽小于6ns,重复频率15kHz的LD脉冲驱动电源。该设计满足激光成像雷达发射系统的技术指标要求。     

Plasma Erosion Opening Switch in the Double-Pulse Operation Mode of a High-Current Electron Accelerator

This paper reports the results of investigations of the operation of a fast current opening switch, with a 1013-1016 plasma density produced either by dielectric surface flashover or by explosive emission of graphite. A series of two pulses was applied to two diodes in parallel. The first pulse produced plasma in the first diode which closed that diode gap by the arrival time of the second pulse. The first, shorted, diode then acted as an erosion switch for the second pulse. A factor of 2.5-3 power multiplication was obtained under optimum conditions. The opening-switch resistance during the magnetic insulation phase, neglecting the electron losses between the switch and the generating diode, exceeded 100 ?. The duration of the rapid opening phase was less than 5 ns under optimum conditions. This method of plasma production does not require external plasma sources, and permits a wide variation of plasma density, which in turn allows high inductor currents and stored energies.     

半导体开关在脉冲功率技术中的应用

国内外脉冲功率技术的一个重要的发展趋势,即高功率、长脉冲、高重频以及小型化,由此以半导体器件为基础的全固态脉冲功率技术得到了广泛的关注和应用;文章以晶闸管(SCR)、绝缘门双极晶体管(IGBT)以及半导体断路开关(SOS)的应用为例进行了说明;对用晶闸管控制的充电系统、IGBT应用于Marx发生器和脉冲变压器驱动源以及半导体断路开关的应用做了较为详细的原理性说明,并给出了一些实验结果.半导体开关技术的应用在一定程度上解决了传统脉冲功率发生器装置中存在的短寿命,低重复频率,稳定性差等缺点,具有广泛的应用前景.     

半导体开关在脉冲功率技术中的应用

国内外脉冲功率技术的一个重要的发展趋势, 即高功率、长脉冲、高重频以及小型化, 由此以半导体器件为基础的全固态脉冲功率技术得到了广泛的关注和应用; 文章以晶闸管(SCR)、绝缘门双极晶体管(IGBT)以及半导体断路开关(SOS)的应用为例进行了说明; 对用晶闸管控制的充电系统、IGBT应用于Marx发生器和脉冲变压器驱动源以及半导体断路开关的应用做了较为详细的原理性说明, 并给出了一些实验结果. 半导体开关技术的应用在一定程度上解决了传统脉冲功率发生器装置中存在的短寿命, 低重复频率, 稳定性差等缺点, 具有广泛的应用前景.     

新型高效率微带型光导开关脉冲产生器输出特性的研究

介绍了一种新型的高效率微带型光导开关超短电脉冲产生器结构。从理论上研究了这种产生器在高偏压工作的情况下，超短光脉冲和光导开关参量对输出电脉冲特性的影响，并给出了实验结果。     

流体物理研究所高功率脉冲技术研究进展

中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所是中国最早开展高功率脉冲技术研究的单位,文章简要回顾了流体物理研究所50年来在高功率脉冲技术研究方面的研究情况,介绍了中国大型高功率装置的典型代表、新近建成的世界最高水平的直线感应加速器神龙一号装置(20MeV,2.5kA,80ns),以及超高功率装置--正在建设的用于Z箍缩研究的初级实验平台(PTS,8-10MA,90ns).神龙一号是由84个感应腔串接而成的强流脉冲直线感应电子加速器,每个感应腔由Marx高电压发生器和Blumlein脉冲形成线组成的高功率脉冲系统驱动,逐级加速电子束打靶,通过韧致辐射产生强X射线,对武器内爆过程进行瞬态闪光照相.PTS装置是一台基于Marx发生器和水介质脉冲成形技术、由24路相同模块并联构成的超高功率装置,其单路验证性样机已经完成研制并达到设计指标要求,PTS主机的建设正在进行中.文章还介绍了近几十年来在高功率开关、直线感应加速器(LIA)、Z箍缩、脉冲X光机、爆磁压缩技术、重复频率脉冲技术、直线变压器技术、时间分辨快脉冲诊断技术等高功率脉冲技术方面的研究进展.