Reconfigurable photonic generation of microwave hybrid frequency/phase shift keying signals

A photonic approach for the generation of microwave hybrid frequency/phase shift keying (FSK/PSK) signal based on an integrated polarization division multiplexing dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (PDM-DPMZM) is proposed and demonstrated. In the scheme, the polarization modulator is employed to modulate the linearly polarized lightwave to generate an optical polarization-shift keying (PolSK) signal. Then the PolSK signal is sent to the PDM-DPMZM via a polarization controller to generate optical PSK signal. After photo-detection, a microwave hybrid FSK/PSK signal can be obtained. Simulations are conducted to verify the proposed scheme. As bit rate is set to 1 Gbit/s, a hybrid FSK/PSK signal with frequency of 10/15 GHz and phase shift of\(\pi\)is successfully demonstrated. Hybrid signals with 2-Git/s frequency shift and 1-Git/s phase shift are also implemented. The compression ratio of the generated signal is 25.5 and the main-to-sidelobe ratio is 11.2 dB. The generations of ASK, PSK and FSK signals are discussed, and the impact of the polarization extinction ratio is also analyzed.     

60 GHz millimeter-wave generator based on a frequency-quadrupling feed-forward modulation technique

We propose and analyze a prototype of a 60 GHz millimeter-wave (mm-wave) generator. In the scheme, two lasers with a 70 GHz frequency interval serve as sources. Then a frequency-quadrupling feed-forward modulation technique is employed to generate two phase correlated sidebands with a 60 GHz interval. The desired sidebands can be selected by using standard optical interleavers. In our work, a 60 GHz mm-wave signal free of phase noise can be achieved. The employed technique can also be extended to frequency 8-tupling.     

Reconfigurable generation of high-repetition-rate optical pulse sequences based on time-domain phase-only filtering

We propose and demonstrate a fiber-based phase-only filtering technique for programmable optical pulse shaping, in which the filtering operation is implemented in the time domain by means of an electro-optical (EO) phase modulator. The technique has been applied for generating customized ultrahigh-repetition-rate optical pulse sequences (>40 GHz) from single input pulses by driving the EO phase modulator with a periodic electronic waveform (RF tone). The generated output pulses are replicas of the input pulse and both the repetition rate and the envelope profile of the generated sequences can be controlled and tuned electronically using this approach.     

Characterization and validation of the frequency-modulated continuous-wave technique for assessment of photon migration in solid scattering media

The frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FM-CW) technique, based on the beat signal of a Mach?CZehnder interferometer employing a frequency-ramped light source, is studied for solid scattering media applications. The method is used to evaluate the mean time-of-flight (MTOF) of light traveling in scattering media, specifically polystyrene foams. We assume that each the time-of-flight (TOF) time corresponds to different light scattering paths resulting in a different phase shift. The phase shift variations produce a speckle pattern, which together with the frequency leakage induced by the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) cause ??spikes?? in the power spectrum of the beat signal, thus decreasing the accuracy of the measured MTOF values in solid scattering media. For comparison, time-of-flight spectroscopy (TOFS) is also employed to evaluate the MTOF for the same samples, while the geometrical difference between these two techniques is compensated for by using diffusion theory. The MTOFs measured by the FMCW and TOFS techniques agree well, which demonstrates a great potential to develop a robust FMCW setup for simplified MTOF assessment.     

Optical time lens based on four-wave mixing on a silicon chip

We propose a new technique to realize an optical time lens for ultrafast temporal processing that is based on four-wave mixing in a silicon nanowaveguide. The demonstrated time lens produces more than 100 pi of phase shift, which is not readily achievable using electro-optic phase modulators. Using this method we demonstrate 20x magnification of a signal consisting of two 3 ps pulses, which allows for temporal measurements using a detector with a 20 GHz bandwidth. Our technique offers the capability of ultrafast temporal characterization and processing in a chip-scale device.     

Subfemtosecond synchronization of microwave oscillators with mode-locked Er-fiber lasers

We synchronize an 8.06 GHz microwave signal from a voltage-controlled oscillator with an optical pulse train from a 77.5 MHz mode-locked Er-fiber laser using a fiber-based optical-microwave phase detector. The residual phase noise between the optical pulse train and the synchronized microwave signal is -133 dBc/Hz (-154 dBc/Hz) at 1 Hz (5 kHz) offset frequency, which results in 838 as integrated rms timing jitter [1 Hz-1 MHz]. The long-term residual phase drift is 847 as (rms) measured over 2 h, which reaches 4×10(-19) fractional frequency instability at 1800 s averaging time. This method has a potential to provide both subfemtosecond-level short-term phase noise and long-term phase stability in microwave extraction from mode-locked fiber lasers.     

Monomode fiber modulators: Frequency and polarization state control

Two experimental fiber components are described that exploit the properties of highly birefringent monomode optical fiber. In the first the generation of a traveling ultrasonic flexure wave on the fiber produces a frequency shift on the input optical signal. In the second a variable axial tension modulates the differential phase retardance between the two guided polarization eigenmodes to produce an arbitrary output polarization state from a linear input state (or vice versa) without loss of optical power.     

Monomode fiber modulators: Frequency and polarization state control

Two experimental fiber components are described that exploit the properties of highly birefringent monomode optical fiber. In the first the generation of a traveling ultrasonic flexure wave on the fiber produces a frequency shift on the input optical signal. In the second a variable axial tension modulates the differential phase retardance between the two guided polarization eigenmodes to produce an arbitrary output polarization state from a linear input state (or vice versa) without loss of optical power.     

Optoelectronic oscillator using a LiNbO3 phase modulator for self-oscillating frequency comb generation

Optical frequency comb generation by using a novel optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) is proposed and demonstrated with the emphasis placed on self-oscillating operation. In the OEO, a wideband LiNbO3 phase modulator is driven with a large-amplitude radio-frequency (RF) feedback signal to generate a deeply phase-modulated light wave; accordingly, an optical frequency comb with a bandwidth greater than the RF signal is generated by self-oscillation. Although it generates multifrequency components, the OEO exhibits characteristics of a single-mode oscillator. Its operation is stable and self-starting. An optical frequency comb with a 120 GHz bandwidth and 9.95 GHz frequency spacing was successfully generated by self-oscillation at a single frequency.     

Coupled relaxation oscillators for frequency multiplication

Relaxation oscillators with microbridges as hysteretic elements are investigated in a frequency range of up to 1 GHz. The signal form of the voltage pulses and the resulting frequency versus bias current dependence are calculated, as well as the frequency spectrum of the harmonics. To demonstrate the possibility of a frequency multiplication, several relaxation oscillators are coupled in a serial or ring configuration. Superconducting delay lines are used to synchronize the oscillators to each other with the proper phase shift. As our measurements show, a frequency multiplication, or at least an enhancement in the power of the desired harmonic is possible in this way.     

Enhancing light slow-down in semiconductor optical amplifiers by optical filtering

We show that the degree of light-speed control in a semiconductor optical amplifier can be significantly extended by the introduction of optical filtering. We achieve a phase shift of approximately 150 degrees at 19 GHz modulation frequency, corresponding to a several-fold increase of the absolute phase shift as well as the achievable bandwidth. We show good quantitative agreement with numerical simulations, including the effects of population oscillations and four-wave mixing, and provide a simple physical explanation based on an analytical perturbation approach.     

Electro-optic mapping systems of electric-field using CW laser diodes

Two novel systems are proposed to perform the electro-optic (EO) mapping of the electric-field strength close to electrode structure using CW laser diodes. By these systems, mappings of both static (DC) and high-frequency electric-field can be obtained. For the static field, the field is chopped to increase the sensitivity performance. For the high-frequency field, an intensity modulation laser, instead of a pulse laser, is used to perform the mapping measurement in frequency domain, instead of in time domain. This approach greatly simplifies the system. An experiment set-up using a vertical cavity surface emitted laser diode (VCSEL) of a wavelength 850 nm and its mapping results for a coplanar waveguide (CPW) with the signal frequency around 1 GHz are reported.     

A tunable frequency-decuple optoelectronic oscillator based on frequency comb and stimulated Brillouin scattering

An optically tunable frequency-decuple optoelectronic oscillator based on optical frequency comb (OFC) and stimulated Brillouin scattering has been proposed and theoretically analyzed. In the proposed structure, the OFC is generated using a cascaded Mach–Zehnder modulator and a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DPMZM), and multi-pump lights could be obtained instead of one pump. A quintuple Brillouin frequency shift oscillation signal generated by using Brillouin gain-loss compensation principle and carrier phase-shifted double sideband modulation is realized by using the DPMZM to double the oscillation frequency. As a consequence, a decuple frequency shift microwave signal is achieved. Profit from the wavelength-dependent nature of Brillouin frequency shift, a frequency-decuple signal at 10 \(f_{b}\) which could be tunable from 87.9750 to 94.4750 GHz by simply tuning the wavelength of the tunable laser source is obtained in theory.     

60 GHz Radio over Fiber Technology for Wireless Access by employing Narrow-Angle PSK Modulation

This paper investigates two key techniques used in 60 GHz Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology for wireless access, namely, the generation of 60 GHz signals and the distribution of 60 GHz local oscillator (LO). In the proposed model, a 60 GHz PSK signal is generated by a heterodyne of two subcarriers with narrow-angle PSK (NA-PSK) modulation, whose phase shift is equal to one half that of a normal PSK signal. Then we use a 60 GHz mixer to frequency mix two PSK signals in two different bands, 60 GHz and baseband. By doing this, the modulation information can be fully eliminated, resulting in a 60 GHz LO. In the wireless terminal, coherent demodulation is realized by a self-mixing of the transmitted 60 GHz PSK signal and LO. Thus no millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band oscillator is needed in the wireless terminal.     

Tunable lateral shift in a prism-waveguide system with biaxially anisotropic metamaterial

We construct a prism-waveguide system with electro-optical (EO) crystal and biaxially anisotropic metamaterial (BAM) as the prism and guiding layer, respectively. Stationary-phase approach is employed to explore the modulation of EO material on the phase, reflectivity and lateral shift, different thicknesses of air and BAM are also considered. Simulation results show that the refractive index change of EO material does not change the maximum value of lateral shift and a configuration with larger phase maximum value, smaller reflectivity minimum and sharper angle-reflectivity curve generates a larger value of absolute value of lateral shift. These results give us a guidance for the design of EO-modulated sensors based on tunable lateral shift.     

Impact of fiber delay fluctuation on reference injection-locked optoelectronic oscillators

We demonstrate that the phase shift of a reference injection-locked optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) varies as the change of its fiber delay over a long period of time. The dynamic variation of the fiber delay is monitored using an injected probe signal and is compared with the phase shift. With actively stabilized fiber delays according to the monitored data, the long-term frequency stability of the reference injection-locked OEO is evaluated.     

X波段大功率耦合腔行波管3维粒子模拟

 为提高行波管的增益和输出波形的稳定性,开展了带高频切断X波段大功率耦合腔行波管的研究工作。以点频7.2 GHz为例,对X波段耦合腔行波管的大信号注波互作用过程进行了3维粒子模拟,该行波管包含一处高频切断及两处微波集中衰减器。数值模拟结果表明：行波管腔数为40、电子束电压为17 kV、电流为0.8 A时,可获得2.0 kW的微波输出功率,增益达23 dB,电子效率达14.7%。     

Demonstration of microwave frequency shifting by use of a highly chirped mode-locked fiber laser

We report an experimental demonstration of a photonic microwave shifter using a highly chirped mode-locked fiber laser. The system is based on dispersive compression or expansion of highly chirped optical pulses that are amplitude modulated by the microwave signal. Using this technique, we demonstrated frequency shifting of a microwave signal from 10 GHz down to 5 GHz and up to 25 GHz.     

Multichannel vector sum phase shifter

A novel multichannel vector sum phase shifter that is suitable for phased array antenna applications is demonstrated. Each channel is implemented using a distinct optical wavelength. Selective control of each channel is performed using an acousto-optic polarization coupler. The concept is successfully demonstrated for two individually controlled channels. For each channel, a continuously variable frequency linear phase shift is demonstrated between DC and 7 GHz, with the phasing range exceeding 100 degrees.     

垂直入射条件下厚金属环结构的负磁导率与左手材料行为

用矩形波导法实验研究了微波垂直入射于具有一定厚度的金属铜圆环结构的微波电磁响应行为.结果表明,当金属铜环的厚度增加到一定值时,在中心频率为145GHz处出现透射禁带,并且相位在透射禁带处发生跃变.采用双各向异性媒质理论计算了铜圆环结构的磁导率随频率变化关系,在透射禁带处磁导率为负.对厚金属圆环与金属线一一对应组合的样品,微波沿环面垂直入射时测量到左手透射通带和相位超前,通带带宽达到15GHz,强度为-21dB. 关键词： 负磁导率 垂直入射