基于视觉测量技术的控制力矩陀螺框架伺服系统标定研究

控制力矩陀螺作为航天器姿态控制的一个重要部分,对其输出力矩的速度及精度要求越来越高。目前,对于高精度的框架控制性能进行标定和验证,大都是依靠控制力矩陀螺自身角度位置传感器进行评价,精度存在一定的误差。针对这种情况,设计了一种独立于控制力矩陀螺的视觉测量标定方式。在力矩陀螺上安装6个测量靶标,靶标在相机成像平面上呈现出由离散点组成的圆弧,对标志点中心进行定位,获得高精度像元提取精度,进一步处理得到二维像点坐标,拟合出圆心和半径;根据相片上像点位置及时间信息,计算得出控制力矩陀螺在不同时刻的角速度。采用快速傅里叶变换对角度信息进行处理,得到频率和相应的幅值,根据幅值计算框架绝对稳定度及相对稳定度,最后对框架角速度控制精度和角速度稳定度进行分析。试验表明,角速度绝对稳定度不低于0.02,相对稳定度不低于0.7%,且随着角度的增大稳定度逐渐提高;角位置测量精度经过实验验证可以达到1″,满足控制力矩陀螺高精度标定要求。     

低空摄影测量在弹丸落点坐标测试中的应用

靶场现有落点坐标测试设备大多数基于地面观测平台,存在通视要求的局限性,无法及时预测落点概略坐标,且对于连发密集型射击试验无法区分弹序。针对该问题,根据物点与像点的几何位置关系,提出了3种将观测平台设置为空中的无人机弹丸落点测量方法:内差法、距离比例法以及求解姿态角法。介绍了3种算法的基本原理和数学模型,然后结合模拟试验现场的测试数据对3种方法进行了验证,最后计算出满足要求所需要的相机最低技术指标。实验结果表明:内差法和比例法测量精度低于3 m,求解姿态角法的精度小于0.3 m。     

利用地球红外辐射的旋转飞行体姿态估计方法

针对导航控制系统对姿态测试技术多元化、新型化和低成本的要求, 提出了一种基于地球红外辐射的旋转飞行体姿态估计方法. 首先, 根据地球红外辐射的产生机理, 结合红外辐射在大气中的传播规律, 建立了地球红外辐射模型. 然后, 分析了旋转飞行体的运动特征, 构建了红外传感器的测量模型. 为了探索红外传感器的输出信号与旋转飞行体的姿态信息之间的内在联系, 研究了不同姿态角和视场角下的传感器输出信号特征. 最后, 为了提高旋转飞行体的姿态测试精度, 设计了基于三轴红外传感器的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法来估计姿态角和横滚角速度. 结果表明: 利用地球红外辐射场进行姿态测试的方法有效可行, 俯仰角估计误差在±0.1°, 横滚角估计误差在±0.05°, 横滚角速度估计误差在±1 rad/s. 该姿态测量方法简单有效, 能够满足旋转飞行体的姿态测量要求.     

微光凝视成像曝光自适应研究

为实现高分视频卫星微光条件下对目标进行长周期凝视曝光成像,设计了适应凝视跟踪稳像姿态变化的自适应曝光周期算法.建立卫星对地实时凝视跟踪数学模型,搭建矢量映射的速度匹配曝光成像关系,利用蒙特卡洛方法对卫星三轴姿态角和姿态角速度控制准确度在微光成像曝光时间内引起的像移量进行统计计算,分析了一定姿态控制准确度下满足高分卫星微光成像的曝光周期.最后,利用灵巧验证卫星进行微光成像曝光周期自适应稳像姿态的在轨试验.结果表明,卫星姿态控制准确度分别为0.08°与0.0088°/s和0.04°与0.003°/s时,对应的成像曝光时间分别为18ms和55.2ms,通过对微光成像的目标点进行分析,曝光过程中成像目标点的实际偏差像元量小于1个像元,此偏差对成像质量影响较小,成像影像的信噪比高.     

数字域时间延迟积分时间CMOS相机高分“凝视”成像设计分析

为实现凝视卫星高分跟踪成像,设计了数字域时间延迟积分(TDI)互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)传感器在凝视姿态下的成像匹配模型,推导了卫星凝视跟踪成像时相对轨道坐标系的姿态变化,采用坐标变换方法实时计算其在凝视过程中随姿态变化的行转移时间,利用蒙特卡罗方法统计计算了凝视模式下姿态指向精度和稳定度对成像的影响。利用数字域TDI CMOS原理样机和小卫星姿态控制系统全物理仿真平台对成像进行了仿真分析。结果表明,卫星的姿态控制精度在成像过程中会引起纵向的像移速度失配和横向匹配的残余像移,成像积分级数越高,图像信噪比越大。积分级数的增加对卫星姿态提出较高要求,仿真平台姿态角和姿态角速度控制精度分别优于0.05°,0.005°/s时,采用积分级数为48级能较好地满足成像质量要求。     

旋转粗糙目标动态散斑统计特性研究

针对旋转目标视线角和角速度的特征识别问题,基于激光散射理论,分析了可见光波段激光中旋转对称目标动态特性,设计了多姿态旋转运动目标的时序散斑测量光路.研究结果表明:采用多幅图相关函数计算方法对时序图进行处理,得到了不同视线角和角速度的动态散斑归一化时间相关函数曲线.给出了目标范围为0.5r/min~6r/min角速度,范围为20°~90°视线角与时间统计特性的关系.     

大失准角传递对准算法研究

经典Kalman滤波器不适用于大失准角情况下的传递对准,故只能采用非线性滤波器进行失准角的次优估计,其工程实现效果无法满足惯性姿态系统对姿态精度的要求。针对上述问题,提出了动态解析对准与传递对准相结合的大失准角传递对准算法,设计了"速度+角速度"匹配的传递对准滤波模型。该算法利用动态解析对准算法完成大失准角的初步补偿,解决传递对准非线性误差模型无法进行线性化的问题。基于Kalman滤波最优估计理论,设计FIR低通滤波器完成观测信息去噪滤波,实现姿态失准角的最优估计补偿,以达到惯性姿态系统大失准角条件下快速精确传递对准的目的。试验结果表明,在大失准角条件下,惯性姿态系统可在50s内完成方位精度为3′、水平姿态精度为1′的初始对准。     

基于单目视觉和棋盘靶标的平面姿态测量方法EI北大核心CSCD

针对平面目标姿态测量问题,提出了一种基于棋盘靶标的单目视觉测量方法,设计安装简单,在保证测量精度的同时简化了测量过程。首先,基于棋盘靶标对摄像机进行标定;然后,利用单应性条件得到外参矩阵,并利用Givens矩阵对外参矩阵进行分解,求得姿态角;最后,在靶标任意安装的情况下,基于旋转矩阵约束条件研究了安装偏差的自标定方法。实验结果表明:距离3m时,在静态测量时垂直光轴方向姿态角的测量精度可达0.02°,其他两个姿态角的测量精度可达0.05°;动态测量时垂直光轴方向姿态角的测量精度可达0.1°,其他两个姿态角的测量精度可达0.5°。     

基于单目视觉和棋盘靶标的平面姿态测量方法

针对平面目标姿态测量问题,提出了一种基于棋盘靶标的单目视觉测量方法,设计安装简单,在保证测量精度的同时简化了测量过程。首先,基于棋盘靶标对摄像机进行标定;然后,利用单应性条件得到外参矩阵,并利用Givens矩阵对外参矩阵进行分解,求得姿态角;最后,在靶标任意安装的情况下,基于旋转矩阵约束条件研究了安装偏差的自标定方法。实验结果表明:距离3m时,在静态测量时垂直光轴方向姿态角的测量精度可达0.02°,其他两个姿态角的测量精度可达0.05°;动态测量时垂直光轴方向姿态角的测量精度可达0.1°,其他两个姿态角的测量精度可达0.5°。     

基于时域约束的卷帘曝光星敏感器星点校正方法

针对卷帘曝光模式星敏感器动态星点成像形状畸变和成像位置误差导致的导航星点定位精度降低、测姿误差增大的问题,提出了一种基于时域约束的导航星点校正方法。基于卷帘曝光的时间异步性特点,结合基于卡尔曼滤波的导航星点位置和帧间速度最优估计,将时域中不同时刻的导航星点校正到相同时刻,从而有效地解决星点畸变与位置偏移问题。展开了不同条件下的仿真实验,实验结果表明:当星敏感器角速度在0~3°/s动态范围内,校正后星对距离精度高于0.1 pixels,姿态角精度高于10″。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.