高中化学教科书中化学史的内容分析与编写建议

运用内容分析法对高中化学新教科书中化学史编写进行分析,可知教科书中化学史图文并茂,但存在如下不足:化学史的地位不高;科学家形象平面化;内史与外史失衡;科学探究过程描述不足;失误与争论的内容较少;科学方法单一;呈现方式缺乏问题意识.化学史要有效融入教科书中,建议教材编写:重塑科学家的真实形象、寻求内史与外史的有机整合、描述科学发展过程中的争论和失误、选择典型的科学探究范例、丰富学习情境的创设、精心编制化学史习题.     

高中化学史教学思想的变迁

化学史是化学教学的重要内容之一,30年来,高中化学教材中化学史内容悄然嬗变反映了化学教学思想的变化,通过对不同时期高中化学教材中化学史内容变化的对比分析,得出化学史教学逐步走向科学和理性的初步结论。     

论化学史教育的职业教育功能

在化学教学中适当地穿插化学史事例进行的教学,一般称之为化学史教育。学习和研究化学史的重要意义已为化学家和化学史家所重视,并且也为教育领导部门所重视。在1988年,我国著名化学家和化学教育家戴安邦教授就说过：“全面的化学教育既要传授化学知识与技术,更应训练科学方法和思维,还应培养科学精神和科学品德。”著名化学家傅鹰也说过：“化学给人以知识,化学史给人以智慧”。因此,化学史教育也是全面的化学教育的一个组成部分。通过化学史教育,不仅可以培养学生的职业道德,还可以培养学生的科学实践意识,发展学生的创造力。     

中学化学中化学史教学的现状调查与思考

化学史知识不仅是中学化学教学的重要组成部分,也是中学化学学科素质教育的重要素材,并以其内容的独特性,在素质教育中发挥着特殊的作用,通过对现行教材及化学史教学的现状调查分析和研究,旨在充分发挥化学史在素质教育中的作用,为进一步探讨中学化学中化学史教学的内容和形式提供依据。     

化学史课程资源的开发特点及途径

在素质教育全面实施的过程中,课程资源的短缺是一个不可忽视的问题,而化学史又是多年来在化学教学中经常被忽略的内容。本文结合化学史课程资源开发的5个特点,提出了化学史课程资源开发的一些具体途径：研究化学发展历史;了解化学家的生平及研究成果;挖掘化学史故事;探寻化学史图片;筛选古代文献资料中的化学部分;分析古代科学技术成果中化学的作用。     

义务教育化学教科书中化学史教育内容的选择与呈现

如何在化学课程中融入化学史,一直是化学课程与教学研究关注的重要内容。化学课程融入化学史表现在各个层面,化学教科书中的融入是一个中间环节,它既是教育理念、课程标准的具体体现,又是对教师在课堂教学中融入化学史的提示和指导。本文从教科书中化学史的内容、呈现方式、在教学中的地位以及学习方式等几个角度,对我国义务教育4个版本化学教科书进行了分析,并根据分析结果,提出了适当展现科学家形象;描述真实的科学发展过程;寻求内史与外史的有机整合;内容组织时考虑多种学习活动方式的结合几个教材编写建议。     

化学教科书中的中国化学史图片解读

了解化学发展史是初中生学习化学的一个重要方面,本文旨在对教科书中化学史图片做以介绍。     

化学史讲习会与教学讨论会在昆明举行

中国科学史学会化学史专业委员会,于1983年11月18日至24日在昆明召开了一次化学史讲习会和化学史教学讨论会。参加会议的有大专院校、中学有关教师和自然辩证法与科学史方面的专业人员,共135人,旁听人员近50人。这次会议讲习和探讨的主要内容如下:①化学史在教学中的地位和作用;②化学史教材的内容、体系和编写工作;③我国化学史的研究情况;④中国古代     

中等教育阶段化学史教育的文献研究

为了解有关中等教育中化学史教育的研究状况,收集了大量的期刊文献并进行了分析和统计.虽然核心期刊《化学教育》对化学史教育涉及的6个方面的研究较为均衡,但是大范围的调查显示,教育者们对这6个方面的研究十分偏颇,明显注重化学史教育的"功能或价值",却轻视实践方面的问题.而造成这一现象的原因主要有3点:化学史教育本身的问题、教育的问题、教师和学生的问题.     

《化学通报》对我国化学史学科发展的贡献:1952-2011

《化学通报》(《化学》)自创刊以来便开设化学史栏目,坚持科学与科学史学并重。新中国成立以后,这一传统得以保持和发扬。《化学通报》中与化学史相关的栏目有《化学史》、《化学家》和《化学哲学》等。统计表明,1952至2011年60年间,该杂志发表化学史论文及相关文献466篇,为我国化学史人才的培养及学科的发展做出了重要贡献。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.