[澳]维多利亚州化学教育概况

一、概况在澳大利亚,教育行政体制属于地方分权制,各州根据本地区的具体情况,独立自主地经营管理学校,它可以制定政策以及各种教育条例,因此,各州之间存在着差异。各州又根据州的法律,把学校的大部分实际管理权委托给下一级地方教育行政当局,而且最基层的学校在决定课程设置等方面享有很大的自主权,所以,在澳大利亚很难实行全国统一的课程设置、教学大纲以及教科书等,各地自主办学。     

初高中化学衔接亟待解决的问题及其对策

针对初高中化学教学存在着越来越严重的衔接不顺畅的问题,结合目前的教学实际,从3个方面（学校结构、课程设置和考试评价）分析原因,并提出了相应的对策。     

新建本科院校师范生科研能力弱的原因及对策研究

部分新建本科院校办学急功近利,不重视教科研;对培养师范生科研能力的基础性和过程性、实践性及毕业论文(设计)教学的重要性认识不足;学生科研能力差,毕业论文抄袭、"粗制滥造"现象严重,职后难以扮演"研究者"角色。学校应构建健全完善、科学合理的规章制度,更新办学理念,配备科研与学术过硬、懂教育善管理的领导。教师专业素质结构、课程设置、培养模式、教育教学方法等的调整与改革应适应基础教育改革的需求。     

适应社会发展 建设特设课程

随着教育改革的深人进行，师专化学专业要主动适应我国教育发展和当地经济建设的需要，提高办学的社会效益，已成为人们的一种共识。也是师专化学专业拓宽专业面，合理调整课程设置，优化课程结构，改革教学内容，加强教材建设，注重素质和能力培养，增强学生对社会需要的适应性的根本途径。为此，近几年来，我系围绕这一宗旨，在学校领导和教务处的大力支持下，通过对生源所在地的广泛社会凋查，在专业课程设置方面逐步和大胆地进行了改革，制定并实施了新的教学计划，增设了一些具有地方特色的“特设课程”。现将我们的做法与效果分述于下…     

对中等卫校化学教师继续教育的思考

中等卫校化学教师面临更新知识途径狭窄及医学知识匮乏的问题,不能适应现代医学模式的转变,有必要进行继续教育.本文就继续教育的课程设置原则、办学形式、考核办法提出自己的看法.     

中国近代化学课程始端——“京师同文馆化学科”体系溯探

京师同文馆化学科作为我国化学课程的始端,以课程设置及目的、课程内容与教材、课程的考试、教师与学生等要素,构成了学校近代化学课程体系,并以此为我国化学教育事业做出了开创性的贡献。     

中国近代科技教育先驱——上海格致书院中的化学教育考略

上海格致书院开创中国科技教育之先河,提供了开设化学等自然科学课程的模式。在化学课程设置、教学方法、考试制度等方面均作了有益的探索,为化学教育在我国学校体制中的开展作出了开拓性贡献。     

英国的国家理科课程研究（一）──国家理科课程的由来及演变

本文对英国国家理科课程的提出、设置和框架、及其演变等,作了较为详细的研究;分析了理科课程成为国家核心课程的原因;对“理科课程在学校课程中的地位”、“为哪些人的理科”、“广泛和平衡的理科课程”、“持续和进步”等国家理科课程的基本理念,进行了探讨。     

中国大陆与中国台湾普通高中有机化学课程内容比较研究

通过对中国大陆地区高中化学课程标准及人教版课程标准实验教科书和中国台湾地区的高中化学课程纲要及泰宇版高中化学教科书的比较研究发现,普通高中在有机化学课程内容设置上,有很多共同的地方,但在有机化学课程的具体设置及相关内容的具体安排上存在着较大的区别。     

美国加州(伯克利)大学化学系课程设置简介

美国加州(伯克利)大学(U.C.Berkely)是世界闻名的高等学府,造就了一大批知名学者,该校化学课程设置在美国具有代表性。各课程的内容都是经美国化学会认可的。每学年分秋、春两个学期,各上课十五周。另有暑期课程8—10周。本科生修满学校规定的必修课、选修课共120学分可获学士学位。化学专业各类课程学分的分配比例如下:     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.