重铬酸钾光度法快速测定水中化学需氧量

建立快速测定水中化学需氧量(COD)的重铬酸钾光度法。样品消解温度为165℃,消解时间为15 min。当水中含有氯离子时,可加入硫酸汞掩蔽剂消除氯离子影响,其加入量按每毫克氯离子加入20 mg硫酸汞计算。该方法检测范围为20~800 mg/L,当水中COD质量浓度大于800 mg/L时应先进行稀释,然后测定;当COD质量浓度小于20 mg/L时,可以采用真空蒸馏法浓缩,以提高COD质量浓度。采用该方法对COD质量浓度为300 mg/L的标准溶液进行测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.7%(n=6),相对误差为-2.0%。分别采用所建方法和国家标准方法HJ 828—2017(重铬酸钾回流消解滴定法)测定两个不同水样,相对偏差分别为-1.6%和-1.1%。该方法适用于水中COD的快速测定。     

三价铬对COD测定中Cl~–干扰的抑制

测定含氯量高而化学需氧量较低的水样时,在消解过程中利用含Cr3+的硫酸银–硫酸试剂代替国标法中的硫酸银–硫酸试剂,结果表明,用改进法测定含氯且低COD的水样时,Cl–的干扰小于国标法;测定无氯或含氯且COD大于375 mg/L的水样,两种方法测定结果几乎无差别。测定COD 100 mg/L,Cl–质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的水样,相对偏差由国标法的25.8%下降到8.4%;改进法测定COD 100 mg/L,Cl–质量浓度分别为2 000,3 000,5 000mg/L的水样,相对偏差分别为6.3%,11.4%,15.0%,均优于含氯1 000 mg/L国标法测定结果。改进法在COD测定下限的氧化电位相当于国标法测定的COD上限电位,测定上限的氧化电位比国标法下降了0.008 3 V。该方法用于测定含氯高的低COD水样,可抑制Cl–的干扰,提高测量结果的准确度。     

离子色谱法测定土壤中氯离子、硫酸根离子、硝酸根离子

建立离子色谱法测定土壤中Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–3种阴离子的含量。淋洗液为30 mmol/L KOH溶液,等浓度淋洗,流速为1.0 mL/min。Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–的线性范围均为0~20 mg/L,线性相关系数均大于0.999 9,检出限为0.051~0.082 mg/L,混合标准溶液测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.31~0.38%(n=10)。对土壤样品进行重复测定,3种离子测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于3%(n=7),加标回收率在95.0%~104.5%之间。该方法测定结果准确,操作简单、快速,适用于土遗址中Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–的测定。     

超声消解FIA-FAAS快速测定环境水样中COD

采用超声消解,流动注射-火焰原子吸收法对环境水样中COD进行了测定。采用酸性KMnO4作氧化剂,在80℃下超声消解,被COD还原生成的Mn^2＋经冷却后在线分离吸附于阳离子交换树脂微型柱上,用3 mol/L HCl反相洗脱,送至火焰原子吸收检测器检测。在消解时间30 s的条件下,测定COD的线性范围为3-300 mg/L,检出限为1 mg/L,采样频率为24 h^-1,Cl^-和Mg^2＋的质量浓度分别至1000 mg/L时均无干扰,对30 mg/L的标准样品重复测定9次,相对标准偏差为2.7%。该法用于河水、池塘水和自来水分析,获得了与经典重铬酸钾法基本一致的测定结果。     

离子色谱法测定浓磷酸中的Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–

采用离子色谱法测定浓磷酸中的Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–。将浓磷酸稀释至400倍体积,以0.22μm滤膜过滤,使用阴离子交换色谱–抑制电导检测器测定浓磷酸中的Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–。采用高容量色谱柱,以1.0 mmol/L Na_2CO_3–24 mmol/L Na OH混合液为流动相,将无机阴离子与浓磷酸基体分离,以标准加入法定量。氯离子、硝酸盐、硫酸盐的检出限为0.05~0.12 mg/L,加标回收率为96.6%~100.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为7.0%~10.0%(n=5)。该方法分离效果好,可用于浓磷酸中Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–的同时测定。     

大体积进样–Ag柱除氯–离子色谱法测定水中溴酸盐

建立以大体积进样(250μL)–离子色谱测定水中溴酸盐(BrO_3~–)的方法。采用Ag柱离线去除样品中大量Cl~–以消除Cl~–干扰,同时保证痕量溴酸盐未沉淀,过滤后直接进样测定。BrO_3~–的质量浓度在2.0~25.0μg/L范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数r=0.999 2,方法检出限为0.8μg/L。自来水和矿泉水样品3浓度水平加标回收率为85.0%~101.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为3.6%~12.9%(n=6)。该方法样品处理简单,检出限低,准确度和精密度高,满足分析测试的要求。     

快速消解分光光度法测定污水化学需氧量

建立快速消解分光光度法测定污水中的化学需氧量(COD)。通过对样品消解时间、消解温度、冷却时间及测定波长的验证,确定了最佳测定条件:消解温度为165℃,消解时间为10 min,检测波长为610 nm。同时,对该方法的成本进行了核算。COD质量浓度在50~1 000 mg/L的污水范围内与吸光度有良好线性关系,相关系数为1.000,方法检出限为10.5 mg/L。样品的加标回收率为98~102%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.45%~1.51%(n=6),每个样本的检测成本约3.18元。该方法快速、简便且成本低,可用于COD含量为50~1 000 mg/L的污水测定。     

应用哈希COD测定仪测定废水中COD(高量程)方法的优化改进

通过考察消解时间、COD测定系统的酸度、重铬酸钾浓度对COD测定值的影响,确定了HACH-COD自配替代试剂的最佳操作条件(高量程)为:最佳的消解时间为60 min、H2SO4-硫酸汞的加入量为2.50 mL及重铬酸钾的浓度为1/6 K2Cr2O7=1.5 mol/L,样品分析的相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.0%以下,加标回收率在95.4%~107.7%之间。     

酸化吹气–重铬酸钾法测定高氯地表水中化学需氧量

建立酸化吹气–重铬酸钾法测定高氯地表水化学需氧量(CODCr)的方法.通过在高氯水样中加入适宜浓度的硫酸,在加热及吹气条件下使干扰物氯离子以氯化氢的形式释放出,并用氢氧化钠溶液吸收,再采用重铬酸盐法对驱氯后的样品进行CODCr的测定.结果表明,在优化条件下,当取样体积为10.0 mL时,本方法的检出限为4 mg/L,测...     

离子色谱法测定2-羧乙基苯基次膦酸中的氯离子

建立离子色谱法测定2-羧乙基苯基次膦酸中氯离子的含量。样品用超纯水溶解稀释,过0.22μm滤膜;选用SH–AC–2阴离子分离柱,以30 mmol/L Na OH溶液作为淋洗液,流量为1.0 m L/min,进样体积为50μL,以抑制电导检测器测定氯离子的含量。氯离子的质量浓度在0.01~1.00 mg/L范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数为0.996,氯离子的检出限(S/N=3)为1.0μg/L。测定结果的相对标准偏差小于10%(n=6),样品加标回收率为94.7%~103.5%。该方法简便、快速且灵敏,可用于2-羧乙基苯基次膦酸中氯离子的测定。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。