铜与浓、稀硝酸反应实验装置的创新设计

通过分析现行苏教版化学教材中铜与浓、稀硝酸反应实验的不足,从教学实际的角度,科学地设计出铜与浓、稀硝酸反应实验方案.该设计将2项实验组合在一起,较好地实现了操作简单、现象对比明显、原料节约、原理展示清晰、绿色环保和有效调控的创新目的.     

铜与浓、稀硝酸反应的改进实验

使用大试管、胶头滴管、Y形导管等改进了铜与浓、稀硝酸的反应实验,在完全密闭条件下进行,操作简单,现象明显,尾气处理方便安全,零污染。     

铜与浓硝酸反应的装置设计及现象研究

针对铜与浓硝酸的反应,阐述了实验装置的绿色化设计,通过控制条件使反应溶液呈现绿色和蓝色的变化,并挖掘实验中的化学思想。     

探讨浓硝酸与铜反应的混合液呈绿色的本质原因

浓硝酸和铜反应的溶液为草绿色,说法较多,还存在疑问。通过大量的实验,认为主要是NO2和水反应生成的亚硝酸,再结合铜离子生成铜的亚硝酸化合物,使溶液呈绿色。     

碳与浓硝酸反应的补充实验

在全国统编教材高级中学课本化学 (必修 )第一册 (ｐ180 )和全日制普通高级中学教科书 (试验本 )第二册 (Ⅰ ) (ｐ2 6)中均提到碳与浓硝酸能反应 ,以说明浓硝酸具有强氧化性。由于该实验课本没作要求也很难做成功 ,所以教师只能在学习金属与浓硝酸反应性质的基础上运用推理方法让学生认识浓硝酸的这一特性。碳与浓硝酸的反应实验很难做成功的原因经分析 ,我们认为主要有 3点 :一是反应温度达不到要求。由于浓硝酸中含有一定量的水 ,当红热的炭块投入到浓硝酸中时只能发生局部的短暂的反应 ,反应放出的热量不足以维持反应继续进行 ,故炭块不…     

硝酸与石蕊试液反应本质的质疑

硝酸与石蕊试液的反应曾经是高中化学教材中硝酸的性质实验之一,此内容也多次在高中生近年来的化学试题中出现,而硝酸与石蕊试液的作用情况比较复杂,其一是石蕊试液与稀硝酸和浓硝酸的反应现象不相同;其二是在不同温度下石蕊试液与浓硝酸反应的现象也不完全相同。室温下将紫色石蕊试液滴人稀硝酸中,溶液立即变为红色,微热之,无明显变化发生;而室温下将紫色石蕊试液滴人浓硝酸中,溶液的颜色会由红色变为橙色,最后变为黄绿色,并伴随有大量红棕色气体产生。对此实验现象,有的教师解释为浓硝酸具有强氧化性,石蕊试液与浓硝酸作用时发生了氧化还原反应,逸出的红棕色气体是浓硝酸的还原产物二氧化氮。而稀硝酸的氧化性弱于浓硝酸,在此仅表现出酸性,因而只能使紫色石蕊试液变红。浓硝酸与石蕊试液作用是否主要发生的是氧化还原反应？黄绿色产物是什么物质？针对上述疑问,我们进行了反复研究,大量实验事实说明,浓硝酸与石蕊试液在发生酸色反应后,主要发生的是硝化反应,同时伴随有硝酸的分解反应,二者发生氧化还原反应的可能性很小。     

对2个涉及炭与浓硝酸反应问题的探讨

从实验与理论的角度, 对涉及炭与浓硝酸反应的2个问题进行探讨, 结果表明: (1)常温下氯离子对炭与浓硝酸的反应未见明显加速作用, 但自身会被浓硝酸氧化;(2)炭与浓硝酸反应的主要氧化产物是CO2, CO虽有生成但含量较低。     

1994年高考化学第24题的解题思路的探讨

1994年全国高考“3+2”试卷第24题题目是：38.4毫克铜跟适量的浓硝酸反应,铜全部作用后,共收集到气体22.4毫升（标准状况）,反应消耗的HNO3的物质的量。     

硝酸和铜反应实验的改进

硝酸和铜反应的演示实验和学生实验的常规做法都会逸出大量的一氧化氮和二氧化氮,严重影响师生的身体健康,为此,我们对该实验进行了如下改进：１实验装置及药品将干燥管下端接一直导管插入锥形瓶中组装成如图所示的装置。２操作步骤和现象（１）浓硝酸和铜反应向锥形瓶中加入约１５ｍＬ浓硝酸,打开止水夹Ａ、Ｂ,用洗耳球将酸液压入干燥管内至浸没铜片,随即关闭Ａ。反应迅速进行,干燥管内产生大量红棕色气体,液体同时变蓝。实验完成后,从碱液中取出导管,打开Ａ,使液体流回锥形瓶,反应停止。关闭Ａ、Ｂ,避免二氧化氮逸出。（２）…     

巧用滴瓶设计系列化学实验

利用常见化学仪器滴瓶设计系列化学实验——钠与乙醇反应、铝与NaOH溶液反应、铜与浓、稀硝酸反应以及铁的析氢腐蚀和吸氧腐蚀等, 改进后的实验装置简约, 便于携带, 易于操作, 现象明显, 无污染, 也为教学赢得时间。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小环化合物中饱和碳质子化学位移的计算

小环化合物由于其张力、构型、构象和各向异性效应等原因,环碳上质子化学位移缺乏规律性,难以预测,对此作者曾提出一种近似算法。本文根据303种小环化合物中饱和碳质子的化学位移实验数据,将适于计算这类质子化学位移的公式表述为:     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.