SOLO分类理论在初高中化学教育中的应用研究对比*

对2015-2020年SOLO分类理论在中学化学教育中应用研究的62篇文献进行分析,总结出SOLO分类理论应用研究的5个方面:(1)指导习题编制与评分标准确立;(2)分析中、高考试题;(3)指导教学实践;(4)指导学习心理实证研究;(5)指导教学评价。并通过对其在初高中化学教育中应用研究的情况对比,总结出高中教师的成功经验可为初中教师的相关研究提供参考,并对中学教师运用SOLO分类理论解决教学中的问题提出建议。     

利用SOLO分类理论分析中澳高考化学试题的差异

在简介SOLO分类理论的基础上,通过对2017-2018年澳大利亚VCE和江苏高考化学试卷的SOLO层次差异、试卷结构、试题的呈现方式、考查内容的用途方向和能力层次等方面进行比较,分析中澳试题各自的特色和优势。旨在让中学化学教师能多了解这种优势并将其应用在日常教学和命题中,使之发挥更大的作用。     

基于SOLO分类理论的高考化学主观题的结构分析

借助SOLO分类理论作为评价工具,以定量的方式对2013-2015年间山东省高考化学试题进行解构与分析,并将试题在4个SOLO能力层次上的分值分布情况与试题难度、区分度等实测数据进行了比对研究。没有采用以往常见的以定性评价为主的高考试题分析模式,而是尝试采用定量方式对山东省高考必做试题中的主观性试题进行分析和评价,进而寻找高考化学试题适宜的SOLO试题结构。     

SOLO理论在评价复杂反应图表简答题中的应用

运用SOLO分类理论,分析学生对复杂反应图表简答题的回答,判断学生化学学习水平的层次,制作SOLO学习质量分析表。研究表明,学生学习水平以多点结构水平为主,主要原因是无法有机整体地理解复杂反应图表所表征的化学意义。据此提出从4个方向培养学生的理解能力。     

SOLO分类理论在科学探究教学中的应用初探

利用SOLO分类理论分析化学教学目标,指出SOLO分类理论和化学教学目标与思维层次分类都存在一定的对应关系,根据学生思维的发展阶段,应用SOLO分类法确立“科学探究”栏目的主要学习目标,并结合实例探讨SOLO分类理论与科学探究栏目教学的融合。     

SOLO分类评价理论在化学教学中的应用

SOLO分类评价法是一种有发展前景的质性评价方法。在简介SOLO理论知识的基础上,通过化学教学以及评价的实例分析该评价方法如何指导实践,旨在让中学化学教师能多了解这种方法并将其应用在日常教学中,使之发挥更大的作用。     

SOLO分类理论在高三化学平衡常数复习课教学中的应用

利用SOLO分类理论对高考试题进行能力结构分析,同时对学生在2021年全国甲、乙卷和湖北卷中的作答进行分析,诊断学生在化学反应原理主观题知识模块所处的SOLO水平。对比分析出大多数学生在解答化学反应原理试题的过程中处于多点结构水平,与高考试题呈现的SOLO水平有一定的差距。经访谈分析了不同SOLO水平的学生思维能力的不足之处,制定了高三渐进式复习策略。以化学平衡常数复习课为例,利用SOLO分类理论设计了多层级能力水平的复习内容和不同轮次复习的目标。     

SOLO分类法在化学开放性试题评价中的应用初探

针对传统的化学开放性试题评价方式难以反映学生对知识掌握程度的弊端,介绍一种评价方法,即SOLO分类法,又称“可观察的学习成果结构”。SOLO分类法将学生对知识的掌握程度分为由低到高的5个层次,以此来了解学生的认知情况并运用在化学开放性试题的评价中,试图在化学开放性试题的评价方式上有所补充,从而促进化学新课程评价方式改革的完善。     

基于SOLO分类理论的高中生化学反应原理学习水平发展研究

基于SOLO分类理论,开发测试工具,测试工具由30道封闭的SOLO试题构成,具有良好的信度和效度。以广东省高二和高三年级的学生为测试对象,对高中生化学反应原理学习水平的发展进行研究。通过一系列的差异性分析发现：(1)总体上,高二和高三年级学生关于化学反应原理的学习水平存在显著性差异,且高中生化学反应原理学习水平呈上升的发展趋势;(2)不同章节上,高二和高三年级学生的学习水平存在差异。同时,提出相应的教学建议。     

化学实验报告中“实验反思”的2种评价方法

运用开放试题的质性评价方法PTA量表和SOLO分类理论优化中学生实验报告中的“实验反思”的评价,构建化学实验反思评价的PTA量表与SOLO分类水平,为教师改进批改实验报告和评价学生实验操作提供参考。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).