吹扫捕集–气相色谱–质谱法同时测定环境水中101种挥发性有机物

建立吹扫捕集–气相色谱–质谱联用法测定环境水中101种常见挥发性有机物(VOCs)的方法。通过加热吹扫,样品水中的VOCs富集于捕集管中,以DB–624(60 m×0.25 mm,1.4μm)色谱柱分离,内标法定量。结果表明,101种挥发性有机物(VOCs)色谱分离效果良好,质量浓度在0.5~50 ng/mL范围内与色谱峰面积均呈线性关系,高沸点VOCs线性范围较窄。方法定量限(10 S/N)为0.11~0.77 ng/mL,均低于GB 3838–2002《地表水环境质量标准》、GB 5749–2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》及国外相关标准的限值。平均加标回收率在70.3%~123.6%之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差不大于8.8%(n=6)。该方法快速、简便,适用于环境水中挥发性有机化合物的分析检测。     

超高效液相色谱–串联质谱法测定饮用水中微囊藻毒素

建立饮用水中微囊藻毒素(MC–RR,MC–LR)的超高效液相色谱–串联质谱检测方法。样品经PVDF针式过滤头过滤后直接进样,采用喷雾正离子源(ESI~+)和多重反应监测模式(MRM)测定。MC–RR的质量浓度在0.02~10.00μg/L范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性,线性相关系数r~2=0.998 9,检出限为0.096μg/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差为6.6%~9.1%(n=7),加标回收率为99.0%~103.0%。MC–LR的质量浓度在0.1~20μg/L范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性,线性相关系数r~2=0.999 2,检出限为0.188μg/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差为4.3%~10.0%(n=7),加标回收率为93.0%~114.0%。该方法灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于饮用水中微囊藻毒素的检测。     

气相色谱–质谱法检测塑料食品包装材料中5种挥发性有机物

建立气相色谱–质谱法检测塑料食品包装材料中5种挥发性有机物丁酮、乙酸乙酯、苯、甲苯、乙酸丁酯的分析方法。以欧盟标准EU 10/2011限定的4种模拟液(30 g/L乙酸、10%乙醇、20%乙醇、50%乙醇)为提取介质,采用气相色谱–质谱法对挥发性有机物进行检测。该法对目标有机物的检测线性范围为0.5~20.0 mg/L,检出限为0.02 mg/m2,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.31%~9.14%(n=6),加标回收率为81%~118%。研究了提取时间、温度以及不同浸泡介质对5种挥发性有机物在4种模拟液中的迁移情况的影响。该方法简便、快速、重现性好,能满足塑料包装材料中溶剂残留量迁移规律的分析要求。     

气相色谱–质谱法测定食用植物油中23种农药残留

建立了测定食用植物油中23种农药残留的气相色谱–质谱联用方法。采用固相萃取,以乙腈超声提取,经过PSA,C_(18)柱进行净化,用气相色谱–质谱法测定,外标法定量。23种农药在0.01~1.0 mg/L范围内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数为0.997 3~0.999 7,方法检出限为5~15μg/kg。测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.25%~9.40%(n=6),加标回收率为78.4%~127.3%,可以满足食用植物油中多种农药残留的同时分析。采用该方法对国内市场常见的食用植物油进行检测分析,所检测的农药残留均在国家标准的限量范围内。     

顶空气相色谱-质谱法测定废水中挥发性有机化合物和卤化溶剂

建立顶空气相色谱–质谱法测定废水中挥发性有机化合物和卤化溶剂的含量。样品采用DB–624色谱柱净化,以顶空方式进样,用气相色谱–质谱法对挥发性有机化合物和卤化溶剂进行测定,外标法定量。挥发性有机化合物和卤化溶剂的含量在0.01～2.0μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.998,方法检出限为0.1μg/L。测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.30%～2.22%(n=6),样品加标回收率为85.3%～106.4%。该方法简单、快速,结果准确、可靠,适用于废水中挥发性有机化合物和卤化溶剂的测定。     

液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定地下水中32种半挥发性有机化合物

建立液液萃取–气相色谱–质谱法测定地下水中32种半挥发性有机化合物的方法。采用二氯甲烷和正己烷为萃取溶剂,经DB–5MS UI型色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)分离,选择离子扫描模式监测,内标法定量。32种半挥发性有机化合物的质量浓度在2-100μg/L的范围内与色谱峰面积具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.995,方法检出限为0.001-0.006μg/L,平均回收率为76.0%-126%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.30%-14.1%(n=6)。该方法能够满足地下水中32种半挥发性有机化合物的同时测定。     

离子色谱法测定浓磷酸中的Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–

采用离子色谱法测定浓磷酸中的Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–。将浓磷酸稀释至400倍体积,以0.22μm滤膜过滤,使用阴离子交换色谱–抑制电导检测器测定浓磷酸中的Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–。采用高容量色谱柱,以1.0 mmol/L Na_2CO_3–24 mmol/L Na OH混合液为流动相,将无机阴离子与浓磷酸基体分离,以标准加入法定量。氯离子、硝酸盐、硫酸盐的检出限为0.05~0.12 mg/L,加标回收率为96.6%~100.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为7.0%~10.0%(n=5)。该方法分离效果好,可用于浓磷酸中Cl~–,SO_4~(2–),NO_3~–的同时测定。     

顶空毛细管柱气质联用法测定饮用水中15种挥发性有机物

采用顶空毛细管柱GC–MS法测定饮用水中卤代烃、苯系物、氯苯等15种挥发性有机物。色谱柱为DB–624石英毛细管柱(60 m×0.25 mm,1.8μm),程序升温,直接进样顶空毛细管柱气质联用法同时测定饮用水中15种挥发性有机物。该方法具有良好的线性,线性相关系数均大于0.996。方法的检出限为0.10~0.22μg/L。15种挥发性有机物的平均回收率在94%~103%之间,测定结果的相对标准差为2.9%~6.7%(n=7)。该方法简便、快速,检测结果均能满足GB 5749–2006检测要求。     

热解析-气相色谱法测定印刷品中总挥发性有机化合物释放量

建立用气袋法收集整册印刷品释放的挥发性有机化合物,热解析-气相色谱法检测总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)的方法。将印刷品样品置入充满高纯氮气的密封PVF采样袋中,在35℃下放置12 h后,用采样器串联Tenax-TA采样管和采样袋,让袋内气体通过采样管,样品释放出的有机化合物被吸附到采样管的吸附剂上。用热解析-气相色谱法测试采样管中挥发性有机化合物的含量,其中苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯、乙苯、乙酸丁酯、苯乙烯和正十一烷按外标法定量,其它物质按甲苯标准曲线定量。该方法的加标回收率为74.4%~91.1%,测定结果的相对标准偏差不大于10%(n=9)。该方法的样品采集更贴近印刷品的实际生活场景,可以为评价印刷品挥发性有机物释放对人体健康的影响提供数据基础,为相关评价提供新思路。     

UPLC–MS–MS法测定塑料包装材料中四溴双酚A

建立超高效液相色谱–串联质谱法(UPLC–MS–MS)测定塑料包装材料中四溴双酚A的含量。塑料包装材料样品经研磨粉碎后,采用纯甲醇进行超声萃取,萃取液经氮吹浓缩后用UPLC–MS–MS测定。四溴双酚A的质量浓度在2.5~50 ng/g范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.999 8,检出限为0.6μg/kg,定量限为2.0μg/kg。加标平均回收率为93.2%~97.3%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.0%~2.6%(n=6)。该方法简便、快速、准确度高,可为塑料包装材料产品质量监测提供检测方法。     

Radiation-induced polymerization and grafting of β(−)pinene on silica surface

Poly-β-pinene (pBp) was obtained on silica surface by γ radiation-induced polymerization of β(−)pinene in presence of silica gel with a specific surface area of 300 m²/g. Different radiation doses were employed in the range 50–332 kGy. The pBp–silica hybrid samples obtained have been characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and the amount of pBp on silica surface has been determined both by gravimetric and TGA measurements. The fraction of pBp chemically grafted on silica surface has been determined by the extraction of the pBp–silica hybrid with boiling toluene and was found to be 10–20% of the total pBp formed on silica surface. The optical activity of pBp extracted from the hybrid was studied by polarimetric measurements and found slightly lower than the typical specific optical rotation of pBp polymerized in bulk with radiation. The thermal stability of the pBp–silica hybrid materials was studied by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The results show lower thermal stability for the pBp–silica hybrid in comparison to pure pBp. Evidently, silica catalyzes the thermal decomposition of pBp at lower temperatures. Use of the pBp–silica hybrid as stationary phase for liquid chromatography for chiral separations has been proposed.     

Fabrication of polyaniline‐coated halloysite nanotubes by in situ chemical polymerization as a solid‐phase microextraction coating for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in aqueous solutions

We have synthesized an organic–inorganic polyaniline–halloysite nanotube composite by an in situ polymerization method. This nanocomposite is immobilized on a stainless‐steel wire and can be used as a fiber coating for solid‐phase microextraction. It was found that our new solid‐phase microextraction fiber is an excellent adsorbent for the extraction of some volatile organic compounds in aqueous samples in combination with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The coating can be prepared easily, is mechanically stable, and exhibits relatively high thermal stability. It is capable of extracting phenolic compounds from water samples. Following thermal desorption, the phenols were quantified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The effects of extraction temperature, extraction time, sample ionic strength, stirring rate, pH, desorption temperature and desorption time were studied. Under optimal conditions, the repeatability for one fiber (n = 5), expressed as the relative standard deviation, is between 6.2 and 9.1%. The detection limits range from 0.005 to 4 ng/mL. The method offers the advantage of being simple to use, with a shorter analysis time, lower cost of equipment and higher thermal stability of the fiber in comparison to conventional methods of analysis.     

液液萃取气相色谱法测定水体中环己酮的含量

建立液液萃取–气相色谱法测定水体中环己酮含量的分析方法。水样用二硫化碳萃取,萃取液经无水硫酸钠脱水后,用气相色谱法测定环己酮的含量。环己酮的质量浓度在0~18.16 mg/L范围内与色谱峰面积线性良好,线性相关系数r=0.999 8。方法检出限为0.010 mg/L,加标回收率为93.3%~95.8%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.32%~3.48%(n=6)。该方法预处理简单,检测灵敏度高,可用于水体中环己酮含量的测定。     

Pyrolysis–gas chromatography mass spectrometry and field ionization mass spectrometry of polyquinones

Low- and high-molecular mass thermal decomposition products of five polyquinones with different linking aromatic structures have been analyzed by pyrolysis–gas chromatography and by direct (in-source) pyrolysis–field ionization mass spectrometry. The quantity of carboxyl groups present in the polymer is obtained by the amounts of carbon dioxide found by pyrolysis–gas chromatography. Assuming a radical thermal decomposition mechanism the distribution of ketoacidic and quinonoid segments along the macromolecular ladder could be estimated from the high-molecular mass products measured by pyrolysis–field ionization mass spectrometry. A random distribution of the two different segments was found for polyquinones with biphenylene and dibenzofuran subunits, while a structure built up of blocks of two or more identical segments was obtained for polyquinones with dibenzothiophene and diphenylmethane subunits. At the same time the anomalous structural moieties in the polyquinone ladders are also clarified with the help of the identification of the unexpected pyroysis products. Oxidated and bis-dibenzothiophene and bis-diphenylmethane subunits were found. The observed temperature dependence for the appearances of the thermal degradation products indicates that condensation and elimination reactions are taking place under the described pyrolysis conditions. Condensation in the ketoacidic segments forming new quinonoid segments proved to be important in the polymer which was a 100% poly(ketoacid), but negligible in the polyquinones containing ketoacidic segments up to 60%.     

Graphene‐doped electrochemical copolymer coating of 2,2‐bithiophene and 3‐methylthiophene for the highly effective solid‐phase microextraction of volatile benzene homologues

We report the electrochemical fabrication of a poly(2,2‐bithiophene‐co‐3‐methylthiophene)‐graphene composite coating and its application in the headspace solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography determination of benzenes (i.e., bromobenzene, 4‐bromotoluene, 2‐nitrotoluene, 3‐nitrotoluene and 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene). The coating was uniform and showed cauliflower‐like microstructure. It had high thermal stability (up to 375°C) and could be used for at least 180 times of solid‐phase microextraction without a decrease in extraction performance. Furthermore, it presented high extraction capacity for the benzenes due to the hydrophobic effect and π–π interaction between the analytes and the coating. Under optimized extraction conditions, good linearity (correlation coefficients higher than 0.9946), wide linear range (0.01–50 μg/L), and low limits of detection (5.25–12.5 ng/L) were achieved for these analytes. The relative standard deviation was lower than 5.7% for five successive measurements with one fiber, and the relative standard deviation for fiber‐to‐fiber was 4.9–6.8% (n = 5). The solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography method was successfully applied for the determination of three real samples, and the recoveries for standards added were 89.6–106% for nail polish, 85.8–110% for hair dye, and 90–106.2% for correction fluid, respectively.     

Separation and analysis of trace volatile formaldehyde in aquatic products by a MoO3/polypyrrole intercalative sampling adsorbent with thermal desorption gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

An in situ embedded synthesis strategy was developed for the preparation of a MoO₃/polypyrrole intercalative sampling adsorbent for the separation and analysis of trace volatile formaldehyde in aquatic products. Structural and morphological characteristics of the MoO₃/polypyrrole intercalative adsorbent were investigated by a series of characterization methods. The MoO₃/polypyrrole sampling adsorbent possessed a higher sampling capacity and selectivity for polar formaldehyde than commonly used commercial adsorbent Tenax TA. Finally, the MoO₃/polypyrrole adsorbent was packed in the thermal desorption tube that was directly coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for the analysis of trace volatile formaldehyde in aquatic products. Trace volatile formaldehyde from real aquatic products could be selectively sampled and quantified to be 0.43–6.6 mg/kg. The detection limit was achieved as 0.004 μg/L by this method. Good recoveries for spiked aquatic products were achieved in range of 75.0–108% with relative standard deviations of 1.2–9.0%.     

Comparison of supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the stereoselective analysis of chlorfenvinphos and dimethylvinphos in tobacco

This study used reversed-phase liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for determination of the stereoisomers of chlorfenvinphos and dimethylvinphos in tobacco. Tobacco samples were extracted and purified with a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique using spherical carbon. The performance of both methodologies was comprehensively compared in terms of methods validation parameters (separation efficiency, linearity, selectivity, recovery, repeatability, sensitivity, matrix effect, etc.). Under optimized conditions, the calibration curves of the stereoisomers of chlorfenvinphos and dimethylvinphos in the range of 10–500 ng/mL showed excellent linearity with R² ≥ 0.997 in both methods. The adequate recoveries of analytes from three different spiked tobaccos were obtained using reversed-phase liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (86.1–95.7%) as well as supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (86.5–94.0%). The relative standard deviations for spiked samples were all below 7.0%. Compared with supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, lower matrix effects and LODs can be obtained in reversed-phase liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.     

Thermal degradation of amphetamine sulphate

The pyrolysis of amphetamine sulphate was studied in a laboratory flow reactor in the range 350–1000°C. The identifications and quantitative determinations of most gaseous and condensed products by means of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry made possible the suggestion of a thermal degradation scheme. The presence of sulphate in the initial molecule led to oxidation reactions in addition to the usual thermal reactions that occur during the pyrolysis of organic materials.     

Development of solid-phase extraction method for the determination of aromatic sensitisers in paper mill effluent

In this paper, a procedure for the determination of 11 aromatic hydrocarbon-type sensitisers and their related compounds from water samples, used in the manufacture of thermal paper, is presented. The compounds were extracted using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge with an octadecyl (C18) or a phenyl-bonded silica (PH) sorbent and then determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Factors affecting the performance of the extraction steps were thoroughly evaluated, and their effects on the yield of the sample preparation were discussed. Under optimised experimental conditions, SPE cartridges were conditioned with 10?mL hexane followed subsequently by 10?mL methanol, loaded with water sample at 2?mL?min^?1, and eluted with 10?mL hexane at 1.5?mL?min^?1. The limits of detection and quantification, calculated for signal-to-noise ratios of 3 and 10, were in the range of 1–5?µg?L^–1 and 2.5–10?µg?L^–1, respectively. Recovery yields of the present method using river water were in the range of 88%–112% with a C18 sorbent and 86%–116% with a PH sorbent. The repeatability, expressed as a relative standard deviation, was in the range of 2.8%–11% with a C18 sorbent and 0.7%–9.7% with a PH sorbent (n?=?4). Analysis of paper mill effluents revealed the presence of aromatic hydrocarbon-type sensitisers with maximum concentrations of up to 5.2?µg?L^?1.     

双柱串联–便携式气相色谱法测定室内空气中苯系物

建立双柱串联–便携式气相色谱测法定室内空气中苯系物的方法。利用仪器内部自带的Tenax吸附剂在0.5 L/min流量下采集空气样品100 s,然后仪器迅速升温至400℃左右,对吸附剂进行热解吸进样,以微亚离子检测器(MAID)对室内空气中7种苯系物进行测定。结果表明,色谱条件为MXT–200/MXT–WAX金属毛细管柱串联色谱柱,柱温90℃,柱压103 425 Pa时,分离效果最好,且运行时间短。各组分在19.26~306.7μg/m~3范围内与色谱峰面积的平方根线性关系良好,相关系数r大于0.995。方法检出限为6.40~15.9μg/m~3,空白加标回收率为92%~114%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为6.1%~13.7%(n=6)。采用双柱串联便携式气相色谱法测定室内空气中苯系物具有快速、准确、方便等优点。