呋喃丹及其主要水解,代谢产物的检验

呋喃丹毒性较强，在动物体内和碱性介质下均易分解，该文研究了呋喃丹及其主要水解产物呋喃酚的提取方法和薄层色谱、气相色谱、气相色谱－质谱的检测方法，均获满意结果。当中毒后难以检出呋喃丹原体时，可以检测其水解产物呋喃酚认定中毒。     

球形纳米氧化锌的合成

本文报道了一种使用流变相法制备球形纳米氧化锌的方法.首先将氧化锌和尿素按摩尔比1:4混合均匀,加适量水调制成流变态,在300℃反应生成胶状物;然后将胶状物在高速搅拌下水解,将水解产物在120℃下分解;最后研究了热分解产物的表面形貌与粒度分布.实验结果表明在120℃左右生成白色球形纳米ZnO粉体,粒度分布在30-80nm...     

氟、铈对磷酸三钙水解过程及其产物抗酸性的影响

研究了不同浓度的F- 和Ce3 +对磷酸三钙 (Ca3 (PO4) 2 ,TCP)的水解过程和水解产物的影响。XRD及IR实验结果表明 ,TCP在NaF溶液中的水解产物为羟基磷灰石 (Ca1 0 (PO4) 6(OH) 2 ,HAP)和氟基磷灰石 (Ca1 0 (PO4) 6F2 ,FAP)的混合物。氟离子浓度越高 ,FAP的含量越多。TCP水解过程的pH值变化随氟离子的起始浓度不同而不同。氟离子浓度越高 ,pH值越低。TCP在CeCl3 溶液中的水解产物为铈取代的羟基磷灰石 (CexCa1 0 -y(PO4) 6-z(OH) 2 ,Ce HAP)。溶解实验表明 ,氟处理比铈处理更有效地增强了TCP水解产物的抗酸性。当F -浓度为 0 1%或Ce3 +浓度为 5× 10 - 2 %时 ,TCP水解产物的抗酸性最强     

液质联用法研究活性黑5的水解产物

用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术研究活性染料黑5及其水解产物的方法,考察了梯度洗脱对色谱分离及pH对其水解产物的影响;质谱辅助定性了其水解产物。结果表明：pH对活性黑5的水解过程影响非常显著;除了常规的水解产物,还检测到未知水解产物,推测可能在水解过程中还有其它的反应存在。活性染料黑5水解后的毒性升高,从染料及其水解产物的分子结构式来分析,这很可能和活性染料的活性基团变化有关。     

二甲基二氯硅烷水解产物的催化裂解——Ⅱ.用硅醇鉀裂解水解产物制八甲基环四硅氧烷

二甲基二氯硅烷在无溶剂存在下完全水解时,同时生成环状低聚物和长链线状物。 文献曾经指出,二甲基二氯硅烷水解产物用氢氧化钾等作催化剂在氮气下热裂解可形成环状物馏出;水解物中的三官能性成分形成树脂状殘留物。环状物中以八甲基环四硅氧烷(簡称环四聚体)最多,約占60—70％。如果催化裂解在減压下进行,可以降低裂解温度,并由于生成的高环体容易分解,环四聚体的含量可以增加。 本文报告用硅醇鉀使水解产物在減压下催化裂解的結果及其特点。     

CoO/CaTiO3的制备及其光催化分解水的性能

 以碱金属化合物为矿化剂,以Ca(NO3)2和钛酸丁酯的水解产物TiO(OH)2为原料进行固态反应,制得CaTiO3粉末,再由浸渍法负载上CoO,制备出新型光催化分解水的催化剂CoO/CaTiO3. SEM, XRD和UV-Vis漫反射光谱表征结果显示,加入NaOH矿化剂可使固态反应完全,提高CaTiO3的结晶完整性. 适宜的NaOH用量为1.5%. 在400 W高压汞灯照射下,该催化剂在0.008 mol/L的Na2CO3溶液中分解水的产氢速率可达到468 μmol/(g·h).     

铀酰离子发光双指数衰减的研究

本文系统地研究了铀酰离子发光双指数衰减时的时间分辨发光光谱, 测定和研究了相应条件下铀(Ⅵ)的激光拉曼光谱. 通过计算机对所得光谱进行定量的拟合分解表明, 铀(Ⅵ)的发光双指数衰减是两种发光体UO_2~(2+)和它的水解产物(UO_2)_2(OH)_2~(2+)发光叠加的结果。     

铀酰离子发光双指数衰减的研究

本文系统地研究了铀酰离子发光双指数衰减时的时间分辨发光光谱,测定和研究了相应条件下铀(Ⅵ)的激光拉曼光谱.通过计算机对所得光谱进行定量的拟合分解表明,铀(Ⅵ)的发光双指数衰减是两种发光体UO_2~(2+)和它的水解产物(UO_2)_2(OH)_2~(2+)发光叠加的结果。     

加速实验法测定阿司匹林药物有效期

在加速实验法测定阿司匹林药物有效期化学动力学综合实验中, 以阿司匹林水溶液为研究对象, 采用双波长紫外分光光度法消除水解产物的干扰以进行阿司匹林含量测定。实验结果表明选择275 nm与316 nm 2个波长处的吸光值差可消除水杨酸对阿司匹林含量测定的干扰, 方法简便, 结果合理。     

无机盐类的水解

许多易溶并正常电离的盐类,在水溶液中都发生水解,如 NaCN,NH_4NO_3的水解产物为自由酸和自由硷。Na_3PO_4,(NH_4)_2SO_4的水解产物为酸式盐和自由硷。Ba(CN)_2,AlCl_3的水解产物为硷式盐和自由酸。Fe_2(SO_4)_3,Al_2S_3的水解产物为自由硷和自由酸。此外任何价型离子的强酸强硷的盐类如 KCl,NaCl,NaNO_3,Na_2SO_4,BaCl_2等溶于水都不发生水解。上述盐类中发     

Investigation of the sorption of water vapor on cation-substituted vermiculite. 2. Thermodynamic description of sorption equilibria

The changes in the thermodynamic functions of the sorbents were calculated for the first time from measurements of the deformations of vermiculite during the sorption of water vapor and adsorption-calorimetric data.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Institute of Colloid Chemistry and the Chemistry of Water, Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, 252180 Kiev. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1270–1275, June, 1992.     

Thermodynamics of ionization of water over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

We have summarized results of many experimental investigations of the thermodynamics of ionization of H₂O(liq.) from 0–300°C and from 1.0 atm to nearly 8000 atm. Results of these investigations (equilibrium constants, enthalpies of ionization, heat capacities, partial molal volumes, and compressibilities) have been used for a number of thermodynamic calculations. It is particularly noteworthy that it is possible to use thermal data from 0–145°C with an equilibrium constant for 25°C in calculating reasonably accurate equilibrium constants for temperatures as high as 300°C. Similarly, it is possible to use volumetric data that refer to 1.0 atm in calculating useful equilibrium constants that apply for pressures as high as 2000 atm.Much of the work reported here was done while the author was on leave at the University of Lethbridge.     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases. VIII. Enthalpies of hydration of 6-alkyluracils

Enthalpies of solution in water H _sol ^o and enthalpies of sublimation H _sub ^o were determined for a number of crystalline derivatives of uracil: 1,6-dimethyluracil (m ₂ ^1,6 Ura), 1,3,6-trimethyluracil (m ₃ ^1,3,6 Ura), 6-ethyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (e⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura), 6-propyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (pr⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura) and 6-butyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (but⁶m ₂ ^1,3 Ura). Standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o and standard enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells were calculated. The data obtained show that dependence of H _int ^o on the number of-CH₂- groups of n-alkyl chain added upon substitution of diketopyrimidine ring is nonlinear. This finding is discussed in connection with results of X-ray diffraction structure determinations for the crystalline compounds.     

计量数比规则与等物质的量规则的比较

指出了计量数比规则存在的缺陷:不利于贯彻有关物质的量及其单位摩尔的SI规定,不能继承当量定律的数据资料,不能表示反应的性质,不能正确表达水硬度、碱度、树脂交换容量及电解定律,缺乏科学的导出过程及计量关系表达式,计算过程繁杂。而等物质的量规则继承和发展了当量定律,使整个滴定分析计算简单规范。     

从科学哲学的视角分析科学课堂教学——以“质量守恒定律”为例

以“质量守恒定律”为例,选取科学革命、科学问题、科学实验、归纳与重复、解释与预测等几个视角对科学课堂教学的各个环节进行了分析。通过分析,各环节中所蕴含的科学哲学内容得以显现,对科学课堂教学的认识更为全面,对科学本质的认识更加深刻。     

Thermodynamics of lonization of aqueous lodic acid,an “almost-strong” electrolyte

We have made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of dilution of aqueous iodic acid and have used these results for evaluation of the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). We have also made calorimetric measurements of enthalpies of addition of perchloric acid solution to aqueous solutions of KIO₃, KNO₃, NaIO₃, and NaNO₃ and have used these results to obtain further values for the standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.). On the basis of all these results, we have selected H^o=–660±125 cal-mole^–1 as the best available standard enthalpy of ionization of HIO₃(aq.) at 298.15°K, compared to the previously accepted –2400 cal-mole^–1. Using the best available K=0.157 for ionization, we also obtain G^o=1097 cal-mole^–1 and S^o=–5.9 cal-^oK^–1-mole^–1 for ionization of HIO₃(aq) at 298.15°K.On study leave from Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.On study leave from Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, N.S.W. 2500, Australia, to University of Lethbridge.     

Thermodynamics of vaporization of gallium trichloride

The unsaturated and saturated pressures of gallium trichloride vapor were measured by the static method with membrane-gauge manometers in wide pressure (0.2–760 Torr) and temperature (313–1071 K) intervals. Scanning calorimetry was used to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of GaCl₃ fusion. The thermodynamic characteristics were obtained for sublimation, fusion, vaporization, and association in the vapor of GaCl₃ molecules. The enthalpies of formation and the absolute entropies of GaCl₃ in the liquid and gaseous phases and Ga₂Cl₆ in the gaseous phase were calculated using literature data. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1266–1269, July, 2007.     

对离子反应发生条件中“放出气体”的再认识

离子反应发生条件中的“放出气体”,与其他资料中对生成物的描述不一致,也与有关反应事实不符。“放出气体”的出现,使教材中对气体生成物的描述时此时彼,没有时序性、规律性。对其与化学反应的关系及其与“生成气体”的区别进行了论述,并提出了修改的建议。     

Thermochemistry of aqueous solutions of alkylated nucleic acid bases V. Enthalpies of hydration of N-methylated adenines

Enthalpies of solution in water, H _sol ^o , and of sublimation, H _subl ^o , were determined experimentally for a number of crystalline N-methyl adenines: m⁶Ade, m ₂ ^6,6 Ade, m⁹Ade, m ₂ ^6,9 Ade, and m ₃ ^6,6,9 Ade. Derived standard enthalpies of hydration H _hydr ^o , were corrected for the calculated cavity terms H _cav ^o to yield enthalpies of interaction H _int ^o of the solutes with their hydration shells. The increments of H _int ^o per unit area of the water-accessible molecular surface S _B , H _int ^o (CH₃)/S _B (CH₃), for the particular methyl groups: is considered to be the net effect of the gain in the energy resulting from van der Waals' interactions and of the loss in the energy due to polar interactions upon methyl substitution. It proved to vary somewhat numerically in agreement with the theoretically predicted hydration schemes of adenine. Comparison of H _int ^o /S _B value for adenine with those previously determined for uracil and thymine indicates that the aminopurine moiety is less hydrated than the diketopyrimidine ring.     

Effect of specific adsorption of anions on the kinetics of the current relaxation after pulsed anodic activation of dissolution of hydrophilic metals

Based on the model of spatial separation of the dissolution and passivation of hydrophilic metals, the effect of strong specific adsorption of anions on the shape of curves for the relaxation of anodic current of metals in acid solutions after switching an anodic activation pulse off is considered by using iron as an example.