“化学实验教学论”课程中论证教学的探索——以喷泉系列实验为例

在职前教师教育类课程"化学实验教学论"中,以喷泉相关实验为例,设计论证问题和评价细则,开展论证教学的实践和探索。研究细致分析并揭示了职前教师在论证建构中存在的理由不充分,逻辑推理欠严密;忽略前提条件或特定背景;多采用直觉启发式,少采用系统分析式等问题。这为提高职前教师科学论证能力提供了参考。     

职前化学教师教学信念的调查研究

采用半结构化访谈、问卷调查等研究方法设计职前化学教师教学信念的调查问卷,了解职前化学教师教学信念的现况,并且从性别和是否为班干部等方面分析影响职前化学教师教学信念的因素。在问卷调查和个案访谈的基础上分析职前化学教师教学信念的类型及取向。大多数职前化学教师教学信念趋向于中间类型(建构与传统的过渡),职前化学教师教学信念的建构落后于化学课程改革设计的需求。     

职前化学教师化学建模能力测评研究*

化学教师化学建模能力水平的高低直接影响着所培养学生建模能力的强弱。基于Rasch模型从模型表征能力、模型建构能力、模型应用能力3个维度开发四水平测查的《职前化学教师化学建模能力问卷调查》,对83名职前化学教师的化学建模能力进行测评,研究发现:被调查的职前化学教师化学建模能力总体较差,参照《普通高中化学课程标准(2017年版)》对化学建模能力的具体要求,分别仅有88%、42%、54%的职前化学教师的模型表征能力、模型建构能力、模型应用能力达标。因此,建议高等师范院校加强对职前化学教师化学建模能力的培养。     

论化学职前教师教学设计能力培养策略

高等师范院校承担着职前教师的教育教学能力的培养,其中教学设计能力是一项非常重要的指标。针对目前化学职前教师在进行教学设计时存在的困惑,提出了培养化学职前教师教学设计能力的策略:通过概念图制作,完善化学学科知识结构;通过专题训练,积累理论性知识;通过教学设计训练,使理论性知识有效转化为实践性知识;通过优秀教学设计案例,进一步积累实践性知识;通过网络资源,积累教学设计经验;通过档案袋评价,激励教育教学能力进步。     

职前化学教师教学反思能力及影响因素研究

以已学习教师教育类系列课程的化学教育专业大三师范生为研究对象,分析其教学反思视频与教学反思日志,研究职前化学教师教学反思能力的广度和深度,并结合访谈探讨影响职前化学教师教学反思能力的主要因素。研究发现,职前化学教师的教学反思能力广度在2～8之间,其中反思到4个维度的最多,总体呈正偏态分布,69.1%的职前化学教师的反思不超过4个维度。职前化学教师的教学反思能力水平较低,47.1%处于技术合理性水平,仅8.7%处于批判反思水平。职前化学教师教学反思能力受到其自身教学反思知识、教师指导、反思环境等多重因素的影响。依据以上研究结果,对职前教师、教师教育机构提出了建议。     

职前和在职化学教师“化学平衡”课堂教学解释能力的对比

运用录像分析法,以Hannah Sevian和Lisa Gonsalves设计的教师课堂教学解释能力评价量表为工具,对职前和在职化学教师课堂教学解释能力（以“化学平衡”内容为例）进行测评。研究发现：职前化学教师和在职化学教师的课堂教学解释能力在一般性教学知识（PK）、学科内容知识（CK）、学科教学知识（PCK）等3方面均存在显著差异,即职前化学教师得分由高到低分别为PK、CK、PCK,在职化学教师得分由高到低则分别为PK、PCK、CK;具体差异主要体现在“事实性知识”“将知识运用到不同情境中的能力”“使用心智图像解释”“搭建解释”等方面。     

职前化学教师评价素养提升的实证研究

研究采用单组前后测设计的准实验研究方法,以化学专业师范生为研究对象,通过基于真实情境的"化学教学测量与评价"课程教学,提升职前教师的学业评价素养。结果发现：课程教学后,职前教师的评价素养有显著提升,但各维度的提升效果不同,"基本概念"和"数据解释"2个维度的效果明显,且最终的素养水平也高;"测验设计"维度提升效果虽不显著,但学生的最终水平表现较好;而"质量特性"评价伦理"和"测验评分"等维度,提升效果虽然明显,但最终的素养水平却不够理想。     

SOLO分类理论在科学论证评价中的应用

基于SOLO分类理论，构建论证评价标准，以"全球变暖"作为议题，调查了广州市某中学初三至高三年级共327名学生的科学论证能力。结果表明，中学生论证能力的整体水平不高，处于单一结构与多元结构水平之间。各论证要素的得分从高到低为：证据 > 理由 > 主张 > 反证，其中证据和理由的得分均显著高于主张和反证的得分。各年级男女学生在所有论证要素的得分中没有显著性差异。证据得分，高三 > 高二 > 高一；理由得分，高三、高二>初三；主张和反证得分4个年级没有显著性差异。本研究的创新之处是将SOLO分类理论应用于科学论证评价，突破了以往论证评价框架中，仅依据论证要素是否具备及数量来评价的视角，从而深入到论证要素之间关系的考察。     

教育实习经历对化学职前教师PCKg发展的影响——以高中化学实习教师的个案研究为例

基于学科教学识知PCKg理论,以一位化学职前教师(即高等师范院校的化学教育硕士)为个案,在长达5个月的研究期中,藉由教学观察、教案文件、导师访谈以及量表问卷等方式收集资料,探讨个案职前教师在实习历程中PCKg的建构与发展情形,及高中教学现场和师资培育高校的协助对实习教师的教学专业成长的影响,并建构“师培高校与中学现场协同培育以促进职前教师专业成长”的实习模式。研究结果可为未来规划师资培育工作及职前教师实习制度提供案例参考和研究建议。     

职前化学教师教育研究的内容分析*——基于SSCI期刊《化学教育研究与实践》的文献

国际职前化学教师教育研究的热点对我国职前化学教师教育发展具有借鉴意义。以47篇《化学教育研究与实践》上职前化学教师教育研究的论文作为研究对象,通过内容分析法和文献计量法分析,并与国内的研究现状进行对比,发现在发文量上,本领域文献产量都不高,国外相关研究成果也是近5年来才开始蓬勃,但在作者分布、研究主题、研究范式上存在较大差距。具体表现:国外学者注重跨专业、跨校、跨国合作研究职前化学教师教育;国外学者倾向于从学生的视角展开调查或测试,基于证据为学生的学习乃至教师教学改革提供策略;国外学者擅长实证研究,和国内经验总结的研究范式差别很大。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。