分光光度法测定水合肼技术性因素的研究

针对现行肼测定的标准分析方法(水质肼的测定-对二甲氨基苯甲醛分光光度法HJ674-2013)影响测定质量的因素,以实际测定为依据,从分析方法和统计学方法出发,研究和论述了校准曲线的建立、方法的测定范围、被测定样品的取样方式等几个方面,对分析测定及测定结果造成的影响。结果表明,分析方法的校准曲线建立方式会对校准曲线的质量和精密度产生很大影响,最终将影响到样品测定的准确性;测定范围将会影响到方法的适用性;方法中不正确的取样方式,不仅影响到样品测定的准确性,同时也使溯源性受到影响。本文给出的建议,可对方法的应用和修订提供技术支持。     

采用纳氏试剂分光光度法监测地表水氨氮时样品预处理方法改进

采用HJ535-2009《水质氨氮的测定纳氏试试剂分光光度法》测定水样氨氮时,当水样浑浊或有颜色时用蒸馏法对样品进行预处理,但该处理方法测定结果偏低,远远超出误差允许范围。提出以0.45μm滤膜过滤样品后进行测定,并在比色过程用过滤水样作色度校准。方法改进后对标准样品进行测定,测定结果与标准值相一致。采用改进后的方法对实际样品进行测定,加标回收率为96.7%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为3.60%(n=6)。该法测试数据稳定、结果可靠,适合于汛期地表水中氨氮的测定。     

连续流动法同时测定污水中氨氮和总磷

采用连续流动分析法测定污水中氨氮、总磷的含量。比较了污水样品不同的稀释倍数对测定结果的影响。实验结果表明:氨氮和总磷的质量浓度在0.1~8 mg/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数均为0.99997;测量结果的相对标准偏差分别为2.01%,0.84%(n=7);方法检出限分别为0.012,0.009 mg/L;质控样测量值均在标示值范围内;样品加标回收率为93.4%~101.1%。污水的洁净程度对测定结果影响较大。洁净度高的污水,直接测定与稀释后测定,测定值无显著性差异;而洁净度低的污水,直接测定与稀释后测定结果差异比较大。该法采用全谱直读CCD检测方式,灵敏度高,稳定性好,无光谱干扰,且支持氨氮和总磷同时测定,方便快捷,适合污水中氨氮和总磷的测定。     

硬化混凝土中单位水泥用量的测定

介绍一种通过氧化物分析法测定硬化混凝土中单位水泥用量的测定方法。采用冰盐酸溶解硬化混凝土,测定滤液中可溶性二氧化硅含量及混凝土的绝对干密度来计算混凝土中单位水泥用量,结果表明此方法测定的单位水泥用量与设计的配合比值大部分较为接近,掺加粉煤灰对测定结果影响较小,掺加矿渣粉则使测定结果偏高。5次测定结果的相对标准偏差在2.4%以内,可用于实际混凝土中单位水泥含量的测定。     

脉冲加热-热导法测定氮化锰粉末中的氮含量

介绍采用TC-600氧氮分析仪测定氮化锰粉末中氮的方法。对氮化锰粉末样品,采用手动模式进样。对加热功率、称样量、空白值等测定条件进行试验,确定了最佳测定条件。氮的加标回收率为98.18%~101.10%,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于1%(n=9)。该方法测定结果与化学法测定结果一致。     

X射线荧光光谱法快速测定地质样品中的钼

报道了粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法快速测定地质样品中的钼,采用经验系数法校正了锶、铀等元素对钼的干扰,分段处理校准曲线使测定结果更准确,同时探讨了制样对测定结果的影响。方法精密度好(RSD为7.91%,n=11),检出限可达到0.48 μg/g。测定过程简单、快速,测定结果与化学值吻合,非常适合地质样品的批量化测定。     

土壤pH值测定的不确定度评估

按照NY/T 1377-2007《土壤pH的测定》进行测定,为了评估土壤p H值测定的不确定度,主要研究了测定的重复性、土样质量、水的体积、缓冲溶液和pH计所带来的不确定度,经计算得知,对土壤p H值测定的不确定度影响最大的是水体积和测定的重复性。所以,在测定时可通过使用高精度的量筒以及增加平行试样的次数来降低标准不确定度。     

钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水总磷含量的样品采集与预处理

探讨钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水总磷含量的样品采集与预处理方法。采用钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水总磷含量时,水体中的泥沙对测定结果影响很大,正确采集样品及去除浊度十分重要。分别针对枯水期和丰水期水样,研究了自然沉降、过筛、离心或抽滤(20μm或0.45μm滤膜)5种采样方式和直接消解测定、浊度–色度补偿、消解后抽滤测定3种预处理方式对地表水总磷测定结果的影响。结果表明:自然沉降是最合理的采样方式,枯水期样品可直接消解测定,丰水期样品可消解抽滤后测定。     

自动电位滴定法测定高纯氯化铵的纯度

建立自动电位滴定法测定高纯试剂氯化铵纯度的方法。以硝酸银标准滴定溶液作滴定剂,采用自动电位滴定仪测定高纯氯化铵的含量。测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.03%(n=6)。采用该法与化学滴定法对高纯氯化铵样品进行测定,两种方法的测定结果无显著性差异。该方法操作简便、快捷,自动化程度高,滴定终点判断敏锐,测定结果准确可靠。     

碱分离-EDTA络合滴定法测定铝基钯催化剂中的氧化铝

采用碱分离-EDTA络合滴定法测定铝基钯催化剂中的氧化铝,考察了试样分解温度、EDTA的用量、煮沸时间、氟化钾用量、共存离子干扰等一系列条件对铝测定结果的影响。对标准样品定值的5个铝基钯催化剂的氧化铝进行测定,测定结果与参考值一致,测定范围是75%～95%,测定结果的相对标准偏差RSD(n=7)均小于1%。实验表明所拟定的铝基钯催化剂中铝的EDTA络合滴定法,测定结果准确可靠。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。