报国赤心·守正创新·倾心育新——电动势法测定化学反应热力学函数实验的课程思政设计

课程思政的有效融入是教学质量提升和高素质人才培养的关键。我们以“电动势法测定化学反应的热力学函数”这一实验项目为例,构建了一次深入的实验探究与思政教育相结合的教学实践活动。通过对电动势测定原理和方法的探讨以及反应热力学量的导出,学生们不仅深化了对相关基础理论知识的理解,提升了他们解决实际问题的实验技能和创新能力;同时强化了学生的家国情怀以及责任担当意识。     

电动势法测定硫酸铜的离子迁移数

离子迁移数作为物理化学的重要参数,其测定是大学物理化学实验中的基础内容.以基础物理化学实验中离子迁移数的测定为基础,结合电动势的测定等实验,设计建立了一套电动势法测量溶液中铜离子与硫酸根离子迁移数的实验装置,得到的离子迁移数与文献值基本一致.尝试基于大学生在物理化学实验中已掌握的实验技能,综合电化学学科领域的知识,设计探索电动势测量离子迁移数的新方法,有助于提升学生对知识的综合运用能力.     

电动势法测定Cu(Ⅰ)与乙炔生成配合物的热力学函数

乙炔与Cu(I)生成配合物的热力学函数文献报道鲜见,且不同作者的测定结果差异较大。本文用改进的电动势法。对在氯丁橡胶、聚氯乙烯,乙醛等工业过程有重大意义的Cu(I)与乙炔配合物进行测定,得到更合理的结果。     

第5届全国大学生化学实验邀请赛(试卷C2)实验C2 电动势法测定化学反应的热力学函数

一、基本原理1化学电池电动势和温度系数的测定本实验采用补偿法(也称对消法)测量电池的平衡电动势,在待测电池上并联一个反向的外加电势,调节回路使得通过待测电池的电流趋近于零,测量待测电池的电动势。改变实验温度,测量不同温度下电池的电动势,求出电池电动势与温度的关系,     

热力学方法计算5-羟甲基糠醛电氧化的可逆电池电动势

电化学热力学建立了可逆电池电动势与相应电池反应热力学函数间的关系。电化学氧化5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)制备2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)可以取代传统聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)路线制备生物衍生塑料,但是该反应的标准电动势和各分步反应的标准可逆电极电势尚无精确的实验数据可用。本文通过查阅文献中的热力学数据推算了该数据,确证了从热力学和动力学2个方面看HMF的电氧化反应比水的电氧化反应都优先,而且HMF的电化学氧化在强碱性溶液中更易进行。将本文内容作为综合习题引入电化学热力学教学,加深了学生对物理化学各部分之间关系的理解,提升了其综合应用物理化学知识解决实际问题的能力。     

在不同温度下Cu|CuSO_4|Hg_2SO_4-Hg电池标准电动势的确定

许多作者利用铜电极和汞-硫酸亚汞电极组成电池,研究硫酸铜的热力学性质,但该电池的标准电动势都是用扩展的Debye-Hükel公式外推得到的,由于Debye-Hükel公式中的离子大小参数无法实验直接测定,在选用时会给结果带来某些不确定性。本文测定了5～45℃间隔为10℃的电池。Cu|CuSO_4|Hg_2SO_4~-Hg (A)的电动势,在Pitzer电解质溶液理论基础上,提出了新的确定电池电动势的方法。     

关于对消法测定电池电动势实验中标准电池的讨论

韦斯顿标准电池,作为很长时间里的国际电压标准,为电化学的发展做出了很大贡献。大学物理化学的常见实验“对消法测定电池电动势”即采用了标准电池。然而目前物理化学教材中关于标准电池的内容较为简单,且学生容易将汞齐电极与一般金属电极混淆。本文从标准电池的表达式、电极反应与电池反应出发,利用能斯特方程分析了影响电池电动势的主要因素,讨论了电解质不饱和与饱和时电动势的可逆性、负极标准电极电势的内涵,并结合电池温度系数讨论了电池电动势的稳定性,探讨了对消法实验中标准电池的选择对测量结果的影响。讨论结果弥补了教材和教学中存在的不足,可为同行教学与学生学习提供一定参考。     

中国科学院上海有机化学研究所1983年研究生入学试题参考答案

一、 1.为了把电化学和热力学联系起来,通过电动势的测定,可以计算热力学函数的变化,因此电化学要介绍可逆电池。可逆电池的条件是: (A) 电池与一个外加的反电动势并联,当外加反方向的电动势小于或超过电池本身电动势一个无限小的数值时,电池内的反应可向正、反两方向进行,也就是说,电池中的化学变化是可逆的。 (B) 电池工作时,符合E_内≈E_外,E_内-E_外=δE的条件,不论是放电或充电时所通过的电流都是十分微小,电能不会变为热,即能量也是可逆的。总的说,是要求物质和能量的变化都是可逆的,如果能够把放电时所放出的能量全部储存起来,则用这些能量进行充电就恰好可以使体系和环境全部恢复     

电动势法测定CuCl-NaCl系的活度

研究熔盐溶液热力学性质的方法有:电动势测定法、凝固点降低法、蒸气压测定法、量热法和化学平衡法。用得较广泛的是电动势测定法。通常是采用测定下面生成盐型原电池的电动势来进行。     

非离子型微乳液的热力学性质Ⅲ:盐类和PH值的影响

以非离子型表面活性剂(Triton X-100)、十六烷、正已醇和水所组成的微乳液,研究醇从油相向界面层转移时的体系Gibbs函数变化,并从热力学关系式得出焓和熵的变化关系.本文研究了相中不同盐类和PH值对这些热力学函数的影响,发现这些热力学函数与盐类中阳离子价数和PH值都呈线性关系.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。