初中化学教师“原子结构”认知结构的诊断及影响因素的研究

选取化学学科“原子结构”知识内容中原子结构、轨道等10个概念,采用词语联想法和相似矩阵法对55名初中化学教师的“原子结构”认知结构进行了测查,绘制出认知结构图,以研究初中化学教师认知结构的发展水平,并对可能影响其认知结构的因素进行分析。研究结果表明：初中化学教师学科认知结构有明显“退化”倾向,教师仅对原子结构、原子核、质子、中子以及电子5个基本概念之间的关系清晰明了,对轨道等其余5个概念认识模糊。性别、教龄、学历、任教学校地域等因素对教师学科认知结构没有明显影响,影响教师认知结构发展水平的决定性因素是教学实践。     

高中化学教师课堂教学诊断能力的影响因素研究

以在职高中化学教师为研究对象,通过问卷调查、访谈等方法对化学教师课堂教学诊断能力进行研究。研究发现,现阶段高中化学教师的课堂教学诊断能力在整体上处于中等偏上水平,虽没有系统认识课堂教学诊断,但存在课堂教学诊断行为,且聚焦在"诊教学内容""诊知识与技能"和"诊师生互动"等维度。高中化学教师对课堂教学诊断存在认识表层化、目标狭隘化的误区。不同类型学校、教龄、职称的高中化学教师的课堂教学诊断能力存在显著差异,其课堂教学诊断能力主要受诊断意识、教学经验、职业倦怠等内部因素与师资力量、课堂教学诊断氛围、学生等外部因素影响。从教师、学校、教育部门等方面,对高中化学教师课堂教学诊断能力的提高提出相应建议。     

农村化学教师教学信念的质化研究

教学信念是指导教师教学实践的重要航标。以某市农村地区中学化学教师作为研究对象,采用课堂观察和访谈等质性研究方法,寻找农村化学教师教学信念的合理内核及其主要影响因素。研究发现,农村化学教师教学信念呈现矛盾特质,教师表述的浅层信念和潜藏于课堂教学行为背后的隐性信念存在一定的差距。简单的外部归因成为教师自觉教学信念比较低的主要因素,对新课程理念的误读成为影响教师教学信念的潜在因素。通过开展以教学案例为载体的教师培训、校本教研以及利用网络信息资源建立教师学习共同体等,可以有效促进教师在行动中积极反思,进而提升其教学信念,促进农村教师的专业发展。     

职前化学教师教学信念的调查研究

采用半结构化访谈、问卷调查等研究方法设计职前化学教师教学信念的调查问卷,了解职前化学教师教学信念的现况,并且从性别和是否为班干部等方面分析影响职前化学教师教学信念的因素。在问卷调查和个案访谈的基础上分析职前化学教师教学信念的类型及取向。大多数职前化学教师教学信念趋向于中间类型(建构与传统的过渡),职前化学教师教学信念的建构落后于化学课程改革设计的需求。     

中学化学教师创意教学行为调查研究

在分析化学教师创意教学行为内涵的基础上,通过谈话、问卷调查等研究方法了解中学化学教师创意教学行为的现状,并且从教师的性别、教龄和是否为班主任等方面分析影响教师创意义教学行为的外在因素。对获得的数据结果进行spss13.0统计分析。     

初三学生知觉到的教师期望及其与化学学业成绩的关系

从3种期望维度（“教师支持”、“教学互动”和“学业反馈”）、性别两个方面分析初三学生知觉到的教师期望差异,考察教师期望、性别对学生化学学业成绩的预测作用,并比较教师期望和性别两种因素对化学学业成绩预测作用的差异。结果表明：初三学生知觉到的来自化学教师的期望偏低,维度差异显著,性别差异不显著;相比于性别差异,教师期望对学生化学成绩的预测作用更大,其中“教师支持”维度的预测作用最大。     

基于国培项目的农村初中化学骨干教师教学反思的调查与思考

农村中小学教师短期集中培训是“中西部农村骨干教师培训项目(‘国培计划’之一)”的一种形式。针对来自江西省7个设区市的近60所农村初级中学化学教师的调查,介绍了教师教学反思的目标和方向、教学反思的方法和方式以及教学反思的影响因素等情况,提出要重视教学反思对教师专业发展的作用,加强农村初中化学教师教学反思能力培养,营造教学反思良好氛围。     

初中化学用语的教学目标研究

以初中生化学用语测试、问卷调查、学生访谈、教师访谈和课堂观察等方面测查分析为依据,找出学生学习和教师教学中的主要问题。为了解决这些问题,开展了对初中化学用语教学目标的研究,编制了初中2个学段化学用语的教学目标。用具体的课堂教学案例,研究落实教学目标的方法。     

农村初中化学教师PCK现状及其相关因素的调查研究

学科教学知识(PCK)在国际上已被广泛认为是教师教学知识的核心,并日渐成为一个研究热点.参考有关资料编制了"初中化学教师学科教学知识"调查问卷,并以河北省71位农村初中化学教师为研究对象进行了问卷调查,结果显示:目前农村初中化学教师的总体PCK水平偏低,化学素材知识这一部分得分最低,需要关注农村化学教师学科教学知识的发展.而不同年龄、不同教龄以及不同职称化学教师的PCK水平存在显著性差异.     

新手熟手初中化学教师课堂教学行为特征的比较研究*——以“酸和碱”单元教学为例

通过对新手化学教师和熟手化学教师各4节“酸和碱”单元常态课堂中教师使用教学行为链、教学行为对在时间和频次等方面的特征进行对比分析发现,在教学行为链上,新、熟手化学教师都会在较高水平的教学行为链上花费更多的时间,熟手化学教师高水平教学行为链在频次上的占比要优于新手化学教师,在不同教学行为链时间安排上的合理性要更高一些;在教学行为对上,新、熟手化学教师都多以“问”和“讲”,学生多以“答”的方式来展开课堂活动,熟手化学教师在每一次“动”和“思”上所用时间要明显高于新手化学教师,学生参与课堂的水平上,熟手化学教师要优于新手化学教师。得出如下启示:与熟手化学教师相比,新手化学教师应有效地组织和安排课堂教学行为,注重对“酸和碱”学科内容本身及其教学的驾驭。无论是熟手还是新手化学教师均应进一步给予学生课堂参与的机会。     

高中化学学生分组实验全面开齐的创新性实践

通过改进、创新教材实验,精心编写校本教材,培训“教师小助手”等措施,解决了高中化学学生分组实验开齐、开全的难题。进一步就相关措施的具体实践进行了阐述,力求为普通高中学校真正地开齐、开全学生分组实验提供借鉴。     

“三合一”仪器分析平台的建设

立足于现有分析仪器,通过建立“三合一”仪器分析平台,将学生实习、教师科研、企业检测等3方面需求结合起来。仪器分析平台以“准专业化”方式运作,具有如下功能:(1)增加了学生实习时间和就业机会;(2)改善了教师科研条件,缓解了实验压力;(3)为本地小微企业提供了就近的检测服务;(4)为学校和企业提供了技术合作平台。     

高中化学必修2教师用书教学目标与课程标准的一致性研究

借鉴美国的SEC一致性分析模式,对"人教版"和"鲁科版"高中化学必修2教师用书的教学目标与课程标准中相应内容标准的一致性进行对比研究,判断2版本的教学目标与内容标准一致性的程度。并通过柱形图进一步分析了2版本教师用书的教学目标与对应内容标准在主题分布和目标水平要求维度上的一致性情况,基于课程标准对2者进行了评价。最后,对分析的过程和结果进行总结反思,提出了修改建议。     

高中生对化学教师知识认可度的调查研究

使用成熟的测量教师知识的量表(SPOTK),从学生认可度视角调查了化学教师知识。研究表明,化学教师的学科知识和评价学生理解情况的知识2个维度好于教学策略知识和内容表征知识2个维度;不同的年级和性别的学生对化学教师的教学策略和表征方式的认可度也存在着差异。根据调查结果对化学教师如何提高自身的知识结构提出了建议。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.