The IR spectra and hydrogen bonding of toluene-2,6-bis(methyl) and 4,4′-diphenylmethane-bis(methyl) carbamates

The IR spectroscopy has been used to study models of polyurethanes containing different hard segments. The spectra of toluene-2,6-bis(methyl) and 4,4′-diphenylmethane-bis(methyl) carbamates at different temperatures were studied. The absorption curves of the free and associated carbamate molecules were compared with experimental IR spectra. The characteristic features of toluene-2,6-bis(methyl) carbamate and methyl-N-methyl carbamate clusters were revealed. The IR spectra for the two most stable toluene-2,6-bis(methyl) carbamate conformations were compared. The origin of the multiplet structure of bands in the experimental IR spectra of polyurethanes was discussed. The results obtained can be used for the analysis of the chemical and physical transformations in urethanes and polyurethanes.     

Analysis of Carbamates as Fluorescent 1-Dimethylamino-naphthalene-5-sulfonate Esters

The fluorigenic labelling of several N-methyl carbamates is carried out using 1-dimethyl-aminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride (dansyl chloride). Prior to chromatography the carbamates are reacted in aqueous solution with the dansyl chloride. The derivative is extracted from the solution with n-hexane and subsequently spotted on a thin-layer plate for chromatography. For each N-methyl carbamate, two highly fluorescent spots are obtained. One is common to all N-methyl carbamates studied, whereas the other is characteristic of each individual carbamate. N.m.r. and infrared spectroscopic data indicate that the common spot is the methylamine derivative, and the second spot is the derivative from the phenyl moiety of each carbamate. The sensitivity of the method is less than one nanogram and has been successfully applied to the analysis of natural water samples.     

Quantum-chemical investigation of isocyanate reactions with linear methanol associates: IV. Mechanism of autocatalytic reaction of methyl isocyanate with linear methanol associates

It was shown by quantum-chemical method B3LYP/6-311++G(df,p) that in the autocatalytic reaction the molecules of methyl carbamate formed prereaction complexes with the monomer and dimer of methanol. The complexes possess higher electron-donor properties than free alcohol molecules thus increasing the activity of complexes in the reaction with isocyanates. The products of the autocatalytic reaction are new molecules of carbamate and azomethinenol. The conversions occur through concerted asymmetric late transition states. The isomerization of azomethinenols into carbamates is catalyzed by molecules of alcohols and their associates. The autocatalytic reaction of isocyanates with alcohols becomes possible owing to the ability of alcohols to catalyze the mentioned isomerization.     

Synthesis of 2,5-diaryl-1,3-oxazoles containing a carbamate group

Acetophenones containing a methoxycarbonylamino group in position 2, 3, or 4 of the aromatic ring reacted with phenylglycine in the presence of 2 equiv of iodine and 0.5 equiv of sulfanilic acid in DMSO at 100°C for 6 h to give methyl [2(3,4)-(2-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-5-yl)phenyl]carbamates. The reaction was presumed to involve intermediate formation of methyl [(iodoacetyl)phenyl]carbamate. This was confirmed by the isolation of methyl [2-(iodoacetyl)phenyl]carbamate in the reaction of methyl (2-acetylphenyl)carbamate with iodine in glacial acetic acid and its subsequent transformation to methyl [2-(2-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-5-yl)-phenyl]carbamate.     

N-Aryl and N-Alkyl Carbamates from 1 Atmosphere of CO2

We have successfully isolated and characterized the zinc carbamate complex (phen)Zn(OAc)(OC(=O)NHPh) ( 1 ; phen=1,10-phenanthroline), formed as an intermediate during the Zn(OAc)₂/phen-catalyzed synthesis of organic carbamates from CO₂, amines, and the reusable reactant Si(OMe)₄. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the direct reaction of 1 with Si(OMe)₄ proceeds via a five-coordinate silicon intermediate, forming organic carbamates. Based on these results, the catalytic system was improved by using Si(OMe)₄ as the reaction solvent and additives like KOMe and KF, which promote the formation of the five-coordinated silicon species. This sustainable and effective method can be used to synthesize various N-aryl and N-alkyl carbamates, including industrially important polyurethane raw materials, starting from CO₂ under atmospheric pressure.     

Synthesis of carbamate derivatives of coumarin and chromene

Condensation of methyl (3-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate with ethyl acetoacetate and ethyl benzoylacetate at room temperature, as well as with L-2-hydroxysuccinic acid on heating, in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid gave the corresponding methyl (4-R-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)carbamates (R = Me, Ph, H). Condensation of methyl (3-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate with benzylidenemalononitrile or with aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile on heating in propan-2-ol in the presence of piperidine led to the formation of the corresponding methyl (4-aryl-2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromen-7-yl)carbamates.     

Preparation of methyl/benzyl(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)(aryl)methylcarbamate derivatives using magnesium hydrogen sulfate

A new approach to the synthesis of methyl/benzyl(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)(aryl)methylcarbamate derivatives based on the reaction of aldehydes, 2-naphthol and methyl/benzyl carbamate, using a catalytic amount of magnesium hydrogen sulfate [Mg(HSO₄)₂] as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst under solvent-free conditions has been developed.     

Trapping of carbamic acid species with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane

Methoxycarbonylation of a variety of amines into the corresponding methyl carbamates was accomplished by allowing them to react with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane TMSCHN₂ under bubbling of CO₂. The reaction was performed at room temperature for a period of ca. 2 h in benzene-MeOH (4/1 v/v), which was the solvent of choice. In this mixed solvent, undesirable bicarbonate is formed in equilibrium along with carbamate anion. Owing to the irreversibility in the esterification step by TMSCHN₂, however, the yield of methyl carbamate can reach very high.     

Theoretical studies on the acid hydrolysis of methyl carbamate

The mechanism of the A2 acid hydrolysis of methyl carbamate was investigated using MNDO method. The reaction was found to proceed in two steps: (1) the rate-determining nucleophilic attack of water on the carbonyl carbon of the N-protonated tautomer involving the tetrahedral TS; and (2) the fast subsequent proton abstraction by the leaving group, NH₃, to form products. The mechanism is similar to that involved in the A2 hydrolysis of acetamide. Effects of substituents, R¹, R², and R³ in R¹OCONR²R³, on rates can be predicted by the changes in electron densities on alkoxy oxygen and N, in complete agreement with the experimental results. We concluded that there is no need for invoking two different mechanisms for amides and carbamates since a common mechanism can easily accommodate all the experimental results.     

Base catalyzed cyclization of N-aryl and N-alkyl-O-propargyl carbamates to 4-alkylidene-2-oxazolidinones

The base catalyzed cyclization of N-aryl and N-alkyl-O-propargyl carbamates is studied in detail. The effect of various bases and solvents on the efficacy of this cyclization reaction is analyzed and a new base-solvent system (LiOH in DMF) for effective cyclization of these carbamates is reported. A number of differentially substituted O-propargyl carbamates were cyclized to the corresponding 2-oxazolidinones under these conditions. The reaction conditions reported here are mild and no side reactions were observed in any of the substrates studied. A propargyl carbonate group was unaffected during the course of the cyclization of the O-propargyl carbamate group. The propargyl carbamates were prepared from the corresponding alkyl or aryl amines and the corresponding propargyl chloroformate, resulting in oxazolidinones diversely substituted at the nitrogen atom. N-Aryl-O-propargyl carbamates cyclized readily to the corresponding oxazolidinones with LiOH in DMF, whereas N-alkyl-O-propargyl carbamates reacted slowly under the same conditions. O-Propargyl carbamates substituted at the 1-position tend to cyclize faster whereas those substituted at 3-position cyclize considerably slower than the unsubstituted carbamates.     

Synthesis and some transformations of methyl [4-(oxoacetyl)phenyl]carbamate

The oxidation of methyl (4-acetylphenyl)carbamate with selenium dioxide in dioxane–water (30: 1) gave methyl [4-(oxoacetyl)phenyl]carbamate whose condensation with ethyl acetoacetate or diethyl malonate and hydrazine hydrate afforded ethyl 3-methyl-6-[4-(methoxycarbonylamino)phenyl]pyridazine-4-carboxylate and methyl {4-[5-(hydrazinecarbonyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazin-3-yl]phenyl}carbamate, respectively. The reaction of methyl [4-(oxoacetyl)phenyl]carbamate with o-phenylenediamine in dimethylformamide–ethanol on heating led to the formation of methyl [4-(quinoxalin-2-yl)phenyl]carbamate. Methyl {4-(5,7-dioxo- 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydropyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazin-3-yl)phenyl}carbamate and methyl {4-(5-oxo-7-sulfanylidene- 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydropyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazin-3-yl)phenyl}carbamate were synthesized by reactions of methyl [4-(oxoacetyl)phenyl]carbamate with barbituric and thiobarbituric acids, respectively, and hydrazine hydrate in the presence of zirconyl chloride octahydrate at room temperature.     

Aqueous phosphoric acid as a mild reagent for deprotection of tert-butyl carbamates, esters, and ethers

Aqueous phosphoric acid (85 wt %) is an effective, environmentally benign reagent for the deprotection of tert-butyl carbamates, tert-butyl esters, and tert-butyl ethers. The reaction conditions are mild and offer good selectivity in the presence of other acid-sensitive groups, including CBZ carbamates, azetidine, benzyl and methyl esters, TBDMS, and methyl phenyl ethers. The mildness of the reaction is further demonstrated in the synthesis of clarithromycin derivative, in which a tert-butyl ester is removed in the presence of cyclic carbamate, lactone, ketal, acetate ester, and epimerizable methyl ketone functionalities. The reaction preserves the stereochemical integrity of the substrates. The reactions are high yielding, and the workup is convenient.     

Multiresidue method for N-methyl carbamates and metabolite pesticide residues at the parts-per-billion level in selected representative commodities of fruit and vegetable crop groups

A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method with both fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection is presented for the determination of 13 parent N-methyl carbamate pesticides and their metabolites, as well as piperonyl butoxide, for a total of 24 compounds in selected fruits and vegetables. The commodities chosen were of special concern to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) because they had the least amount of monitoring data for dietary exposure estimates used in risk assessment. The method is based on a judicious selection of procedures from U.S. Food and Drug Administration sources such as the Pesticide Analytical Manual (Volume I), and Laboratory Information Bulletins, plus additional material from the chemical literature combined in a manner to recover the N-methyl carbamates and their metabolites at the 1 microg/kg or 1 part-per-billion level. The method uses an acetone extraction, followed by an aminopropyl solid-phase extraction cleanup. Determination of residues is by RP-LC, in which the liquid chromatograph is interfaced with either a fluorescence or a mass spectrometric detector. The method is designed so that a set of 6 samples can be prepared in 1 working day for overnight instrumental analysis. Recovery data are presented from analyses of selected commodities in some of EPA's fruit and vegetable crop groupings. A table listing relative retention times is presented for the N-methyl carbamates and their metabolites.     

Liquid chromatographic determination of N-methyl carbamate pesticide residues at low parts-per-billion levels in eggs

A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) method is presented for the analysis of N-methyl carbamate pesticide residues and piperonyl butoxide in eggs at levels as low as 2 microg/kg (ppb). The study was undertaken to provide data for dietary exposure estimates used in risk analysis. The method uses an acetonitrile extraction followed by liquid-liquid partitioning and normal-phase aminopropyl solid-phase extraction column cleanup. Determination of residues is by reversed-phase LC with an inline postcolumn reaction followed by fluorescence detection. The average recoveries of 21 fortified (most at 2.0 and 20.0 ppb) N-methyl carbamate pesticide residues and the carbamate metabolite 1-naphthol from eggs ranged from 70 to 107%. Recoveries of the pesticide synergist piperonyl butoxide ranged from 63 to 106%. Single-comb White Leghorn hens were treated with the carbamate carbaryl, and the eggs subsequently produced were analyzed for carbaryl and 1-naphthol residues.     

Synthesis of New Functionally Substituted Aryl- and Hetarylcarbamates Based on Ninhydrin

The condensation of methyl (ethyl) phenylcarbamates with ninhydrin in concentrated sulfuric acid gave dialkyl [1,3-dioxoindan-2,2-diyldi(4,1-phenylene)]biscarbamates. Treatment of the latter with hydrazine hydrate resulted in the transformation of the indandione fragment into phthalazinone. Ninhydrin reacted with methyl (hydroxyphenyl)carbamates in glacial acetic acid to produce dihydroxy derivative of oxotrihydroindeno[ 1,2-b][1]benzofuran possessing a carbamate group. Tandem reaction of ninhydrin with methyl (acetylphenyl) carbamates on heating in boiling glacial acetic acid, followed by addition of hydrazine hydrate in acetonitrile, afforded methyl (5-oxo-5H-indeno[1,2-c]pyridazin-3-yl)phenylcarbamates.     

Novel routes to aminophosphonic acids: Interaction of dimethyl H‐phosphonate with hydroxyalkyl carbamates

It was found that the reaction of dimethyl H‐phosphonate ( 1 ) with 2‐hydroxyalkyl‐N‐2′‐hydroxyalkyl carbamates at 135°C includes several chemical reaction steps: (i) chemical transformations of 1‐methyl‐2‐hydroxyethyl‐N‐2′‐hydroxyethyl carbamate ( 2 ) and 2‐methyl‐2‐hydroxyethyl‐N‐2′‐hydroxyethyl carbamate ( 3 ); (ii) transesterification of dimethyl H‐phosphonate with 2 and 3 , and with secondary hydroxyl‐containing compounds that are formed during the course of the chemical transformation of 2‐hydroxyalkyl‐N‐2′‐hydroxyalkyl carbamates; (iii) hydrolysis of 1 and dialkyl H‐phosphonates, formed via transesterification of 1 with secondary hydroxyl‐containing compounds. The interaction was studied by means of ¹H, ¹³C, ³¹P NMR, and FAB mass spectroscopy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:119–124, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/hc.20404     

Synthesis of N-arylcarbamates with tetrazole fragment and some their derivatives

Reactions of methyl(ethyl) N-(2-cyanophenyl)carbamates with sodium azide in dimethylformamide at 80–90°C in the presence of anhydrous CdCl₂ afforded the corresponding N-arylcarbamates with a 1,2,3,4-tetrazole fragment. The acylation of methyl N-[2-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]carbamate with acetic anhydride followed by the condensation of the obtained N-acyl derivative with thiophene-2-carbaldehyde in the KOH methanol solution led to the formation of methyl N-(2-{1-[3-(2-thienyl)-2-propenoyl]-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl}phenyl)carbamate. The reaction of cyclohexyl N-(4-aminophenyl)carbamate with a triethyl orthoformate and sodium azide in glacial AcOH yielded cyclohexyl N-[4-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl]carbamate.     

Amination,Acetamidation, and Amidation of Substituted Aromatic Carbamates in Polyphosphoric Acid

Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry - Electrophilic amination of methyl N-(hydroxyphenyl)carbamates and methyl N-(4-methoxyphenyl)carbamate with sodium azide in 86% polyphosphoric acid (PPA) at...     

A Fluorometric Enzyme Inhibition Detector for Carbamate Pesticide Analysis by High Speed Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A fluorometric enzyme inhibition detector has been developed for the detection of carbamate pesticides after separation using high speed liquid chromatography.

Housefly head cholinesterase was found to have the greatest sensitivity toward the carbamates, together with horse plasma and bovine erythrocyte cholinesterases. The substrate N-methyl indoxyl acetate is used for monitoring of enzyme activity.     

One-pot synthesis of N-substituted (3-oxobutanyl)carbamates from primary amines using modified zeolite Hβ at room temperature

The one-pot synthesis of N-substituted (3-oxobutanyl)carbamates via the tandem condensation of primary amines with methyl chloroformate, followed by the conjugate addition of the resulting carbamate with methyl vinyl ketone in the presence of Sn⁴⁺ modified zeolite Hβ (Hβ-SnA) at room temperature is described.