生物基底材料的超宽频带太赫兹光谱研究

作为一种新兴的方式,太赫兹时域光谱和成像已经被广泛应用到研究不同生物组织的光学特性。在空气等离子体处施加偏置电场对太赫兹波脉冲进行外差式相干检测(air-biased-coherent-detection,ABCD)的太赫兹系统具有超宽频带和可以在较远距离进行成像的优点,十分适用于对生物组织进行超宽谱研究,而对生物组织进行光谱测量通常需要基底材料。利用太赫兹ABCD系统对四种典型的基底材料(石英,高密度聚乙烯,聚四氟乙烯和石蜡)的光学参数进行测定,并计算其在1~15THz频率范围内的吸收系数和折射率。结果表明,高密度聚乙烯和石蜡可以很好的被用作生物组织超宽频带太赫兹光谱测量的基底材料。同时,虽然石英和聚四氟乙烯都是窄带(0.1~3THz)太赫兹系统中常用的基底材料,但是由于它们在高于5THz的频率范围内对太赫兹波具有较强的吸收,所以不能用作超宽频带太赫兹光谱测量的基底材料。     

Estimation of the spectral absorption of light by components of human skin

The spectra of the absorption coefficients of external radiation by basic chromophores of human skin, such as melanin, basic tissue, and blood (including oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin), are studied in the wavelength range of 300–1000 nm. For estimates, analytical methods of the theory of light transfer are used, which take into account the multilayer structure of a biological tissue, multiple light scattering in a medium, and multiple rereflections of radiation between layers. The calculated spectra are compared with the wavelength dependences of the absorption indices of these components available from the literature. It is shown that the spectral behaviors of the coefficients and indices of absorption strongly differ, which is related to the selectivity of the optical properties of a biological tissue. The possibilities of predicting the absorption coefficients of the skin components from the absorption coefficient of the entire skin measured under conditions of variation of its biophysical parameters (the volume concentrations of melanin and blood vessels) over a wide range are evaluated.     

Depth distributions of light action spectra for skin chromophores

Light action spectra over wavelengths of 300–1000 nm are calculated for components of the human cutaneous covering: melanin, basal (bloodless) tissue, and blood oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin. The transformation of the spectra with depth in biological tissue results from two factors. The first is the wavelength dependence of the absorption coefficient corresponding to a particular skin chromophore and the second is the spectral selectivity of the radiation flux in biological tissue. This factor is related to the optical properties of all chromophores. A significant change is found to take place in the spectral distribution of absorbed radiant power with increasing depth. The action spectrum of light for the molecular oxygen contained in all components of biological tissue is also studied in the 625–645 nm range. The spectra are found to change with both the volume fraction of blood vessels and the degree of oxygenation of the blood. These results are useful for analyzing processes associated with optical absorption that are possible mechanisms for the interaction of light with biological tissues: photodissociation of oxyhemoglobin and the light-oxygen effect.     

Spectroscopic and morphological study of laser ablated Titanium

The optical characteristics of biological tissues sampled from the anterior abdominal wall of laboratory rats are for the first time experimentally studied in a wide wavelength range (350-2500 nm). The experiments have been performed in vitro using a LAMBDA 950 (PerkinElmer, United States) spectrophotometer. Inverse Monte Carlo simulation is used to restore the spectral dependences for scattering and absorption coefficients, as well as the scattering anisotropy factor for biological tissue based on the recorded spectra of diffuse reflection and total and collimated transmissions.     

Diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy from 500 to 1060 nm by correction for inhomogeneously distributed absorbers

Diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy for measurement of the absorption and scattering coefficients of biological tissue produces reliable results for wavelengths from 650 to 1050 nm. Implicitly, this approach assumes homogeneously distributed absorbers. A correction factor is introduced for inhomogeneous distribution of blood concentrated in discrete cylindrical vessels. This factor extends the applicability of diffusion theory to lower wavelengths. We present measurements of in vivo optical properties in the wavelength range 500-1060 nm.     

温度对生物组织模拟液光学特性影响的研究

采用牛奶作为生物组织的模拟液,研究温度变化对生物组织光学特性的影响。应用双积分球技术对牛奶在光波波长为1100~1700 nm、温度25~40℃范围内的光学参量进行了测量,分析光学参量随温度的变化规律。结果表明,温度对散射作用的影响比吸收作用更大,随温度的升高,约化散射系数具有明显减小的趋势。与25℃相比,40℃下的约化散射系数下降了约10%;而吸收率的变化趋势不明显且规律复杂。以上研究结果与公开发表的人体离体皮肤组织光学参量随温度变化的研究结果基本一致,从而为深入研究温度对生物组织光学测量的影响提供了理论和实践上的指导。     

Estimate of the Contribution of Localized Light Absorption by Blood Vessels to the Optical Properties of Biological tissue

A simple analytical procedure of considering localized light absorption by blood vessels and its effect on the absorption characteristics of multicomponent biological tissue is proposed. The final results are presented in the form of a single integral of elementary functions. A comparison of the estimates obtained with data in the literature shows their good agreement. The limiting cases of random and ordered arrangement of vessels are considered. It was shown that, in the blue spectral range, the absorption coefficient of biological tissues can reach saturation when it ceases to be dependent on the optical characteristics of blood and is determined only by the diameter of vessels and their volume concentration. The depth of light penetration into tissue and the reflection coefficient of tissue are estimated for both a localized and a homogeneously distributed absorber. Possible biomedical applications of the results obtained are illustrated.     

Retrieval of chromophore concentration in a tissue phantom by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

This study describes a method for analysis of back reflectance spectroscopic data to estimate the concentration of endogenous or exogenous chromophores of tissue, noninvasively and in real time. In the study, tissue phantoms were prepared using intralipid and two chromophores, indocyanine green and methylene blue. Reduced scattering and absorption coefficients ranges of tissue phantoms were kept in the range of biological tissues. Spectroscopic measurements on the tissue phantoms were carried out using a miniature spectrometer, an optical fiber probe, a halogen tungsten light source and a laptop. Monte Carlo simulations of the experiments were run, and an average optical path lengths of the detected photons were obtained for different absorption and scattering coefficients. The average optical path lengths of the photons were used to estimate concentrations of the chromophores in the tissue phantoms. Scattering and absorption coefficients were estimated with an average error of 4.7 and 5.4%, respectively. The developed method has the potential to be used in diagnosis of pathologic tissues based on the variation of biochemical composition of tissues and in photodynamic therapy to estimate the concentration of photosensitizers.     

Noninvasive determination of tissue optical properties based on radiative transfer theory

We present a feasibility study of a new method for determining the tissue optical properties, including the absorption and scattering coefficients and the scattering asymmetry factor. A state-of-the-art radiative transfer model for the coupled air/tissue system, based on rigorous radiative transfer theory, is used in our forward modeling simulations. The concept of the effective photon penetration depth is introduced and used to help determine the depth below, which information about the tissue will not be available through noninvasive imaging of a biological tissue using reflected diffuse light. Simulation results show that for accurate determination of tissue optical properties, one can use radiative transfer theory in conjunction with measurements of reflected radiances as well as other existing techniques.     

Specific features of the optical absorption in carbon nanosystems with hydrogen

This paper reports on the results of experimental investigations of the optical absorption (in the wavelength range 200–1200 nm) by carbon-containing thin nanofilms formed on the surface of poly(vinylidene fluoride) upon its chemical functionalization. The optical spectra exhibit resonance absorption peaks in the photon energy range 2.5–3.0 eV. The IR absorption spectra contain lines attributed to the carbon-containing phase. The band structure, the density of states, and the optical constants of one-dimensional carbon chains with added hydrogen are calculated by the semiempirical tight-binding method. The results of the calculations are compared with the experimental optical spectra. It is demonstrated that the theoretical and experimental spectra are in satisfactory agreement.     

Time-Resolved Measurements of in vivo Optical Properties of Piglet Brain

The in vivo optical properties of a piglet brain were measured using a time-resolved system at three different wavelengths (759, 794, 824 nm). To separate the contribution of different head layers to the detected signals, the measurements were acquired from the surfaces of skin, skull, dura mater and brain. The source detector distance was chosen to assure a mean penetration depth within each layer. Measurements were analyzed and compared with the results of other in vivo measurements reported in literature.     

基于光学相干层析术的组织光学性质测量

通过在光学相干层析成像(Optical Coherence Tomography,OCT)模型中考虑多重散射的影响,提出了一种提取出不同深度处的组织光学性质,包括散射系数和各向异性因子的算法.当把吸收系数作为算法中的第三个拟合参量时,能减少算法拟合过程中由于吸收作用的影响而带来的误差.基于包含吸收因子的OCT扩展模型,改进的算法也能够提取出吸收系数.这些算法的有效性通过对聚苯乙烯微球溶液样品的测量实验得到验证.     

大空间生物组织透射的Monte Carlo模拟方法的加速

乳腺等类型生物组织的透射Monte Carlo模拟(简称MC模拟)耗时很长,这主要是由于被模拟的组织较厚和Monte Carlo模拟自身统计特性引起的所需光子数量多造成的。针对光源与接收面在同一直线上,采用光纤接收透射光的模型进行分析,通过考虑生物组织自身的光学特性,进行了边界约束和有效后向散射次数的限制来缩短仿真时间,经过多次实验验证,以两次散射所到位置为分界,并充分利用组织光学参数计算约束边界,计算相对比较简单,同时考虑到入射与出射的实际情况进行微扩,从而得到的约束边界。对光学参数相同但厚度不同的组织进行仿真,分析进入同一位置光纤的光子数所发生后向散射次数,发现后向散射次数随着组织厚度与散射系数的增大而增大,随着吸收系数与各向异性因子的增大而减小,通过限定后向散射次数来节省时间。仿真结果表明,在传统计算机上,该方法能够显著缩短MC模拟的运算时间50%左右,尤其适用于较厚且边界较为复杂的高散射物质的MC模拟。该提速方法主要应用于光源与接收面处于同一直线,且生物组织较厚,散射系数较大的情况,能够有效节约仿真所需时间,有利于分析组织透射成像。     

离体正常乳腺组织350～850 nm波段光谱特性

采用带有积分球附件的紫外/可见/近红外分光光度计测量了离体正常乳腺组织在350～850 nm光谱范围的反射率和透射率,运用反向倍加法得到了离体正常乳腺组织在相应光谱范围的光学参数,分析了正常乳腺组织的光学穿透深度随波长的变化情况。实验结果表明：350～850 nm波段正常乳腺组织的约化散射系数μ′_s大于吸收系数μ_a。μ′_s随着波长的增加而减小,即从350 nm波长值为9.731 mm-1～850 nm波长值为1.476 mm-1。μ_a从350 nm波长值为0.798 mm-1～850 nm波长值为0.102 mm-1,410 nm波长处存在一个吸收峰,其值为0.506 mm-1。光学穿透深度随着波长的增加而增大,从350 nm波长值为0.199 mm-1～850 nm波长值为1.439 mm。基于反向倍加法计算获得乳腺组织的光学参数,采用Monte Carlo模拟得到其相应光谱范围的反射率和透射率,并与实际测量值进行比较,二者的一致性较好。实验结果为乳腺组织的光活检及其光学治疗提供重要参考。     

Optical properties of the subcutaneous adipose tissue in the spectral range 400–2500 nm

The optical characteristics of subcutaneous adipose tissue are studied in the wavelength range 400–2500 nm. The experiments are conducted in vitro using a Cary 2415 spectrophotometer. Based on the measured diffuse reflectance and total transmittance spectra, the spectra of the absorption and transport scattering coefficients are calculated in terms of the inverse adding-doubling method.     

Fundamental Studies of Photon Migration in Biological Tissues and Their Application to Optical Tomography

This paper reviews the studies of photon migration in biological tissues and its application to optical tomography which were conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry. The research subjects range from theoretical and experimental studies of photon migration in random media to the development of image reconstruction algorithms and experiments for optical tomography. The most fundamental theoretical study of the photon diffusion equation has proved that the photon diffusion coefficient is independent of the absorption coefficient while the conventional one is dependent on the absorption coefficient. Experimental studies included the time-resolved spectroscopy and the fabrication of realistic human head phantoms which have five tissue types with different optical properties. Several types of reconstruction algorithms have been developed and verified experimentally. These investigations are pioneering work in the field of biomedical optics in Japan.     

Light and thermal fields in multilayer skin tissue exposed to laser irradiation

A simple model for calculating the light fields created by a laser beam in a multilayer biological tissue is proposed. On the basis of this model, the coefficient of diffuse reflection of skin and the penetration depth of light are found for the wavelength range 400–850 nm and for a wide range of variation in the structural and optical characteristics of the medium. The effect of localized light absorption by blood vessels is taken into account. The results obtained are shown to agree reasonably with published theoretical and experimental data. Using the found depth distributions of the absorbed energy as source functions for the thermal problem, the analytical solution for the spatiotemporal structure of the temperature field in the cutaneous covering irradiated by a laser beam was obtained. The thermal fields determined in terms of single-and two-layer models are compared, and the corresponding differences are discussed. Examples of the temperature depth profiles obtained at different instants after the beginning of irradiation are presented. The results obtained in terms of the analytical method proposed are demonstrated to agree satisfactorily with those yielded by the numerical finite difference scheme of the solution of the system of heat conduction equations.     

基于频域近红外光谱法的生物组织光学参数的检测与三维重构

生物组织的光学特性参数与组织的各种生理、生化以及病理过程密切相关。光学特性参数的检测与三维重构可以在一定程度上了解组织的内部结构及特性。基于频域近红外光谱法,使用美国ISS公司的频域近红外光谱检测系统,采用多光源多检测器技术,将830 nm的激光经过调制后,照射进放置了具有一定吸收系数和散射系数的异质体小球的牛奶中,检测出射光的光强和相位,然后应用光学扩散层析成像技术,通过计算含有异质体小球的牛奶的光学参数,重构出了牛奶中异质体的具体位置。实验结果表明,利用频域近红外光谱法得到的出射光的光强和相位信息,能够较准确地计算出牛奶及异质体小球的吸收系数和散射系数等组织光学参数,并可进一步定位出牛奶中异质体小球的位置。因此,可以考虑将该方法应用在分析及定位水果病变等农产品品质检测领域。     

Defects forming the optical absorption edge in TlGaSe2 layered crystal

In this work, we present the results of optical experiments designed to investigate the changes in optical absorption spectra of TlGaSe₂ ferroelectric-semiconductor with incommensurate (INC) phase in experimental conditions where crystal is kept several hours within the INC-phase (the regime of so called “memory” effect). The fundamental absorption of TlGaSe₂, experimentally investigated by optical transmission measurements performed in the temperature range 15–300 K. An extraordinary modification of the optical absorption edge in the range of Urbach's tail is discovered as a result of the annealing within the INC-phase. The role of native defects forming the band edge in the observed phenomena in TlGaSe₂ is discussed.     

基于漫反射光谱的组织光学参数测量系统与方法研究

在体组织光学参数测量是生物医学光子学研究重点,不仅为人体成分无创检测、光学成像、光动力疗法等研究提供基础,并且可以快速获取人体光学参数变化,为临床诊断提供依据。研究了利用单一源探距离漫反射光谱在体测量光学参数的测量系统与反构方法。漫反射光谱测量系统由宽谱光源、高分辨光纤光谱仪及光纤探头组成,结构简单,测量方便,可准确快速测量样品漫反射光谱。在光纤探头几何形状基础上,研究了光纤收集及系统传递函数,在此基础上对反构算法进行了校正。光学参数反构算法中正向模型基于Monte Carlo以及神经网络方法,适用光学参数范围大,计算速度快;逆向算法采用主成分分析与非线性建模拟合相结合的方法,可抑制测量噪声影响。在测量系统及反构算法基础上,进行了组织仿体光学参数测量实验,结果表明,利用单一源探距离下漫反射谱,可以较为准确获取吸收系数以及约化散射系数,均方根误差分别达到4.58%以及7.92%。为保证系统测量准确性,测量波长范围应覆盖样品中所含吸收物质吸收峰范围。所研究的在体组织光学参数测量方法为人体成分无创检测及测量条件变化获取提供了基础。