径向磁场对霍尔推力器性能影响的数值模拟研究

霍尔推力器由于推力密度大、结构简单等特点,在商业航天领域具有广泛的应用前景.为了进一步提升小功率霍尔推力器的性能,克服低轨卫星用小功率霍尔推力器性能受限于输入功率和最大磁场强度的问题,本文利用数值模拟和理论分析方法研究了霍尔推力器放电通道中径向磁场分布对推力器性能的影响.在轴向磁场分布和最大径向磁场强度一定的情况下,通过改变径向磁场梯度实现径向磁场对推力器性能影响的研究.结果表明,在放电参数、推进剂流率以及轴向磁场不变的情况下,加速区的电势随着径向距离的增加而减小.因此,靠近推力器放电通道内壁侧的径向磁场梯度越大,离子沿着轴向漂移到达推力器出口的动能越大,推力器的推力越大.本文的研究结果为霍尔推力器的磁场设计,性能优化提供了理论支撑.     

霍尔推力器热模型研究

为了对霍尔推力器的热分析研究提供准确的能耗加载条件,开展了霍尔推力器稳态工况下的热模型研究。基于等离子体理论,分析放电室内各项能量损耗机理,并建立各能量损耗与推力器工作参数、性能参数和结构参数的相关函数,系统地得到了霍尔推力器的完整热模型。以LHT100推力器为研究对象,热模型计算结果显示：额定工况下束流能量损耗约889 W,壁面能量损耗约300 W,阳极能量损耗约44 W,电离能量损耗约43 W,辐射能量损耗约34 W等。以此能量损耗作为热边界条件进行有限元分析,并开展热平衡试验进行验证,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,最大误差小于5%。     

磁场强度对霍尔推力器放电特性影响的实验研究

为探索霍尔推力器通道内优化磁场的标准,本文研究了磁场强度对其放电特性的影响规律.通过在保持磁场形貌不变（“聚焦”形）下改变磁场强度的大小,使用朗缪尔探针、光谱仪等测量手段分析了工作于不同磁安特性曲线段的推力器放电特性.研究表明：当磁场强度小于优化值时,电子横越磁场的传导以近壁传导机制为主;反之,当磁场强度大于优化值时,放电电流反常变化,而现有的电子输运传导机制不能解释这种现象. 关键词： 霍尔推力器 磁场强度 放电特性     

MM-4U中等离子体约束位形和不稳定性的实验研究

给出了MM-4u中等离子体约束位形和不稳定性的实验结果。测得的等离子体电位轴向分布表明,该装置中能够建立起负电位轴对称串级镜约束位形;测得的密度分布与电位分布有相似形式。初步探索了等离子体参数与工程参数的关系。实验还发现在低密度情况下存在低频振荡。通过对振荡信号进行线性相关分析,根据扰动的振荡和传播特性,推断出这种振荡为离子声不稳性。不稳定性产生的可能机制是由于电子束穿过低密度本底等离子体的漂移速度超过离子声速而激发起来的。 关键词：     

霍尔效应推力器放电双稳态机理研究

实验发现霍尔效应推力器在自励磁模式下具有两个稳定的放电工作点,且运 行过程中在这两个工作点上往复跳变,很大程度上影响了推力器通道内等离子体的放 电物理过程及其综合性能.本文结合推力器放电磁安特性曲线与励磁电流曲线的相互关 系,给出了推力器放电双稳态特性形成的物理机理．在此基础上提出了通过改变励磁电 流曲线斜率,使推力器稳定工作于单放电工作点的方法,结合一维动态流体模型给予了物 理解释,并通过实验加以验证.     

双阳极霍尔推力器效率及推力的模拟研究

为确定双阳极霍尔推力器中阳极电压分布对推力器效率及推力的影响,采用PIC三维数值模拟对双阳极结构霍尔推力器的放电过程进行了模拟。基于垂直分布的双阳极结构,得到了放电后离子羽流分布以及电子在放电区域的分布。通过对放电状态的模拟,计算得到了不同工况下的推力以及效率。在双阳极结构中第二阳极的电压增加会增大离子能量,但将影响电子约束,而过高的电压将引起电子密度减小。推力随着霍尔电流的增大而增大,但效率会随之减小,导致在提升推力的同时损失效率。     

真空背压对霍尔推力器放电特性影响的实验研究

真空背压的变化会改变进入霍尔推力器放电通道内的背景气体量,对工质的电离、电子的传导等物理过程产生影响,从而进一步影响到推力器的宏观放电特性.为分析真空背压对推力器放电的影响规律,通过向真空罐输入流量可控的氪气改变真空背压,在不同真空背压下测量通道内原子、离子的发光特性以及出口处离子流的伏安特性.分析结果表明:背景气体返流对通道内工质放电过程具有全局性的影响,提高背压会使通道内的电子温度降低、电离效率降低,并会在通道内形成一个新的电离区,且背压越高,该电离区距推力器阳极越近.     

静电堵漏串级镜MM—4U贩约束位形的理论研究

本文分析了双会切静电堵漏串级磁镜ＭＭ－４Ｕ中粒子损失的可能机制，考虑了 等离子体粒子能量的切断，从平衡的Ｖｌａｓｏｖ方程的解出发，数值求解了一组静态的达朗倍尔方程，即Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ方程和Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ方程，得到了等离子体电位，密度及非中性度（净余电子数密度）分布。结果表明，堵漏电压及堵漏电极板的几何位形，磁场位形及磁场大小，电子温度电子－离子温度比在串级磁镜的束位形的形成中起着重要的作用。     

14 T 磁共振磁体磁场位形高精度算法

介绍一种用于计算14 T MRI磁场位形的高精度方法。首先将单匝卢瑟福电缆视作一个微型线圈,以单匝电缆为基本载流单元,计算其磁场分布,再根据磁场叠加原理,求得整个MRI磁体的磁场位形。结果表明,该方法与OPERA计算结果一致。     

磁场梯度对Hall推力器放电特性影响的实验研究

为进一步探索Hall推力器通道内磁场优化设计理论,通过实验分析了强场区磁场梯度对推进剂的电离与加速等放电过程的影响. 研究发现,在本实验设计的磁场梯度范围内,磁场梯度大小对推进剂的电离过程影响较小,但是对离子流的加速特性会产生较为明显的影响.随着磁场梯度的增加,离子束的能量分布会趋于集中,推力器效率提高. 最后,对磁场轴向梯度进一步变大可能会引起的一系列物理问题如有限Larmor半径效应、电子传导机理转变规律和梯度漂移效应等进行了分析和思考.     

ATON型Hall推力器缓冲区预电离问题研究

ATON是20世纪90年代新提出的一种Hall推力器设计方案,其中的缓冲区是ATON新采用的一种结构.本文对缓冲区的作用进行分析,在此基础上提出了采用附加电源提高缓冲区预电离率的方法.并采用PIC(Particle-in-cell)粒子模拟方法对这种设计方式的等离子体分布进行数值模拟.结果表明,通过增加缓冲区内的附加电压,能够有效地提高缓冲区预电离率.     

Numerical study on the electron-wall interaction in a Hall thruster with segmented electrodes placed at the channel exit

Electron-wall interaction is always recognized as an important physical problem because of its remarkable influences on thruster discharge and performance. Based on existing theories, an electrode is predicted to weaken electron-wall interaction due to its low secondary electron emission characteristic. In this paper, the electron-wall interaction in an Aton-type Hall thruster with low-emissive electrodes placed near the exit of discharge channel is studied by a fully kinetic particle-in cell method. The results show that the electron-wall interaction in the region of segmented electrode is indeed weakened, but it is significantly enhanced in the remaining region of discharge channel. It is mainly caused by electrode conductive property which makes equipotential lines convex toward channel exit and even parallel to wall surface in near-wall re- gion; this convex equipotential configuration results in significant physical effects such as repelling electrons, which causes the electrons to move toward the channel center, and the electrons emitted from electrodes to be remarkably accelerated, thereby increasing electron temperature in the discharge channel, etc. Furthermore, the results also indicate that the discharge current in the segmented electrode case is larger than in the non-segmented electrode case, which is qualitatively in accordance with previous experimental results.     

The Effect of Magnetic Mirror on Near Wall Conductivity in Hall Thrusters

The effect of magnetic mirror on near wall conductivity is studied in the acceleration region of Hall thrusters. The electron dynamics process in the plasma is described by test particle method, in which electrons are randomly emitted from the centerline towards the inner wall of the channel. It is found that the effective collision coefficient, i.e. the rate of electrons colliding with the wall, changes dramatically with the magnetic mirror effect being considered; and that it decreases further with the increase of magnetic mirror ratio to enhance the electron mobility accordingly. In particular, under anistropic electron velocity distribution conditions, the magnetic mirror effect becomes even more prominent. Furthermore, due to decrease in magnetic mirror ratio from the exhaust plane to the anode in Hall thrusters, the axial gradient of electron mobility with magnetic mirror effect is greater than without it. The magnetic mirror effects on electron mobility are derived analytically and the results are found in agreement with the simulation. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Scaling Design and Experimental Study on Hall Thrusters with Curved Magnetic Field

The existing scaling theories of Hall thrusters are based on the hypothesis of a one‐dimensional straight magnetic field, which is not suitable for the design of modern thrusters with a two‐dimensional curved magnetic field. In this paper, using the equation analysis method, we derive new similarity criterions in a curved magnetic field by analyzing the momentum equations of charged particles; consequently, we propose a new modeling design method for Hall thrusters with a constant discharge voltage. This method is further validated by experiments. A designed model with a power of 1.5 kW is made based on our proposed method from a prototype model with a power of 1 kW. The experimental results demonstrate that these two thrusters have little differences in performance and physical processes as expected from the scaling. Therefore, our method is well suited for designing a Hall thruster with a curved magnetic field (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

电子温度对霍尔推进器等离子体鞘层特性的影响

采用二维粒子模拟方法研究了霍尔推进器通道中电子温度对等离子体鞘层特性的影响, 讨论了不同电子温度下电子数密度、鞘层电势、电场及二次电子发射系数的变化规律. 结果表明: 当电子温度较低时, 鞘层中电子数密度沿径向方向呈指数下降, 在近壁处达到最小值, 鞘层电势降和电场径向分量变化均较大, 壁面电势维持一稳定值不变, 鞘层稳定性好; 当电子温度较高时, 鞘层区内与鞘层边界处电子数密度基本相等, 而在近壁面窄区域内迅速增加, 壁面处达到最大值, 鞘层电势变化缓慢, 电势降和电场径向分量变化均较小, 壁面电势近似维持等幅振荡, 鞘层稳定性降低; 电子温度对电场轴向分量影响较小; 随电子温度的增大, 壁面二次电子发射系数先增大后减少. 关键词： 霍尔推进器 等离子体鞘层 电子温度 粒子模拟     

离子推力器放电腔数值模拟

为更好地理解放电腔内等离子体物理机制,对Kaufman型离子推力器放电腔进行了数值研究,其中初始电子采用粒子模拟的方法处理,二次电子和离子采用漂移-扩散流体近似描述。模拟结果与已有实验测量数据进行对比表明：所采用计算方法适用于放电腔内等离子体流动规律的数值研究;模拟得到的稳态下等离子体分布及变化规律与实验测量数据相吻合;磁场的设计对初始电子起到显著的约束作用,有效地提高了其与工质气体的电离碰撞几率;二次电子的精确描述还需在流体方程中耦合磁场效应。     

Experimental study of the effect of propellant asymmetrical distribution on anode current in a Hall effect thruster

This paper experimentally evaluated the effect of the disruption of the symmetrical distribution of the propellant on the characteristics of the anode current. The change in the asymmetry degree of the propellant distribution is achieved by supplying gas with a dual-cavity gas distributor. The results show that as the asymmetry degree increases, the magnitude of the anode current changes monotonically from a slow growth to a rapid growth, while the peak-to-peak value of the anode current exhibits a non-monotonic behavior. A preliminary analysis shows that the asymmetrical distribution of the propellant causes a nonuniform plasma generation along the azimuthal direction and consequently the appearance of an azimuthal electric field. The effect of the azimuthal electric field on the electron azimuthal drift as well as the induction of the electron axial drift are key factors that account for the change of the anode current and its oscillation.