Towards a fast-running method for blast-wave mitigation by a prismatic blast wall

A procedure aimed at developing a fast-running method for blast-wave effects characterization behind a protection barrier is presented. Small-scale experiments of a hemispherical gaseous charge (stoichiometric propane–oxygen mixture) without and with a prismatic protective barrier are used to validate the use of an in-house CFD code for gaseous detonation. From numerical experiments, pressure loss of a blast wave at a corner is quantified. These fits, in conjunction with TM5-1300 reflection charts, are used to estimate the maximum overpressure around a protective barrier through geometrical and empirical laws. The results show good agreement with numerical and experimental data from the ANR-BARPPRO research project.     

爆炸冲击波作用于墙体及对墙体绕射的实验研究

采用试验的方法,对爆炸冲击波作用于防爆墙及绕过墙体的规律进行了研究.采用压力传感器测压,获得了防爆墙前后不同距离的压力波形.试验结果表明:作用于前墙迎爆面反射超压一般要比墙后最大绕射超压大一个数量级,马赫反射一般发生在距离墙后1.5~2.0倍墙高处,药量与爆心距离对墙体反射超压及墙后绕射超压的变化规律有重要影响.通过综合分析和试验结果,得到了爆炸波绕射的内在机理,为防爆墙的设计与加固提供依据和参考.     

Specific features of incident and reflected blast waves

On the basis of numerical modeling specific features of shock wave reflections were analyzed. It was found, that after diaphragm rupture self-modeling pressure and velocity distributions nearby the shock front establish. But in some special cases the temperature behind the shock front can rise. This peculiarity should be taken into account when performing experiments with high reactive gaseous mixtures. The temperature on the shock front and the velocity gradient behind it are uniform in the case of strong blast wave reflections. This effect is observed in the zone with an elevated temperature profile behind the incident blast wave. The reflected triangular waves conserve a quasi-self-modeling character by pressure. Typical experiments were carried out to verify the theoretical predictions. The effects of reflected wave acceleration in the case of triangular waves and the self-similar character of the pressure profiles were observed.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

箱型结构内部爆炸破坏研究进展

结构内部爆炸破坏机理和规律是常规武器毁伤效能预测与评估、建筑物和舰船抗爆防护设计的重要支撑。基于结构内爆炸载荷、内部爆炸作用下结构塑性响应、内部爆炸作用下箱壁结构破坏模式、内部爆炸作用下多箱型结构破坏模式和分布四个方面详细论述了箱型结构内部爆炸破坏的研究现状及存在的问题,并对内部爆炸后续研究给出了建议。建议研究并建立更加复杂的结构内部爆炸载荷和破坏效应描述模型、内部爆炸作用下箱壁的动力响应机理、多箱型结构与内部爆炸波产生的耦合效应、内部爆炸作用下结构的破坏模式和破坏范围的快速准确预测方法等。     

The interaction of oblique blast waves with buildings

Assessment of the net load imparted to a building that is oriented at some angle to an incident blast wave is complicated by the difficulty of establishing the impulse delivered to each part of the building’s surfaces. Expansion waves originating from the edges and top of the building—where regions of different pressures meet—tend to reduce the (oblique) reflected impulses that would develop on an infinitely large surface. This process is referred to as oblique clearing. An investigation which considered a single, tall building aligned obliquely to an effectively uniform blast wave has been undertaken with the aim of demonstrating and describing the path of these expansion waves as the blast wave passes over the building. The investigation comprised a series of small-scale experiments supported by numerical simulations using the code ftt_air3d. The loads arising at two scaled stand-off distances were considered. It is shown that depending on the angle of the building to the blast and the length of the blast wave with respect to the size of the building, the effect of the expansion waves may vary considerably, hence altering the load experienced by the building.     

Dynamic response of a reinforced concrete slab subjected to air blast load

Reinforced concrete is the principal material for military engineering and nuclear power plant containment. However, impacts and explosions could completely destroy such structures, causing tremendous casualties and property loss. Hence, this study conducts an analysis on the propagation law of a blast pressure wave and the dynamic response of reinforced concrete structures under explosive pressure wave effects. This study uses proper state material parameters and equations and then applies the nonlinear finite element analysis software LS-DYNA to conduct a numerical simulation of a free-field explosion model. After comparison with the computed results from empirical equations and validating the reliability of the numerical analysis model, the destruction and influencing factors on reinforced concrete slabs, under the effects of a blast pressure wave, are investigated. The results can serve as a reference for future analysis and design.     

舱内爆炸载荷及舱室板架结构的失效模式分析

通过对典型半穿甲导弹打靶实验中舰艇结构破坏模式的观察，结合数值模拟，分析了舱内爆炸载荷的特征以及舱内爆炸下舱室板架结构的失效模式。结果表明，舱内爆炸下，舱室板架结构承受的冲击载荷及失效模式与敞开环境爆炸下加筋板结构承受的冲击载荷及失效模式有较大区别，其动态响应难以用敞开环境爆炸下加筋板结构的动态响应描述；舱内爆炸载荷主要有壁面反射冲击波、角隅汇聚冲击波以及准静态气体压力，其中两壁面和三壁面角隅汇聚冲击波的强度分别为相同部位壁面反射冲击波强度的5倍和12倍以上；舱室板架结构主要有4种失效模式，其中模式Ⅲ、Ⅳ较常发生；舱室板架结构加强筋布置在迎爆面将使板架中部的局部破坏程度增加，但有利于削弱角隅汇聚冲击波强度，减小板架沿角隅部位的撕裂破坏。     

爆炸冲击波对墙体绕射效应的研究

采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,对爆炸冲击波作用于防爆墙的载荷与冲击波绕过 防爆墙的规律进行了研究. 采用压力传感器测压技术获得了防爆墙前后不同距离的压力曲线. 数值模拟基于ALE方法与JWL状态方程,试验结果与数值模拟基本相符,给出了冲击波作用 于防爆墙迎爆面上的载荷并研究了冲击波绕过防爆墙详细过程. 通过综合分析,得到了爆炸 冲击波绕流的内在机理为防爆墙的设计与加固提供依据和参考.     

舱内爆炸角隅汇聚反射冲击波超压特性研究

为研究密闭舱室内爆角隅汇聚反射冲击波超压特性,利用缩比模型进行了某典型舱室内爆试验,得到远离角隅、两面角隅和三面角隅处的冲击波载荷,结合数值模拟研究了3种特征位置处冲击波传播规律及载荷特征。研究结果表明:远离角隅处壁面反射冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,反射冲击波以球面波传播;距两面角隅一定范围内冲击波超压曲线呈现双峰结构,两面角隅冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,角隅汇聚反射冲击波以椭球状传播;距三面角隅一定范围内冲击波超压曲线呈现多峰结构,三面角隅冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,角隅汇聚反射冲击波以球面波传播;在合理假设条件下,根据量纲分析及数值模拟结果,得到首次冲击时角隅汇聚反射冲击波载荷经验计算公式。     

Estimating equivalent viscous damping ratio for RC members under seismic and blast loadings

It can be learned that the equivalent viscous damping (EVD) ratio as a function of displacement ductility is a crucial parameter in the application of the displacement based method. A set of generalized expressions are proposed herein for estimating the EVD ratio for individual and multiple reinforced concrete (RC) members. For individual RC members under seismic loads, the EVD ratio was derived based on their hysteretic response and hysteretic energy dissipated under fully reversed cyclic loading. Because of the nature of blast loads only the energy dissipated up to maximum displacement was considered to estimate the EVD ratio for individual RC members under blast loads. For multiple degree of freedom systems consisting of RC members, the EVD ratio was derived based on equating the total energy dissipated in the system to the sum of the energy dissipated by its individual members. Analytical studies presented here and elsewhere indicate that the EVD ratio is highly dependent on the damaged displacement ductility, which can be directly correlated to damage. These analytical results along with the expressions to compute the EVD ratio for RC members under seismic and blast loads are presented and discussed in this paper.     

Further study on effect of concrete defense layer on evolution mechanism of stress-waves

The Taylor–Chen–Kuszmaul model, which regards the dynamic fracture process of brittle materials as a continuous accrual of damage, has been successfully applied to simulate rock blast and concrete penetration. This paper employs the TCK damage model to numerical study on the effect of perforated concrete defense layer on evolution mechanism of blast-induced stress waves. The numerical results reveal that the tensile damage near free boundary should be noteworthy under a higher blast loading, and the peak values of hydrostatic pressure beneath an artificial cavity are largely reduced. The effects of cavity dimensions and position on wave evolution and reduction are detailedly explored. One empirical formula is proposed to relate the decay factor of peak hydrostatic pressure to the dimensions and relative position of cavity.     

Simulation of blast wave propagation over a cylinder

A numerical study of the interaction of plane blast waves with a cylinder is presented. Computations are carried out for various blast-wave durations and comparisons are obtained with the corresponding results of planar shock-wave. Both inviscid and viscous results based on the solution of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are presented. The equations are solved by an adaptive-grid method and a second-order Godunov scheme. The shock wave diffraction over the cylinder is investigated by means of various contour plots, as well as, pressure and skin-friction histories. The study reveals that the blast-wave duration significantly influences the unsteady flow over the cylinder. The differences between the viscous and inviscid results are also discussed. Received 2 March 1996 / Accepted 28 February 1997     

Numerical prediction of rock mass damage due to accidental explosions in an underground ammunition storage chamber

Accidental detonations in an underground ammunition storage chamber inside a rock mass may cause severe damage to the rock mass around the chamber, adjacent tunnels and chambers, ground surface, and in the worst case cause sympathetic detonation of explosives in adjacent storage chambers. To prevent such damage, underground ammunition storage chambers are often situated at minimum depth below the ground surface, and spaced at minimum distance from each other, so that damage, should it occur, is limited to the accidental chamber. Different codes and regulations for ammunition storage chambers specify minimum embedment depth and separation distance for underground ammunition storage chambers. They are usually given in terms of the rock mass properties and the weight of explosive stored in chambers. Some empirical formulae, usually based on the peak particle velocity of the stress wave or the maximum strain of the rock mass, are also available to estimate the damage zones in the rock mass from an explosion. All these empirical methods do not include the effects of explosion details, such as the loading density, chamber geometry and explosive distribution. In this paper, a previously calibrated numerical model is used to estimate the damage zones in a granite mass resulting from an accidental explosion in an underground ammunition storage chamber. Effects of various explosion conditions on rock mass damage are investigated. On the basis of the numerical results, some empirical formulae are derived to predict damage zones around the explosion chamber, as well as safe embedment depth of the storage chamber and safe separation distance between adjacent chambers. The numerical results are also compared with available empirical formulae and code specifications. It should be noted that the characteristics of stress wave propagation around an ammunition storage chamber has been published in a preceding paper (Int. J. Blast. Fragm. 5:57–90, 2001.     

反射波对预混气体爆炸过程与管壁动态响应的影响

为研究管道内甲烷/空气混合气体火焰和压力波的传播规律,对内载压力波作用下管壁的动态响应进行实验。结果表明,末端闭口实验中,管道末端的反射激波会引起当地火焰亮度的增大,而前端反射激波则有可能导致火焰内部的分离从而出现熄灭与复燃现象。相对于末端开口工况,末端闭口实验时管道两端产生的往复反射激波对管壁具有叠加加载作用,导致管壁产生较大的环向应变。     

外爆条件下冲击波与组合壳结构的相互作用

为研究冲击波与组合壳结构的相互作用,针对带防护墙的地面直立钢筋混凝土组合壳结构,考虑结构安置于地面和周边围土2种工况,开展结构爆炸实验,分析了结构外表面冲击波荷载分布及振动特性。实验结果表明:冲击波作用下,结构外表面爆炸荷载主要产生在冲击波绕射过程,确定荷载时应考虑冲击波压力在绕射传播过程中的自然衰减;整个结构中与冲击波最早接触的构件先产生振动,而后由于结构整体参与使得振动频率降低,振动幅值减小;结构周边围土可降低防护墙迎爆部分构件的振动频率,减小防护墙和组合壳的振动幅值。     

爆炸冲击波反射流场的理论计算方法

爆炸冲击波遇到固壁,依次发生正规和非正规反射。本文中基于镜像方法,将爆炸冲击波在固壁反射等效为真实和虚拟爆炸流场的相互作用,建立了波后流场的理论计算方法。首先,假定反射波是以虚拟爆源为中心的圆弧,马赫杆是以爆心在固壁投影点为中心的圆弧。然后,根据爆炸自由场传播规律,利用基于几何近似的方法,建立流场中冲击波结构随时间演化的计算方法,确定任意时刻波后流场区域。最后,利用新发展的叠加模型LAMBR (LAMB revisied),将真实和虚拟爆炸流场进行叠加,给出波后流场中的压力、密度和速度等物理量。通过与数值模拟结果和已有数据进行对比,发现该方法得到的流场物理量分布、峰值等能够反映流场发展的主要规律,从而验证了该理论方法的合理性。而且,该理论方法所需的时间相较于数值模拟大大缩短。     

Reflection of a spherical blast wave from a planar surface

Numerous authors have carried out rather extensive studies in the last twenty to thirty years of the problem of the interaction of shock and blast waves with obstacles in their paths. Owing to the complexity of the problem, they assumed certain limiting cases for the shock wave interactions in which the parameters behind the shock wave were usually taken to be constants. The first wave diffraction studies involving variable parameters behind the front were presented in [1, 2], wherein a development of the theory of “short waves” (blast waves at a substantial distance from the center of an explosion) and their reflection from a planar surface was given. The theory of short waves assumes that the jump in pressure at the wave front and the region over which the parameters vary are small. The problem concerning reflection of a blast wave from a surface was also considered in [3, 4], wherein a solution in the region behind the reflected wave was obtained at initial times. The initial stage in the reflection of a blast wave from a planar, cylindrical, or spherical surface (the one-dimensional case) was studied in [5]. In this paper we investigate the interaction of a spherical blast wave, resulting from a point explosion, with a planar surface; we consider both regular and non-regular reflection stages. In solving this problem we use S. L. Godunov's finite-difference method. We obtain numerical solutions for various values of the shock strength at the instant of its encounter with the surface. We present the pressure fields in the flow regions, the pressure distribution over the surface at various instants of time, and the trajectories of the triple point. The parameter values at the front of the reflected wave are compared with results obtained from the theory of regular reflection of shock waves.     

砌体结构长脉宽爆炸荷载损伤等级评估方法

随着百千吨级当量爆炸工业事故的频繁发生,建筑结构的损伤评估和抗爆安全性更受到关注。目前,构件级的评估方法相对成熟,而大当量冲击波作用下的建筑结构整体毁伤评估依旧是个开放性问题。本文中,面向结构级的毁伤评估,提出了一种新的评估方法?构件损伤加权。该方法以承重构件损伤程度为基础,通过基于应变能的构件权系数加权,进而评估结构级损伤破坏程度。为了验证评估方法的有效性,以典型砌体结构为例,利用自主研发的冲击波结构毁伤模拟有限元程序,开展了百毫秒脉宽爆炸冲击波荷载下结构动力学响应数值模拟。根据数值模拟结果,结合构件损伤加权的评估方法,获取砌体结构损伤等级与冲击波超压的关系。预测的超压值的相对误差为?16.9%～26.2%,验证了评估方法的有效性。该评估方法为获取砌体结构的超压-冲量曲线提供了可行的途径,可为结构的抗爆安全设计提供参考。     

A Free-Lagrange method for unsteady compressible flow: simulation of a confined cylindrical blast wave

A Free-Lagrange numerical procedure for the simulation of two-dimensional inviscid compressible flow is described in detail. The unsteady Euler equations are solved on an unstructured Lagrangian grid based on a density-weighted Voronoi mesh. The flow solver is of the Godunov type, utilising either the HLLE (2 wave) approximate Riemann solver or the more recent HLLC (3 wave) variant, each adapted to the Lagrangian frame. Within each mesh cell, conserved properties are treated as piece-wise linear, and a slope limiter of the MUSCL type is used to give non-oscillatory behaviour with nominal second order accuracy in space. The solver is first order accurate in time. Modifications to the slope limiter to minimise grid and coordinate dependent effects are described. The performances of the HLLE and HLLC solvers are compared for two test problems; a one-dimensional shock tube and a two-dimensional blast wave confined within a rigid cylinder. The blast wave is initiated by impulsive heating of a gas column whose centreline is parallel to, and one half of the cylinder radius from, the axis of the cylinder. For the shock tube problem, both solvers predict shock and expansion waves in good agreement with theory. For the HLLE solver, contact resolution is poor, especially in the blast wave problem. The HLLC solver achieves near-exact contact capture in both problems. Received May 25, 1995 / Accepted September 11, 1995     

探地雷达测定地基土含水量的实验研究

利用室内模型槽,采用探地雷达开展了测定地基土含水量的室内实验研究。通过对探地雷达反射波法测定的介电常数和烘干法测定的含水量之间的曲线拟合,提出了实验用粉土的含水量与介电常数之间的经验公式。与实测含水量的对比分析表明,Topp公式在一定含水量范围内有良好的适用性,而本文提出的经验公式较Topp公式具有更宽的含水量适用范围和更高的预测精度;针对不同类型土建立相应的含水量和介电常数之间的经验公式是必要的,将有助于提高探地雷达测定地基土含水量的精度。