氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定环境水样中痕量镉

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法对环境水样中痕量镉进行测定。对分析的条件进行了试验并予以优化。在0.12 mol.L-1盐酸介质中,以1 mg.L-1钴溶液为信号增感剂,10 g.L-1硫脲溶液作为络合剂,当硼氢化钾质量浓度为30 g.L-1时,镉质量浓度在6.0μg.L-1以内与荧光强度值呈线性关系。对空白溶液进行11次测定,其方法检出限(3s/k)为0.18μg.L-1。此方法应用于环境水样的分析,并在此样品基础上,用标准加入法对方法作回收试验,测得平均回收率为96.3%及101.7%。     

纳米钛富集水样重金属镉-胶体金免疫层析法快速检测方法的建立

研究了纳米TiO2分离富集水样中痕量镉的最佳反应条件,应用自制抗Cd(Ⅱ)-iEDTA(Isothiocya-nobenzyi-EDTA)螯合物的单克隆抗体,建立了快速检测环境水样中重金属镉残留的胶体金免疫层析法。采用纳米钛富集水样中的痕量镉,用洗脱剂将吸附的镉离子洗脱后,再采用胶体金免疫层析法快速判断镉离子浓度,进而分析水样中的重金属镉含量。结果表明,pH 9.0时,Cd可被纳米TiO2定量富集,吸附于纳米TiO2上的镉离子可用0.1 mol/L的EDTA.2Na(乙二胺四乙酸二钠)溶液定量脱附。在优化实验条件下,纳米TiO2对Cd的吸附容量为14.7 mg/g,富集倍数可达50倍。制备了比色法判定结果的胶体金试纸条,并建立了纳米TiO2富集-胶体金试纸条联用检测方法。对实测样品的检测耗时约90 min,该方法对Cd的定量下限可达5μg/L,适用于环境水样的检测。     

冷蒸气发生-原子吸收光谱法测定大米中痕量镉

采用冷蒸气发生-原子吸收光谱法测定大米中痕量镉。大米样品经硝酸-高氯酸(5+1)混合酸消解后,在盐酸(5+95)溶液中加入溶于8 g·L-1氢氧化钠的25 g·L-1硼氢化钠溶液使与溶液中镉离子反应生成镉气态原子。分析中采用载气流量为0.8 L·min-1。试样溶液中加入硝酸镍和硫脲混合溶液作为增敏剂。于仪器中引入试样溶液,按选定的工作条件进行测定。镉的质量浓度在0.02~20.0μg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3σ)为0.005μg·L-1。应用此法对大米样品进行分析,测得镉的回收率在96.7%~103.7%之间。     

顺序注射氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定环境水样中砷和镉

目的考察了光电倍增管负高压、砷和镉灯电流、原子化器高度、载气流量、屏蔽气流量、增敏剂等因素对测定结果的影响。方法建立一种顺序注射氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定水样中砷和镉含量的方法。结果载流HCl的浓度为0.60 mol/L,KBH4质量浓度为20g/L,增敏剂硫脲和钴离子的质量浓度分别为80 g/L和70 g/L时,同时测定砷和镉的效果最佳。在最佳实验条件下,砷和镉的检出限分别为0.009 3μg/L和0.12μg/L,加标回收率为92.3%～103.9%,相对标准偏差小于3.5%,被测水样中共存离子对砷和镉的测定没有干扰。结论该法操作方便、快速,用于环境水样中砷和镉的同时测定,具有很好的可行性和实用性。     

中孔分子筛P123-SH分离富集-火焰原子吸收法测定水样中镉

利用自制的中孔分子筛P123-SH作为镉的分离富集新材料,探讨了中孔分子筛P123-SH吸附镉的原理,优化了测定镉最佳条件。在pH6.5,室温下恒温振荡15min,镉可被该材料定量吸附,其静态吸附容量为9.52mg/g。吸附的镉可用2mol/LHCl洗脱,用火焰原子吸收法测定洗脱下来的镉。该方法线性范围为0.80～120μg/L;检出限为0.12μg/L,对50μg/LCd2 溶液平行测定7次,RSD=2.1%。此法已成功地应用于环境水样中痕量镉的测定。     

微波灰化-原子荧光光谱法测定卷烟纸中镉

卷烟纸样品于瓷坩埚中,放入微波灰化系统中在450℃灰化20min,残渣加入体积分数为2.5%盐酸溶液溶解转入50mL容量瓶中定容后,供原子荧光光谱仪测定卷烟纸中镉的含量。在优化的仪器条件下,镉的质量浓度在0.2～10μg.L-1范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.018μg.L-1。方法用于分析卷烟纸样品,所得回收率在94.4%～98.4%之间。方法的日内和日间相对标准偏差(n=7)分别为2.2%和2.8%。     

镉试剂正负峰加和法测定水中镉

研究了表面活性剂对Cd(Ⅱ)与1-(4-硝基苯基)-3-(4-苯基偶氮苯基)-三氮烯(镉试剂)显色反应的影响。实验结果表明,在非离子表面活性剂TritonX-100存在下,配合物出现正负两个最大吸收峰分别为478 nm和566 nm。采用正负峰加和法,Cd(Ⅱ)在0~8μg/25 mL范围内服从比尔定律,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.44×105L.mol-1.cm-1。该法可用于合成样品及池塘水样中痕量镉的测定。     

微量进样-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定小白鼠血液中镉

离心分离小白鼠血液中的血红细胞和血清,所得的血红细胞经硝酸和过氧化氢消化处理.结合微量进样系统,进样量为300μL,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了小白鼠血液中血红细胞和血清中镉的含量.镉的质量浓度在0.050～0.600 mg·L-1范围内与吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为2.2μg·L-1.加标回收率为97.1%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为3.0%.应用此法测定了饮用0.1 g·L-1硝酸镉溶液15d的小白鼠的血清和血红细胞中镉的含量,试验组的血液中镉含量为对照组的7倍.     

浊点萃取富集-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法同时测定环境水样和中药中超痕量铅和镉

提出了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法同时测定环境水样和中药中超痕量铅与镉的方法.以双硫腙为络合剂,在pH 7.0时,用Triton X-114非离子表面活性剂浊点萃取富集样品溶液中痕量铅和镉.用硝酸镁和磷酸二氢铵的混合液作为基体改进剂测定铅和镉,铅和镉的检出限(3s/k)分别为0.138,0.007μg·L-1,相对标准偏差(n=7)分别为1.90%,2.08%.对于10 mL样品溶液的富集倍数分别为18.3,17.7.应用所提出的方法测定了杨树叶(GBW 07604)和小麦粉(GBW08503)国家标准样品,测定结果与标准值相符.铅和镉的加标回收率分别为97.8%,94.0%(水样);98.0%,94.0%(中药样).     

泡沫塑料吸附-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水中痕量镉

用原子吸收光谱法测定水中镉时,为提高测定灵敏度,多采用有机试剂萃取富集的方法[1]。但萃取所用的试剂挥发性强、毒性大,对环境污染较大,损害人体健康。试验中发现,在I-存在的条件下,泡沫塑料(以下简称泡塑)可定量富集磷酸介质中以[CdI4]2-形式存在的镉,并且富集后的镉可在硫脲溶液中得到完全解脱。本文对该体系进行了研究,建立了测定水中痕量镉的方法,该方法中镉的吸附率高,解脱方便,测定结果稳定可靠,用于水样中痕量镉的分析,结果满意。1试验部分1.1仪器与试剂GGX-9型原子吸收光谱仪。镉标准溶液:按常规方法配制成1 g·L-1,使用时逐级…     

Application of edta to direct graphite-furnace atomic absorption analysis for cadmium in sea water

A method is described for the direct determination of cadmium in undiluted sea water by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The addition of EDTA ( 1 mg ml^-1) reduces the temperature of atomization of cadmium to far below that of volatilization of other matrix components. The need for very careful temperature control and accurate background compensation is thus minimized. Sea water was analyzed by the method of standard additions. A detection limit of 0.01 μg l^-1, a sensitivity of 0.034 μg l^-1 and a precision of ±10% at the 0.05 μg l^-1 level were obtained for 20-μl injections.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地质样品中镉、锗、钴

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地质样品中镉、锗、钴含量的分析方法。样品用氢氟酸-硝酸混合溶液加热溶解,然后加热浓缩驱酸,再用硝酸溶液(1+1)复溶提取,在选定的仪器工作条件下进行测定。镉、锗、钴的含量分别在0.00~0.10,0.00~5.00,0.00~50.00 μg/g范围内与质谱峰强度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限分别为0.01,0.02,0.02 μg/g。用该方法对国家一级标准物质进行测定,测定值的相对误差均小于10%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.79%~8.45%(n=12)。该方法样品处理过程简便,检测效率高,适用于批量地质样品中镉、锗、钴的测定。     

Determination of trace cadmium in waters by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry after preconcentration with 1-nitroso-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid on Ambersorb 572

A procedure for the determination of trace amount of cadmium after adsorption of its 1-nitroso-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid chelate on Ambersorb 572 has been proposed. This chelate is adsorbed on the adsorbent in the pH range 3-8 from large volumes of aqueous solution of water samples with a preconcentration factor of 200. After being sorbed, cadmium was eluted by 5 mL of 2.0 mol L(-1) nitric acid solution and determined directly by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometery (FAAS). The detection limit (3sigma) of cadmium was 0.32 microg L(-1). The precision of the proposed procedure, calculated as the relative standard deviation of recovery in sample solution (100 mL) containing 5 microg of cadmium was satisfactory (1.9%). The adsorption of cadmium onto adsorbent can formally be described by a Langmuir equation with a maximum adsorption capacity of 19.6 mg g(-1) and a binding constant of 6.5 x 10(-3) L mg(-1). Various parameters, such as the effect of pH and the interference of a number of metal ions on the determination of cadmium, have been studied in detail to optimize the conditions for the preconcentration and determination of cadmium in water samples. This procedure was applied to the determination of cadmium in tap and river water samples.     

Preconcentration and determination of cadmium by GFAAS after solid-phase extraction with synthetic zeolite.

The solid-phase extraction (SPE) method for the preconcentration of trace amounts of cadmium using synthetic zeolite A-4 and its determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was investigated. The preconcentration conditions, such as the optimum pH range of the sample solution for the adsorption of cadmium and the kind of acid solution for dissolving the cadmium-adsorbed synthetic zeolite A-4, as well as the measurement conditions for the determination of cadmium by GFAAS, e.g., the ashing and atomizing temperature, were investigated. Quantitative recovery of cadmium onto zeolite A-4 from the sample solution over the pH range 2.0 - 9.0 was achieved by the batch method. After the solid-phase (cadmium-adsorbed zeolite A-4) was separated from the sample solution by a membrane filter, it was dissolved in 2.0 cm(3) of 2.0 mol dm(-3) nitric acid. An aliquot of the resulting solution was injected into the graphite furnace. In GFAAS measurements an alternate gas (Ar, 90%; O(2), 10%) was used as a sheath gas, and the ashing temperature and atomizing temperature were 400 degrees C and 1600 degrees C, respectively. The detection limit (3 sigma) for cadmium was 0.002 microg dm(-3). The relative standard deviation at 0.010 microg dm(-3) was 3.5 - 4.5% (n = 5). The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of trace cadmium in environmental water samples.     

Determination of cadmium,copper and lead in mineral coal using solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-GF AAS) was investigated as a potential technique for the routine determination of trace elements in mineral coal and cadmium, copper and lead were chosen as the model elements. Cadmium and lead could be determined at their main resonance lines at 228.8 nm and 283.3 nm, respectively, but an alternate, less sensitive line had to be used for the determination of copper because of the high copper content in coal. No modifier was necessary for the determination of copper and calibration against aqueous standards provided sufficient accuracy of the results. For the determination of cadmium and lead two different modifiers were investigated, palladium and magnesium nitrates in solution, added on top of each sample aliquot before introduction into the atomizer tube, and ruthenium as a ‘permanent’ modifier. Both approaches gave comparable results, and it is believed that this is the first report about the successful use of a permanent chemical modifier in SS-GF AAS. Calibration against solid standards had to be used for the determination of cadmium and lead in order to obtain accurate values. The agreement between the values found by the proposed procedure and the certificate values for a number of coal reference materials was more than acceptable for routine purposes. The detection limits calculated for 1 mg of coal sample using the ‘zero mass response’ were 0.003 and 0.007 μg g⁻¹ for cadmium with the permanent modifier and the modifier solution, respectively, approximately 0.04 μg g⁻¹ for lead, and 0.014 μg g⁻¹ for copper.     

阻抑催化动力学光度法测定板栗罐头中痕量EDTA

在硫酸介质中,Fe(Ⅲ)对过氧化氢氧化中性红的褪色反应具有强的催化作用,EDTA对上述指示反应具有灵敏的阻抑作用,从而提出了一种阻抑催化动力学光度法测定板栗罐头中痕量EDTA的方法。优化的试验条件如下:①过氧化氢用量为1.0mL;②0.1g.L-1中性红溶液用量1.0mL;③50.0mg.L-1 Fe(Ⅲ)溶液用量为0.12mL;④反应温度为沸水浴;⑤反应时间为10min。EDTA的质量浓度在900μg.L-1以内与ΔA呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为8μg.L-1。方法用于板栗罐头中EDTA的测定,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)小于3.0%,加标回收率为93.0%～96.0%。     

Detection and semiquantitative determination of cadmium and copper using polyurethane foam loaded with selective reagents

Polyurethane foams immobilizing dithizone and lead diethyldithiocarbamate were prepared and examined, respectively, for the detection of cadmium and copper in aqueous solution. In batch tests, amounts as low as 0.1 and 0.05 μg ml^?1 of cadmium and copper are easily detected. Lower concentrations of these metal ions were detected in flow experiments using columns packed with 0.5 g of the reagent foam. Semiquantitative determination of these metals is also possible using a suitable standard color scale.     

Rapid coprecipitation-separation and flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of lead and cadmium in water with cobalt (II) and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate

A coprecipitation technique which does not require complete collection of the precipitate was proposed for the determination of trace lead and cadmium in water with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after preconcentration of lead and cadmium by using cobalt (II) and ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (Co-APDC) as coprecipitant and known amount of cobalt as an internal standard. Since lead, cadmium and cobalt were well distributed in the homogeneous precipitate, the concentration ratio of lead to cobalt, and cadmium to cobalt remained unchanged in any part of the precipitate. The amount of lead and cadmium in the original sample solution can be calculated respectively from the ratio of the absorbance values of lead and cadmium to cobalt in the final sample solution that is measured by FAAS and the known amount of the lead and cadmium in the standard series solutions. The optimum pH range for quantitative coprecipitation of lead and cadmium is from 3.0 to 4.5. The 16 diverse ions tested gave no significant interferences in the lead and cadmium determination. Under optimised conditions, lead ranging from 0 to 40?µg and cadmium ranging from 0 to 8?µg were quantitatively coprecipitated with Co-APDC from 100?mL sample solution (pH?～?3.5). This coprecipitation technique coupled with FAAS was applied to the determination of lead and cadmium in water samples with satisfactory results (recoveries in the range of 94.0–108%, relative standard deviations <6.0%).     

Application of Box–Behnken design in the optimisation of an on-line pre-concentration system using knotted reactor for cadmium determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

The present paper proposes an on-line pre-concentration system for cadmium determination in drinking water using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Cadmium(II) ions are retained as 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) complex at the walls of a knotted reactor, followed of elution using hydrochloric acid solution. The optimization was performed in two steps using factorial design for preliminary evaluation and a Box–Behnken design for determination of the critical experimental conditions. The variables involved were: sampling flow-rate, reagent concentration, pH and buffer concentration, and as response the analytical signal (absorbance). The validation process was performed considering the parameters: linearity and other characteristics of the calibration curve, analytical features of on-line pre-concentration system, precision, effect of other ions in the pre-concentration system and accuracy. Using the optimized experimental conditions, the procedure allows cadmium determination with a detection limit (3 σ / S) of 0.10 μg L^− 1, a quantification limit (10 σ / S) of 0.33 μg L⁻¹, and a precision, calculated as relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.7% (n = 7) and 2.4% (n = 7) for cadmium concentrations of 5 and 25 μg L^− 1, respectively. A pre-concentration factor of 18 and a sampling frequency of 48 h⁻¹ were obtained. The recovery for cadmium in the presence of several ions demonstrated that this procedure could be applied for the analysis of water samples. The method was applied for cadmium determination in drinking water samples collected in Salvador City, Brazil. The cadmium concentrations found in five samples were lower than the maximum permissible levels established by the World Health Organization.     

The direct determination of cadmium in urine by electrochemical atomic absorption spectrometry with the L'vov platform

A simple, direct procedure for the measurement of cadmium in urine is described. Graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is used in conjunction with selective atomisation at 800°C from a L'vov platform. Urine samples are diluted with an equal volume of deionised water and 20-μl aliquots are injected. Calibration is done by standard additions. The sensitivity is 0.016 μg Cd l^?1 for 1% absorption for a 20-μl sample. Within-run precision is 4.9% at 0.84 μg l^?1. The detection limit is 0.06 μg l^?1, which allows normal unexposed levels of cadmium in urine to be determined. The method is applicable to the determination of urinary cadmium levels of both occupationally non-exposed and exposed populations.