超声化学法制备树枝状纳米银的研究

Nanostructured silver dendrites were synthesized by using sonochemical method from an aqueous solution of AgNO₃ in the presence of isopropanol as reducing agent and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as disperser. The silver nanostructures were characterized by using TEM， XRD and EDS analysis. The effects of reducing agents， dispersers， concentration of AgNO₃ on the silver dendrites nanostructures were also invetigated. A well-defined nanostructured silver dendrite was prepared by ultrsonic irradiation of the aqueous solution of 0.04 mol·L^-1 silver nitrate， 4.00 mol·L^-1 isopropanol and 0.04 mol·L^-1 PEG400 for 1 h.     

松树枝状双金属Ag-Cu颗粒的制备与电活性

利用恒电位电解技术,直接从无支持电解质的AgNO3和Cu(NO3)2混合溶液中,在钛片表面上沉积具有松树枝状结构的双金属Ag-Cu纳米颗粒。SEM图像表明,树枝长度随铜比例的增加而增加;随着电解的不断进行,双金属纳米颗粒直接沉积于树叶顶端,形成花蕊芯状结构。松树枝状结构的形成是Ag+和Cu2+的扩散过程与电迁移过程共同作用的结果。研究了肼在这种双金属Ag-Cu纳米颗粒上的循环伏安特性,结果表明,肼在这种以钛为基体的树枝状双金属Ag79Cu21,Ag71Cu29和Ag54Cu46纳米电极表面上的吸附为多层吸附,由此建立超低浓度肼的电化学检测法,在1mol·L-1NaOH溶液中的检测下限分别为0.0941、0.0369和0.264μmol·L-1。     

树枝状银纳米颗粒的电沉积法制备及其对葡萄糖的电催化氧化研究

在无支持电解质的Ag(NH3)2+溶液中,采用电沉积法在Ti基体上制备出树枝状纳米银电极(Ag/Ti),研究了Ag(NH3)2+浓度改变对纳米银颗粒形貌的影响。结果表明,Ag(NH3)2+浓度为30mmol·L-1时制备的纳米银电极(Ag/Ti-3)呈形状较为规整的树枝状。研究了该树枝状Ag/Ti-3在碱性溶液中对葡萄糖氧化的电催化活性。循环伏安结果表明,在0.1mol·L-1 NaOH溶液中,葡萄糖在Ag/Ti-3电极上的起始氧化电位相对于多晶银电极提前约390mV;0.05V时的恒电位阶跃研究表明,葡萄糖浓度和它的稳态氧化电流密度呈良好的线性关系,检测灵敏度为0.57mA.cm-2(mmol·L-1)-1,检测限13.94μmol·L-1。这种树枝状Ag/Ti-3对葡萄糖检测具有的高灵敏度和较好的选择性,有望作为电化学传感器检测低浓度葡萄糖。     

纳米树枝状银-石墨烯复合材料的电化学合成及对过氧化氢的测定

利用电化学方法制备了树枝状纳米银-石墨烯复合材料,该材料对过氧化氢的还原展现出优异的电催化活性,归因于其独特的纳米结构以及纳米银优良的催化性能。用差分脉冲伏安法对过氧化氢进行检测,还原峰电流与其浓度在25～2000μmol/L范围内呈线性关系,灵敏度为4. 875 mA·cm~(-2)·(mmol/L)~(-1),检出限为0. 61 mmol/L,并具有较好的重现性和稳定性。     

纳米银的电化学合成

纳米颗粒因具有量子尺寸效应、表面效应和宏观量子隧道效应等不同于晶态体材料和单个分子的固有特性 ,显示出体材料不具备的导电特性、光电特性、光催化能力及随粒径变化的吸收或发射光谱 ,已被用于各种发光与显示装置[1] .其制备的化学方法主要有溶胶 -凝胶法、微乳法、化学沉淀法和醇解法等 [2 ] .近年来 ,新发展出一种电化学合成纳米粒子的方法 ,如 Braun等 [3]利用 DNA模板电化学合成了银纳米线 ,Yu等[4 ] 用电化学合成了金纳米棒 ,Zhu等[5] 利用超声电化学合成了半导体 Pb Se纳米粒子 ,Amigo等 [6 ]用电化学方法合成了 Fe-Sr氧化…     

纳米银胶体颗粒制备新方法及其荧光增强效应研究

在纳米银胶体颗粒的制备中引入固相分散基体——天然纤维素,利用其表面丰富的羟基、醚基等含氧基团,均匀吸附银离子后,浸入低浓度硼氢化钠,经历脱附、还原过程生成银纳米颗粒的胶体溶液.与经典制备方法相比,反应过程温和且无需添加任何稳定剂,所制得的银纳米颗粒细小、均一、稳定性高.荧光增强实验表明,由于消除了大分子稳定剂的阻碍,胶体溶液在较低浓度下即可获得很好的荧光增强作用.     

树枝状碳硅烷涂层电色谱柱的制备及其评价

利用碳硅烷树枝状大分子末端SiCl键的高反应活性和多官能团性,将β-环糊精固定到毛细管柱上,制备了一种新型的手性毛细管电色谱柱。本涂层柱性能稳定,使用寿命长,经过1个月的连续运行,柱效能损失率低于5%。优化分离条件,采取16kV分离电压、检测波长214nm、10cm位差进样7s和40mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲体系,分离扑尔敏、盐酸异丙嗪和苯丙胺手性异构体,其中G2P代柱子对扑尔敏分离柱效达到2.5×105Plates/m,分离度RS=1.43,基线分离,取得了较满意的分离效果。     

无负载的纳米银电极：一种用于1-溴乙基苯与 CO2电羧化的高效催化剂

CO2作为主要的温室气体, CO2固定利用引起了广泛的关注,同时它还是一种丰富无毒的 C1资源,将其作为原料合成高附加值的化学品,不仅可以缓解温室效应,而且还可以缓解能源危机,具有重要的经济和战略意义.在 CO2的资源化利用中,制备2-苯基丙酸意义重大.2-苯基丙酸是一种重要的医药中间体,可用于合成布洛芬、酮洛芬等用途广泛的药剂.因此,其制备方法引起了人们的广泛关注.
　　在典型的合成2-苯基丙酸均相催化体系中,经常使用Co, Ni和Pd等过渡金属催化剂,虽然得到的目标产物产率较高,但催化剂成本高,且很难循环使用,从而限制了其实际使用.
　　电催化法为2-苯基丙酸的合成提供了一条新的途径.本课题组利用手性钴配合物作为催化剂电羧化不对称合成了手性2-苯基丙酸,其产率和 ee值分别为37%和83%.此外,我们还制备了 Co负载的纳米 Ag电极,以其为工作电极不对称羧化1-溴乙基苯与 CO2反应,得到目标产物2-苯基丙酸的产率为58%, ee值为73%.
　　在前期工作的基础上,本文利用无负载的纳米银电极(Ag NPs)为工作电极,电催化1-溴乙基苯与 CO2羧化制备2-苯基丙酸.银纳米电极是利用水合肼还原 AgNO3溶液经抽滤、干燥、压片而成.为了研究 Ag NPs催化 CO2与1-溴乙基苯反应,在一室型电解池中,以 Ag NPs为阴极,镁电极为牺牲阳极,以 CH3CN-TEAI (0.1 mol/L)溶液为电解质溶液,底物浓度为0.1 mol/L,饱和 CO2的氛围下进行恒电流电解,经后处理,可得目标产物2-苯基丙酸.为了提高2-苯基丙酸的产率,我们探讨了工作电极、电解电量、电流密度以及反应温度等条件对反应的影响,从而得到优化条件为反应温度0℃、电解电量2.5 F/mol、电流密度5 mA/cm2,此时2-苯基丙酸的产率可达98%.
　　在优化条件下,我们还研究了一系列苯基卤代物,如溴化苄、溴苯、α-溴苯乙酸、2-溴代萘、二苯基溴甲烷和1-氯乙基苯的电羧化反应.反应后可以得到相应的羧酸,并取得较好的收率(67%?88%).结果表明,纳米银电极对催化该类反应具有很好催化活性和普适性.本文所采用的条件都比较温和,无需高温或高压.
　　在最优条件下,所制纳米银电极可重复使用至少10次,且保持催化活性不变.经过 X射线衍射和扫描电镜表征发现,重复使用后纳米银电极的组成和微结构都保持不变.因此,该纳米银电极具有制备方法简单、催化活性高,稳定性好等特点,具备一定的应用前景.     

纳米银/聚多巴胺修饰玻碳电极的制备及电化学行为

利用电聚合法和脉冲沉积技术制备了纳米银/聚多巴胺修饰的玻碳电极. 通过循环伏安法和示差脉冲伏安法研究了该修饰电极上对硝基苯酚的电化学行为; 讨论了扫描速度和支持电解质等条件对对硝基苯酚在修饰电极上催化还原的影响. 结果表明, 对硝基苯酚的示差脉冲峰电流在4×10^-5～3×10^-4 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系.     

纳米银形状控制合成与聚合物纳米银复合材料

纳米银(Ag NPs)由于其独特的物理、化学和生物学特性备受研究人员的关注.纳米银应用性能除了受到粒子尺寸、分布、纯度等因素影响,还与纳米银的形状密切相关.纳米银的形状对纳米银的抗菌性能、光学性能以及聚合物纳米银复合材料的综合性能都会产生重要影响.纳米银的形状控制合成可以进一步发挥聚合物纳米银复合材料的性能潜力.因此,不断发展纳米银新的合成方法,研究纳米银形状控制的机理就显得尤为重要.本文综述了纳米银合成方法和不同形状纳米银的最新研究进展,合成方法重点介绍了辐射法、激光烧蚀法、电化学法、光化学法和生物合成法,评述了这些方法的优缺点;同时从模板法、动力学、热力学以及氧化刻蚀4个方面介绍了纳米银形状控制的机理.介绍了聚合物纳米银复合材料的研究进展.     

Morphology dependent electrocatalytic activity of Au nanoparticles

The electrocatalytic activity of spherical shape Au particles chemically grown on a sol–gel derived 3D silicate network modified conducting surface has been studied using ascorbate as a model. The nanostructured Au particles show morphology dependent electrocatalytic activity towards ascorbate. Unusual voltammetric behavior for ascorbate has been observed. Unlike the polycrystalline Au electrode, the nanostructured electrode shows two well defined voltammetric peaks for ascorbate at 0 and 0.3 V in neutral and alkaline pHs. These voltammetric peaks are assigned for the oxidation of ascorbate to dehydroascorbate (DHA) and the further oxidation of 2,3-diketogluonic acid (DKG), the hydrolyzed product of DHA. The voltammetric peak corresponding to the oxidation of DKG is very sensitive to the supporting electrolyte anions and solution pH. Voltammetric behavior of DHA has been investigated to support the oxidation pathway of ascorbate on the nanostructured electrode. Surface morphology of the particle controls the electrocatalytic activity.     

One-pot synthesis and electrocatalytic activity of octapodal Au-Pd nanoparticles

Bimetallic alloy Au-Pd nanoparticles with an unprecedented octapodal shape have been prepared by a one-pot aqueous synthesis method. This unique structure was produced through selective etching of {100} facets by in situ generated Br(-) ions. The octapodal Au-Pd nanoparticles exhibited efficient electrocatalytic properties toward ethanol oxidation.     

Synthesis and electrocatalytic activity of palladium nanoparticles on porous silicon

Palladium was combined with porous silicon into catalytically active functional electrode nanocomposites. Palladium nanoparticles were examined by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy; their catalytic activity was estimated using cyclic voltammetry.     

Effect of aging on the electrocatalytic activity of gold nanoparticles

The electrocatalytic activities of freshly prepared nanomaterials do not represent normal activities, if they change with aging. We report the dependence of the electrocatalytic activity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) upon aging. The activities of AuNPs prepared by four different methods (electrodeposition; reduction of Au ions with NaBH₄, citrate, and ascorbate, respectively) slowly decrease with aging in the electrooxidation of H₂O₂ or formic acid, both in air and in solution. The possible origin of this effect is discussed.     

Fabrication of ionic liquid-functionalized polypyrrole nanotubes decorated with platinum nanoparticles and their electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol

Polypyrrole nanotubes (PPyNTs)/Pt nanoparticle hybrids were synthesized by using covalently attached imidazolium-type ionic liquids (ILs) as linkers. The resultant Pt/ILs/PPyNTs hybrids exhibited high electrocatalytic activity in electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol.     

Size-dependent electrocatalytic activity of gold nanoparticles on HOPG and highly boron-doped diamond surfaces

Gold nanoparticles were prepared by electrochemical deposition on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and boron-doped, epitaxial 100-oriented diamond layers. Using a potentiostatic double pulse technique, the average particle size was varied in the range from 5 nm to 30 nm in the case of HOPG as a support and between < 1 nm and 15 nm on diamond surfaces, while keeping the particle density constant. The distribution of particle sizes was very narrow, with standard deviations of around 20% on HOPG and around 30% on diamond. The electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction of these carbon supported gold nanoparticles in dependence of the particle sizes was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. For oxygen reduction the current density normalized to the gold surface (specific current density) increased for decreasing particle size. In contrast, the specific current density of hydrogen evolution showed no dependence on particle size. For both reactions, no effect of the different carbon supports on electrocatalytic activity was observed.     

Phase transfer catalysis: Synthesis of monodispersed FePt nanoparticles and its electrocatalytic activity

Using dibenzo-24-crown-8-ether (DB24C8) as phase transfer catalyst, the monodispersed iron–platinum (FePt) alloy nanoparticles with size of ∼17 nm were synthesized by reduction of H₂PtCl₆·6H₂O and FeCl₂·4H₂O in the solvothermal system. The structure, magnetic property and electrocatalytic activity of FePt nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction system (XRD), vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) and CHI 820 electrochemical analyser (three electrodes system, the reference electrode is saturated calomel electrode (SCE), the counter electrode is platinum electrode and the glassy carbon electrode is used as working electrode (GCE)), respectively. The results show that the as-synthesized FePt nanoparticles have a chemically disordered fcc structure and can be transformed into chemically ordered fct structure after annealing treatment above 400 °C, simultaneously accompanying with the coercivity changed from 5 to 2400 Oe. CVs of 0.5 M H₂SO₄/0.5 M CH₃OH on GCE modified with FePt nanoparticles monolayer illustrate that the as-synthesized FePt nanoparticles have strong electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of CH₃OH in aqueous solution.     

Enhancement of the electrocatalytic activity of gold nanoparticles via NaBH4 treatment

We report on the enhancement of the electrocatalytic activity of Au nanoparticles after NaBH(4) treatment and its application to H(2)O(2) detection.     

Synthesis and electrocatalytic activity of haemin-functionalised iron(II,III) oxide nanoparticles

Haemin-functionalised magnetic iron(II, III) oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄/haemin) were synthesised by changing the acidity of a solution of the two compounds. The nanoparticles were characterised by transmission electron microscopy, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, measurement of magnetisation, and electrochemical techniques. The properties of both haemin and Fe₃O₄ were retained. Thus, Fe₃O₄/haemin nanoparticles exhibited pronounced electrocatalytic activity towards trichloroacetic acid (TCA) like haemin itself. Interestingly, electrocatalytic activity towards TCA was affected by detection temperature, which was controlled via electrically heated carbon paste electrodes. The maximal catalytic current was 5.8 times higher at 60 °C than at room temperature (25 °C). This proposed electrochemical sensor for TCA possessed a linear detection range of 5–80 μM and a detection limit of 0.3 μM at 60 °C.