Effect of metal oxide arrester on the chaotic oscillations in the voltage transformer with nonlinear core loss model using chaos theory

In this paper, controlling chaos when chaotic ferroresonant oscillations occur in a voltage transformer with nonlinear core loss model is performed. The effect of a parallel metal oxide surge arrester on the ferroresonance oscillations of voltage transformers is studied. The metal oxide arrester(MOA) is found to be effective in reducing ferroresonance chaotic oscillations. Also the multiple scales method is used to analyze the chaotic behavior and different types of fixed points in ferroresonance of voltage transformers considering core loss. This phenomenon has nonlinear chaotic dynamics and includes sub-harmonic, quasi-periodic, and also chaotic oscillations. In this paper, the chaotic behavior and various ferroresonant oscillation modes of the voltage transformer is studied. This phenomenon consists of different types of bifurcations such as period doubling bifurcation(PDB), saddle node bifurcation(SNB), Hopf bifurcation(HB), and chaos. The dynamic analysis of ferroresonant circuit is based on bifurcation theory. The bifurcation and phase plane diagrams are illustrated using a continuous method and linear and nonlinear models of core loss. To analyze ferroresonance phenomenon, the Lyapunov exponents are calculated via the multiple scales method to obtain Feigenbaum numbers. The bifurcation diagrams illustrate the variation of the control parameter. Therefore, the chaos is created and increased in the system.     

Effect of power frequency excitation character on ferroresonance in neutral-grounded system

In most earlier ferroresonance studies the traditional excitation characteristic of iron core,in which the traditional excitation characteristic contains harmonic voltages or currents,has been used as if it were made up of pure fundamental voltage or current.However,this is not always true.In comparison with traditional excitation characteristics,this paper introduces the power frequency excitation characteristic of the iron core,which contains no harmonics.The power frequency excitation characteristic of iron core has been obtained by Elector Magnetic Transient Program,resulting in discrete voltage and current pairs.Extensive simulations are carried out to analyse the effect of power frequency excitation characteristic on potential transformer ferroresonance.A detailed analysis of simulation results demonstrates that with power frequency excitation characteristic of iron core inclusion at certain excitation voltage the ferroresonance may happen,conversely it may not happen with traditional excitation characteristic inclusion.     

Dynamic analysis and fractional-order adaptive sliding mode control for a novel fractional-order ferroresonance system

Ferroresonance is a complex nonlinear electrotechnical phenomenon, which can result in thermal and electrical stresses on the electric power system equipments due to the over voltages and over currents it generates. The prediction or determination of ferroresonance depends mainly on the accuracy of the model used. Fractional-order models are more accurate than the integer-order models. In this paper, a fractional-order ferroresonance model is proposed. The influence of the order on the dynamic behaviors of this fractional-order system under different parameters n and F is investigated.Compared with the integral-order ferroresonance system, small change of the order not only affects the dynamic behavior of the system, but also significantly affects the harmonic components of the system. Then the fractional-order ferroresonance system is implemented by nonlinear circuit emulator. Finally, a fractional-order adaptive sliding mode control(FASMC)method is used to eliminate the abnormal operation state of power system. Since the introduction of the fractional-order sliding mode surface and the adaptive factor, the robustness and disturbance rejection of the controlled system are enhanced. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed FASMC controller works well for suppression of ferroresonance over voltage.     

含有单相铁芯变压器的铁磁混沌电路的分析及控制

对一个含有单相铁芯变压器的三阶非自治铁磁混沌电路进行了理论研究和计算机仿真分析.研究表明,仅含由磁通链控制的非线性电感器件的三阶非自治电路可以作为一个四阶自治改进系统来分析.数值仿真和电路实验证实了此系统确实存在混沌动力学行为.同时,还提出了一种通过改变线性电容参数控制混沌的方法.     

PSM高压电源干式变压器的热分析计算

多绕组干式整流变压器作为托卡马克装置加热系统中高压电源的一个重要设备,其性能优良与否直接关系到高压电源的输出品质。开展变压器的功率损耗与散热分析研究,减少变压器因温度上升造成的性能影响,对保证变压器的良好工作状态是十分重要的。通过MATLAB对干空气下的比热容、传热系数等热物理性质与温度的关系进行拟合分析,得到相关的关系方程,对变压器的对流传热与热辐射进行分析计算,得到仅在空气自然对流和热辐射的情况下,不能使变压器的温度控制在满足性能的温度范围之内。在强迫空气对流的情况下,实现了变压器良好的散热。进一步利用ANSYS对变压器的温度场分布进行分析,利用温度场的分布趋势图观察强迫风冷相对于自然冷却的优点,强迫风冷降低了整体的温度,使热量更快地散发到周围大气中,减少了变压器受高温的危害。     

指数型径向阻抗变换器功率传输效率的优化设计

 利用解析方法和电路模拟方法研究了阻抗变换器功率传输效率的优化设计。电路计算中,采用了脉冲上升沿等效的正半周正弦波作为输入波形的假设,并忽略了水介质能量损失的影响。首先对比了线性、饱和型变化和陡变型变化3种典型阻抗的功率和能量传输效率,分析讨论了影响指数型阻抗变换器功率传输效率的关键影响因素,并得到了功率传输效率最大化的中间参数和符合系数的参数范围。讨论了实际设计中应注意的绝缘安全系数的结构设计、杂散参数对阻抗计算的影响、水介质能量损失等问题。     

双路输出超宽谱高功率微波驱动源Tesla变压器

为实现25 GW级双路输出超宽谱高功率微波驱动源的小型化,选择研制了一种与双筒脉冲形成线(Blumlein线)相配一体化的带有开路磁芯的Tesla变压器,作为初级脉冲功率源。进行了Tesla变压器的理论分析,利用简化的磁路模型研究了Tesla变压器初次级线圈电感等电参数的估算方法,给出了Tesla变压器磁芯截面的估算和磁芯制作方法。该Tesla变压器最大输出电压880 kV,充电时间约20 s,耦合系数约0.95,实验结果与理论设计相符。     

基于磁隔离驱动的亚微秒高压脉冲电源

为满足不可逆电穿孔对高压纳秒脉冲电源的需求,并且突破电源模块耐压的限制,提出了一款以正极性Marx为主电路、具有ns级前沿的高重复频率的亚微秒高压脉冲电源。该脉冲电源使用光纤传输信号,经过驱动芯片放大信号后,利用磁芯变压器传递驱动信号给MOSFET。磁芯变压器给电路提供了磁隔离,使驱动电路不会受高压输出的影响,提高了电路的耐压水平。驱动电路设计简单,所需元器件较少,可提供负压偏置,使开关管可靠关断,提高电路的抗电磁干扰能力,保障电路稳定运行。此电源由16级电路构成,实验表明:在10 kΩ纯阻性负载上,当输入电压为630 V时,即可得到10 kV的高压输出。其最小脉宽为300 ns,频率1 Hz～10 kHz可调。该脉冲电源结构紧凑,能够做到输出电压、脉宽、频率可调。研究了磁芯材料和匝数对驱动脉宽的影响。结果表明:匝比的增加会影响信号脉宽,在一定的条件下,单匝电感量的差异和磁芯材料的不同对信号脉宽的影响较小。     

便携式谐振倍压电容充电电源的设计

对输入电压为24 V,输出电压3 kV的便携式谐振倍压电容充电电源进行了设计与验证。针对高变压比的特点,电源采用串联谐振拓扑与倍压整流相结合的拓扑结构,避免了高频变压器副边匝数过多、分布参数过大可能造成的不利影响。对高频变压器、谐振电容、开关器件等核心元件进行了设计和调试。最后采用该电源进行电容充电实验,其测试结果验证了设计的正确性。     

Simplified power supply for long pulse CO2 laser using zero cross switching technique

We propose a simple power supply for a longitudinally pulsed CO₂ laser with long pulse duration by the switching control of AC line (60 Hz) on HV leakage transformer primary, which can generate long pulse of about 3 ms compared to a typical pulsed power supply. In this power supply, a low voltage open loop control for high voltage discharge circuit is employed to avoid the HV sampling or switching, and AC line voltage switched directly by a SCR is applied to the leakage transformer primary. Thus, there is no need of a rectified bridge and an energy-storage capacitor in the discharge circuit, and the leakage transformer allows one to omit a current-limiting resistor. In order to control the laser output power, the pulse repetition rate is adjusted up to 60 Hz. A ZCS circuit and a PIC one-chip microprocessor are used to control the gate signal of SCR precisely.     

考虑铁芯接缝的电力变压器空载噪声计算*

硅钢片磁致伸缩导致的铁芯振动是电力变压器空载噪声的主要原因,铁芯的接缝结构对空载噪声的影响很大。为研究不同接缝结构对铁芯噪声的影响,本文提出了一种基于接缝区材料磁致伸缩特性等效的方法,首先对含有接缝气隙的铁芯模型进行磁场分析,对接缝区的材料分别进行磁化特性等效及磁致伸缩特性等效;其次采用等效的材料,基于有限元法对一台110kV电力变压器进行磁-力-声耦合分析,计算不同模型的噪声。最后通过对含有不同接缝结构的变压器开展噪声测试,验证了计算方法的有效性。结果表明考虑接缝结构的模型与实测数据有更小的误差,采用接缝结构等效的建模及计算方法可以实现接缝结构对噪声影响的计算。     

Improvement of piezoelectric transformer performances using SSHI and SSHI-max methods

The piezoelectric transformers reach densities of power more significant than their magnetic counterparts. However, one of the principal factors limiting the density of power is the acceptable maximum deformation by material constituting the transformer. The heating of the piezoelectric transformers is mainly of mechanical origin. This heating generates a degradation of the characteristics which in its turn generates an additional heating being able to lead to a phenomenon of thermal avalanche. In this work, two nonlinear methods [synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI) and SSHI-max] have been explored to improve the performance of the Rosen transformer basing on the tension generated by the secondary so as to increase the capacity of mechanic-electric conversion. The simulation results show that SSHI and SSHI-max techniques significantly increase the capacity of mechanic-electric conversion of inserts stuck on a vibrating structure and consequently, the power recovered in electric form. The comparative results of voltage gain, efficiency and the transmitted power of the transformer, before and after SSHI-max and SSHI control are given. These ones indicated that the two nonlinear techniques are promising as applications to improve the performances of the piezo-transformers.     

Suppression of ferroresonance using passive memristor emulator

Power system inherently consists of capacitance and inductance in its components. Equipment with saturable inductance and circuit capacitance provides circumstances of generating ferroresonance, resulting in overvoltage and overcurrent in the connected system. The effects of ferroresonance result in insulation failure and hence damage to the equipment is unavoidable. Though many devices are proposed for mitigating such circumstances, a promising technology of using memristors may provide better performance than others in the future. A memristor emulator using the N-channel JFET J310 is used in this work. Unlike other electronic components that replicate memristor properties, the chosen memristor emulator is a passive device since it does not need any external power supply. Simulation and experimental results verify the design of a memristor emulator and the characteristics of an ideal memristor. Experimental results prove that the memristor emulator can suppress the fundamental ferroresonance induced in a prototype single phase transformer. The results of the harmonic analysis also validate the memristor performance against the conventional technique.     

地磁暴对电力系统的影响及防治策略

地磁暴是全球范围内地球磁场的剧烈扰动现象, 在电网中产生地磁感应电流(GIC)。电力变压器在GIC的作用下进入半波饱和状态, 其产生的谐波和增加的无功损耗影响电网电压稳定, 造成系统中继电保护装置误动, 随着电网电压等级的提高和电网规模的扩大, 地磁暴可能严重威胁电网安全运行。分析了变压器对GIC入侵后的响应, 以及次生灾害在电力系统中的传播过程, 阐明了磁暴对电力系统的影响机理, 分析了GIC对变压器、无功补偿设备和继电保护装置等设备的影响, 建立了GIC对系统电压稳定性影响的分析框架及基本方法, 最后提出了一种GIC优化治理策略, 与传统治理方法相比具有明显的优越性。     

级间耦合传输线脉冲变压器

级间有耦合传输线的脉冲变压器除第一级传输线外所有传输线均绕制在同一磁芯上。利用电路等效法对该变压器进行了理论分析,结果表明:相比采用其他绕线结构的传输线变压器,该传输线变压器的顶降更低,而且仅需要一块磁芯。根据该设计方法,研制了一台四级传输线脉冲变压器,变压器的输入阻抗为4.2Ω,输出阻抗为67.7Ω。利用该变压器对脉冲形成网络(PFN)形成的脉冲进行电压变换,变压器匹配负载上输出电压脉冲脉宽为120 ns,前沿为20 ns。该脉冲幅值是PFN对4.2Ω负载直接放电形成脉冲幅值的4倍,且两者波形基本一致。     

A Low-loss Electro-optic Waveguide Polymer Modulator and its Optimization Design

Generally, the core is made up of EO materials in electro-optic waveguide polymer modulators and thus lightwave carrier is modulated in the core. In this case, the loss from chromophores is often large because the most of light power are confined to cores. In order to reduce the optical loss, we presented an approach that the lightwave was modulated only in claddings; that is to say, the EO polymer is only used in claddings and the core material is low-loss passive. Results indicate the propagation loss of this kind of modulator is about 1/3 of the former. Although the modal overlap integral between the microwave and the lightwave weakened under this condition, it could be improved by optimizing the dimension of waveguide. Due to the lower propagation loss, the interaction length of the modulator may be lengthened. Thus, the half-wave voltage can be decreased further. Also, some considerations on optimization design of this modulator are discussed. Especially, the effect of conductor loss and velocity mismatching should be taken into account in order to achieve the theoretical optimal half-wave voltage and the device bandwidth.     

Measurement of noise associated with model transformer cores

The performance of a transformer core may be considered in terms of power loss and by the noise generated by the core, both of which should be minimised. This paper discusses the setting up of a suitable system for evaluation of noise in a large model transformer core (500 kV A) and issues associated with noise measurement. The equivalent continuous sound pressure level (LAeq) was used as a measure of the A-weighted sound level and measurements were made in the range 16 Hz–25 kHz for various step lap core configurations. The selection of optimum sound insulation materials between core and ground support and for enclosing the transformer is essential for minimisation of background noise. Core clamping pressure must be optimised in order to minimise noise. The use of two laminations per layer instead of one leads to an increase in noise arising from the core. Provided care is taken in building the core, good reproducibility of results can be obtained for analysis.     

Tesla变压器型重复频率纳秒脉冲源的研制

脉冲变压器与陡化开关结合的方式是产生纳秒脉冲较为成熟的方式,采用这种方式,研制了一种基于空芯Tesla变压器和陡化开关的紧凑高压重复频率纳秒脉冲源。该脉冲源主要由重复频率充电模块、Tesla变压器和陡化开关三部分组成,重复频率充电模块主要通过晶闸管的时序配合实现,Tesla变压器为脉冲源装置系统的核心及主升压模块,陡化开关是一个三电极自击穿型气体开关,用于将变压器次级输出的电压陡化成纳秒快脉冲波形,对该重复频率脉冲源以上各部分进行了详细的设计和测试。实验结果表明,该脉冲源可以在6kΩ的负载电阻上输出幅值100kV、上升沿约为30ns、最高频率可达500Hz的高压纳秒脉冲。     

换流变分接头及直流控制器极限诱导分岔分析

本文研究了直流子系统整流站定电流逆变站定电压控制方式下逆变站换流变变比和熄弧角达到限值时交直流互联系统发生极限诱导分岔的情况.对系统遭遇硬限制时不会发生奇异诱导分岔的原因作了详细的探讨;发现系统发生极限诱导分岔时换流变变比需大于临界值并给出了不同类型极限诱导分岔临界值的计算公式.根据临界值对参数灵敏度的信息,可通过调整参数来消除分岔点以增大稳定域.分析了发电机励磁电压极限对换流变变比临界值及系统稳定域的影响.给出了发生此类极限诱导分岔的机理解释:换流变无功消耗的增加,换流站无功补偿的下降及控制方式的转换导致系统因无功缺乏失稳.