Determination of methylene blue by resonance light scattering method using silica nanoparticles as probe

A simple and novel method was developed to determine methylene blue(MB) by resonance light scattering(RLS) using silica nanoparticles(SiO_2NPs) as the probe.It was found that MB could enhance the RLS intensity of SiO_2NPs.Moreover,the increase in RLS intensity was linear with the concentration of MB over the range of 0.01-3.0 μg mL~(-1).The limit of detection(LOD) was as low as 4.36 ng mL~(-1)(3σ) and the relative standard deviation(RSD) was 2.4%(n=6).Under the optimum experimental conditions,this proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of MB in aquaculture samples with recoveries between 96.3% and 107%.Possible mechanisms for the RLS enhancement of SiO_2NPs in the presence of MB were also discussed.     

亚甲基蓝光度法测苯唑西林

在pH8.6～9.8的条件下,亚甲基蓝与苯唑西林反应生成蓝色离子缔合物。体系的最大吸收波长位于606nm,线性范围为0～4.0mg/L,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.60×104L·mol-1.cm-1,探讨了适宜的反应条件、方法的精密度及可靠性。方法已用于药物中阿莫西林的测定。     

Voltammetric study on the interaction of heparin with toluidine blue, and its analytical application

The interaction of heparin with toluidine blue (TB) was studied by voltammetry. In pH 5.8 Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer, heparin, which is negatively charged, easily binds to the positively charged TB to form a polyelectrolyte complex. Due to the formation of the complex, the well-defined redox peaks of TB at the glass carbon electrode decreased correspondingly without the movement of the peak potential after the addition of heparin. The reaction conditions were optimized carefully. Based on the decrease of the peak current of TB solution, a new electrochemical analytical method was established for heparin with a linear range from 1.0 to 20.0 μg mL⁻¹ and a detection limit of 0.44 μg mL⁻¹. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for five parallel determinations of 10.0 μg mL⁻¹ heparin was 1.07%. This new method was applied to the determination of heparin in heparin sodium injection samples with satisfactory results.     

Synchronous fluorescence determination of DNA based on the interaction between methylene blue and DNA

The fluorescence intensity of methylene blue (MB) quenched by DNA in the pH range of 6.5-8.0 was studied with synchronous fluorescence technology. A novel method for detecting single-stranded and double-stranded DNA was developed. The decreased fluorescence intensity at 664 nm is in proportion to the concentration of DNA in the range of 0.28-11.0 μmol L⁻¹ for ctDNA, 0.14-8.25 μmol L⁻¹ for thermally denatured ctDNA and 0.28-8.25 μmol L⁻¹ for hsDNA. The detection limits (S/N = 3) are 0.11, 0.04 and 0.04 μmol L⁻¹, respectively. The method is rapid, selective, and the reagents are lower toxic. It has been used for the determination of DNA in synthetic samples with good satisfaction. In addition, the interaction modes between MB and ctDNA and the mechanism of the fluorescence quenching were also discussed in detail. The experimental results from absorption spectra and fluorescence polarization indicate that the possible interaction modes between MB and DNA are the electrostatic binding and the intercalation binding.     

Electrochemical study of methylene blue incorporated into mordenite type zeolite and its application for amperometric determination of ascorbic acid in real samples

Methylene blue (MB) was incorporated into mordenite zeolite by ion exchange reaction in aqueous phase. The dye is strongly retained and not easily leached from the zeolite matrix. The solid was characterized by XRD prior to using it for the electrode preparation. This compound was incorporated into a carbon paste electrode for cyclic voltammetric and amperometric measurements. Methylene blue immobilized on the support underwent a quasi-reversible electrochemical redox reaction. In various electrolyte solutions and changing the pH between 2.0 and 7.0, the midpoint potential remained practically constant, i.e. 153.7±0.8 mV. This is not the usual behavior of MB, because in solution phase its midpoint potential changes considerably as the pH changes. The electrode made with this material was used for the mediated oxidation of ascorbic acid. The anodic peak current observed in cyclic voltammetry was linearly dependent on the ascorbic acid concentration. At a fixed potential under static conditions, the calibration plot was linear over the ascorbic acid concentration range 2.0×10⁻⁵ to 8.0×10⁻⁴ M. The detection limit of the method is 1.21×10⁻⁵ M, low enough for trace ascorbic acid determination in various real samples.     

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study on the two-electrode-system cyclic voltammetric behavior of Prussian blue films

A two-channel electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) was used to investigate the cyclic voltammetric behavior of two Prussian blue (PB) film-modified Au electrodes in a two-electrode con-figuration in aqueous solution. The redox peaks observed in the two-electrode cyclic voltammogram (CV) are assigned to the intrinsic redox transitions among the Everitt's salt, PB, and Prussian yellow for the film itself, the redox process of the Au substrate and the redox process of small-quantity ferri-/ferrocyanide impurities entrapped in the PB film, as also supported by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroelectrochemical data. The profile of the two-electrode solid-state CV for the PB powder sand-wiched between two gold-coated indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrodes is similar to that for two PB-modified Au electrodes in aqueous solution, implying similar origins for the corresponding redox peaks. The two-channel EQCM method is expected to become a highly effective technique for the studies of the two-electrode electrochemical behaviors of many other species/materials.     

Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization using methylene blue and electro-deposited zirconia thin films on gold electrodes

A novel electrochemical DNA biosensor based on methylene blue (MB) and zirconia (ZrO₂) thin films modified gold electrode for DNA hybridization detection is presented. Zirconia thin films were electrodynamically deposited onto the bare gold electrode in an aqueous electrolyte of ZrOCl₂ and KCl by cycling the potential between −1.1 and +0.7 V (versus Ag/AgCl) at a scan rate of 20 mV s⁻¹. Oligonucleotide probes with phosphate group at the 5′ end were attached onto the zirconia thin films because zirconia is affinity for phosphoric group. The surface density of the immobilized DNA molecules at the zirconia interface was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy method. Hybridization was induced by exposure of the ssDNA-containing Au electrode to complementary ssDNA in solution. The decreases in the peak currents of MB, an electroactive label, were observed upon hybridization of probe with the target. The cathodic peak current (i_p) of MB after hybridization with the target DNA was linearly related to the logarithmic value of the target DNA concentration ranging from 2.25×10⁻¹⁰ to 2.25×10⁻⁸ mol l⁻¹. A detection limit of 1.0×10⁻¹⁰ mol l⁻¹ of oligonucleotides can be estimated.     

Voltammetric determination of DNA hybridization using methylene blue and self-assembled alkanethiol monolayer on gold electrodes

An electrochemical DNA biosensor based on the recognition of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) by hybridization detection with immobilized complementary DNA oligonucleotides is presented. DNA and oligonucleotides were covalently attached through free amines on the DNA bases using N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS) and N-(3-dimethylamino)propyl-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) onto a carboxylate terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAM) preformed on a gold electrode (AuE). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to investigate the surface coverage and molecular orientation of the immobilized DNA molecules. The covalently immobilized probe could selectively hybridize with the target DNA to form a hybrid on the surface despite the bases being attached to the SAM. The changes in the peak currents of methylene blue (MB), an electroactive label, were observed upon hybridization of probe with the target. Peak currents were found to increase in the following order: hybrid-modified AuE, mismatched hybrid-modified AuE, and the probe-modified AuE which indicates the MB signal is determined by the extent of exposed bases. Control experiments were performed using a non-complementary DNA sequence. The effect of the DNA target concentration on the hybridization signal was also studied. The interaction of MB with inosine substituted probes was investigated. Performance characteristics of the sensor are described.     

Electrochemical study of methylene blue/titanate nanotubes nanocomposite and its layer-by-layer assembly multilayer films

Titanate nanotubes (TNT) were proven to be efficient support for the immobilization of methylene blue (MB). UV–vis absorption and Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that the effect of MB absorbed on TNT was better than nanocrystalline anatase TiO₂ (TNP). The quantity of MB absorbed onto TNT was found to be greater than that of TNP and the electrode modified with the MB–TNT film was more stable due to the strong interaction between TNT and MB as well. The absorption of MB on TNT was impacted by the pH value of the reaction solution for the change of surface charge. Electrochemical oxidation of dopamine (DA) at different electrodes was studied. The result showed that the MB–TNT composite film exhibited excellent catalytic activities to DA compared to those of pure TNT, which is a result of the great promotion of the electron-transfer rate between DA and the electrode surface by the MB–TNT film. Furthermore, the layer-by-layer self-assembly behavior of the electrochemically functional MB–TNT nanocomposite was also discussed after obtaining the stable colloid suspension of MB–TNT. The excellent electrochemical ability and the easy fabrication of layered nanocomposite make the MB–TNT nanocomposite very promising in electrochemistry study and new nanotube-based devices.     

Simultaneous determination of methylene blue and new methylene blue by slab optical waveguide spectroscopy and artificial neural networks

A slab optical waveguide (SOWG) has been used for study of adsorption of both methylene blue (MB) and new methylene blue (NMB) in liquid-solid interface. Adsorption characteristics of MB and NMB on both bare SOWG and silanized SOWG by octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODS) were compared. The simultaneous determinations of both MB and NMB were explored by flow injection SOWG spectrophotometric analysis and artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the first time. Concentrations of MB and NMB were estimated simultaneously with the ANNs. Results obtained with SOWG were compared with those got by conventional UV-visible spectrophotometry.     

Electrochemical DNA biosensor for the detection of short DNA species of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia by using methylene blue

A novel assay for the voltammetric detection of 18-bases DNA sequences relating to Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML, Type b3a2) using methylene blue (MB) as the hybridization indicator was reported. DNA was covalently attached onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) through amines of the DNA bases using N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS) and N-(3-dimethylamion)propyl-N′-ethyl carbodiimidehydrochloride (EDC). The covalently immobilized single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) could selectively hybridize with its complementary DNA (cDNA) in solution to form double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) on the surface. A significant increase of the peak current for methylene blue upon the hybridization of immobilized ssDNA with cDNA in the solution was observed. This peak current change was used to monitor the recognition of CML DNA sequence. This electrochemical approach is sequence specific as indicated by the control experiments in which no peak current change was observed if a non-complementary DNA sequence was used. Factors, such as DNA target concentration and hybridization conditions determining the sensitivity of the electrochemical assay were investigated. Under optimal conditions, this sensor has a good calibration range between 1.25 × 10⁻⁷ and 6.75 × 10⁻⁷ M, with CML DNA sequence detection limit of 5.9 × 10⁻⁸ M.     

Electrochemical determination of sulphide at multi-walled carbon nanotubes-dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate composite film modified electrodes based on in situ synthesis of methylene blue

A novel electrochemical method for the determination of sulphide at a multi-walled carbon nanotube-dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate composite film coated glassy carbon electrode （MWNTs-DHP/GCE） based on in situ synthesis of methylene blue （MB） was established. 2007 Sheng Shui Hu. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.     

Intercalation of methylene blue into barium phosphate—synthesis and electrochemical investigation

Methylene blue (MB) was strongly retained inside the cavity of host layered barium phosphate, without leaching, and the intercalated compound was characterized through X-ray power diffraction (XRD), IR spectra and electrochemical measurements. The intercalated dye compound was incorporated into a carbon paste electrode and, by means of cyclic voltammetry and amperometry, its electrochemical properties were investigated. In various electrolyte solutions, changing the pH between 3 and 9, the midpoint potential remained practically constant at −0.15 V. This is not the usual behavior for MB, since it is known that in the solution phase the midpoint potential changes considerably with pH. These data suggest that methylene blue behaves as a guest molecule in the lamellar structure of the barium phosphate. The electrode formed by this host/guest composition was used to investigate NADH electrochemical oxidation.     

鸟嘌呤、鸟苷、鸟苷酸的电化学石英晶体微天平研究

利用电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM)研究了鸟嘌呤、鸟苷和鸟苷酸在金电极上的电化学行为.结果表明,三种生物活性分子均能在1.1V电位被氧化,对应于它们所含的共同基团嘌呤环中CN键的氧化,根据氧化反应电量和质量的变化,求得电子转移数为4.氧化电流的大小次序为鸟苷酸>鸟苷>鸟嘌呤,这可能与三者在电极上的吸附量不同有关.     

亚甲基蓝与酵母核糖核酸相互作用的电化学研究

亚甲基蓝(methylene blue,MB)是一种具有平面结构(结构式见图1)的碱性生物染色剂,在医学临床诊断及化学分析中已有较长的应用历史,可用于亚硝酸盐、磺氨类、氰化物及一氧化碳等中毒的解毒药。电分析化学中常被用作氧化还原指示剂或电子媒介体,其在水溶液中的电化学行为曾被深入地研究[1-2]。在水溶液中,MB的还原态为无色中性分子,而氧化态MB 为一价阳离子,由于分子中环平面和氮杂原子上甲基的存在而具有一定的疏水性。水溶液中MB容易形成二聚体,在电极上发生两个连续的1电子转移反应(EE mechanism)[1],其氧化还原电位的峰距ΔEp介于1电…     

A novel study on synthesis of egg shell based activated carbon for degradation of methylene blue via photocatalysis

Egg shell-based activated carbon was successfully synthesized by the simple chemical activation process. Orthophosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide used as an activation agent. XRD pattern reveals the hexagonal structure of activated carbon. The functional group presents in activated carbon was identified using FT-IR spectroscopy. SEM images show irregular shapes of carbon. The photocatalytic performance of investigated activated carbon by illuminating methylene blue dye under UV–Visible irradiations. Photocatalytic activity of activated carbon results maximum degradation efficiency of 83%. Adsorption efficiency have been increased with respect of time for degradation of dye. Free radicals and superoxide’s play a significant role is decolourization of methylene blue. Photocatalytic activity of activated carbon synthesized by Orthophosphoric acid results shows the high degradation efficiency when compared to NaOH.     

Comparative study for the removal of methylene blue via adsorption and photocatalytic degradation

Physically and chemically activated carbons were prepared from date pits and olive stones. Titania and WO(x)-TiO(2)/MCM-41 were prepared as photoactive catalysts. Surface characterizations were investigated from ash content, pH, base neutralization capacities and FT-IR techniques. The textural characteristics, namely specific surface area (S(BET)) and pore texture, were determined from low temperature adsorption of N(2) at 77 K. The decolorization of aqueous solution of methylene blue was performed by means of two alternative methods. Steam-activated carbons own higher surface area compared with ZnCl(2)-activated carbons, and the micropore surface area represents the major contribution of the total area. Steam-activated carbons were the most efficient decolorizing adsorbents owing to its higher surface area, total pore volume and the basic nature of the surface. The calculated values of DeltaG(0), DeltaH(0) and DeltaS(0) indicate the spontaneous behavior of adsorption. The photocatalytic degradation is more convenient method in decolorizing of methylene blue compared with the adsorption process onto activated carbons.     

电化学和石英晶体微天平研究2-巯基苯并咪唑的电化学氧化反应

应用循环伏安研究水相中２－巯基苯并咪唑的电化学氧化过程,考察了ｐＨ值、浓度等的影响,并应用电化学石英晶体天平（ＥＱＣＭ）监测了此氧化成膜的过程。结果表明此反应为一电子过程。结合表面光电子能谱（ＸＰＳ）对此氧化膜进行了初步表征。     

Facile synthesis and characterization of Fe2O3 nanoparticles using L-lysine and L-serine for efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye

In this work, Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles, abbreviated as OL and OS, were facilely synthesized by the combustion procedure using L-lysine and L-serine as organic fuels, respectively. Also, the OL and OS samples were identified using different instruments such as Raman spectrometer, FT-IR spectrophotometer, UV–Vis spectrophotometer, XRD, HR-TEM, BET surface area, and FE-SEM. The XRD confirmed that the mean grain size of OL and OS samples is 42.23 and 33.16 nm, respectively. The HR-TEM images confirmed that irregular, hexagonal, and spherical shapes, have an average diameter of 39.13 and 34.28 nm, were observed in the OL and OS samples, respectively. The BET surface area of the OL and OS samples is 16.20 and 28.34 m²/g, respectively. Additionally, the OL and OS samples were accomplished for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye in the absence and presence of hydrogen peroxide. The % degradation of 45 mL of 25 mg/L of methylene blue dye in the case of using OL and OS samples in the absence of hydrogen peroxide is 55.23 and 63.64 % after 120 min, respectively. Also, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the % degradation in the case of using OL and OS samples is 100 % after 35 and 25 min, respectively.