Variational denoising method for electronic speckle pattern interferometry

Traditional speckle fringe patterns by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) are inherently noisy and of limited visibility, so denoising is the key problem in ESPI. We present the variational denoising method for ESPI. This method transforms the image denosing to minimizing an appropriate penalized energy function and solving a partial differential equation. We test the proposed method on computer-simulated and experimental speckle correlation fringes, respectively. The results show that this technique is capable of significantly improving the quality of fringe patterns. It works well as a pre-processing for the fringe patterns by ESPI.     

热传导方程在散斑条纹图相位提取中的应用

去除电子散斑十涉条纹图中的噪声是提取条纹图相位的关键问题.利用热传导方程去除条纹图中的噪声,定性和定量分析了该方法的滤波性能.在此基础上,进一步将MBO算法和热传导方程应用于条纹二值化和相位图平滑过程中,并成功地从单幅模拟条纹图中提取了条纹图的相位.研究结果表明,热传导方程能有效减少散斑条纹图中的噪声,改善二值条纹图的边界.进而获得准确的相位分布.     

Batch skeleton extraction from ESPI fringe patterns using pix2pix conditional generative adversarial network

Optical Review - The key to measurement by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is to obtain accurate phase information from the ESPI fringe patterns. We propose a fast batch skeleton...     

大剪切电子散斑干涉的载频调制与位移场测量

将电子散斑干涉场的载波调制引入到大剪切电子散斑干涉中,通过对参考物的微小偏转引入载波条纹;利用傅里叶变换法,解调出了变形场的相位,从而实现了物体变形场的精确测量。讨论了大剪切载频的调制机理,理论分析表明,调制条纹的空间频率与参考面偏转的角度成正比;因此,控制参考面的偏转角度可实现不同位移量系统的调制。利用中心加载周边固定圆盘进行了典型实验,实验结果证明在大剪切电子散斑干涉技术中可以通过参考面的旋转高质量地实现电子散斑干涉条纹的调制,求解位移场。该系统具有系统简单,不需要专门引入参考光,条纹质量好等优点。该技术可扩展电子散斑干涉的应用范围,有一定的实际应用价值。     

Nearly preprocessing-free method for skeletonization of gray-scale electronic speckle pattern interferometry fringe patterns via partial differential equations

We describe a novel method for skeletonization of gray-scale electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) fringe patterns. Our method is based on the gradient vector field (GVF). We propose a new partial differential equation model for calculating the GVF of ESPI fringe patterns. Further, we propose rules used to measure the possibility of each pixel on the skeleton based on the topological analysis of the GVF. The final skeletons are traced, which mimics the behavior of edge detection based on these rules. The proposed method works directly on the gray-scale images.     

Automatic analysis of three-dimensional displacement field using ESPI

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) has been used to study the in-plane and out-of-plane displacements of the object. In order to improve the accuracy, a Fourier filtration algorithm has been used to remove the speckle noise and get the holographic-quality ESPI fringe pattern. The processing steps of this method are described in detail in this paper. In addition, a phase shifter, which is easily used with simplified structure and high stability, is also presented. It can be applied to various coherent arrangements in experiments to obtain phase shifted fringe patterns. Experiments of determining the 3D displacement field of a circular fixed plate with a uniform load have been carried out using these methods. The results presented in this paper indicate that the accuracy of this method is satisfactory.     

The separation of out-of-plane displacement from in-plane components by fringe carrier method based on large image-shearing ESPI

A fringe carrier method for separating out-of-plane displacement from in-plane components based on large image-shearing electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is presented. If the test object is respectively illuminated by two expanded symmetric illuminations in large image-shearing ESPI, two interferometers are formed. Carrier fringe patterns can be introduced by tilting reference surface a small angle. The carrier fringe patterns are demodulated after deformation of the object. Two phase maps, which include out-of-plane and in-plane displacement, can be obtained by using Fourier transform. Then out-of-plane displacement can be easily separated from in-plane displacement by simple operation between two unwrapped phase distributions. The principle of spatial carrier frequency modulation in large image-shearing ESPI is discussed. A typical three-point-bending experiment is completed. Experimental results are offered. The results show that the method offers high visibility of carrier fringes. And the system presented does not need a special beam as a reference light and has simple optical setup.     

Evaluation of a method to determine interferometric phase derivatives

A recently published method for the determination of phase derivatives maps by direct manipulation of three or more phase-shifted interferograms is tested for accuracy. The method is evaluated on computer-simulated holographic and electronic speckle pattern interferometry fringes and the results are assesed through the calculation of two comparative parameters: the relative image difference and the linear correlation coefficient. It is shown that errors in the phase derivative strongly depend on the filtering method used for smoothing the fringe patterns. An experimentally recorded ESPI fringe pattern is used to confirm the predictions of the numerical simulations.     

High-speed ESPI and related techniques: overview and its application in the automotive industry

This paper provides an overview of recent developments and applications of high-speed electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) and related techniques ranging from high-speed pulsed laser techniques to high-speed camera methods. Different methods for extracting the phase distribution from high-speed ESPI fringe patterns are compared. Unique applications in the automotive industry using these techniques are provided. Finally, the outlook for high-speed ESPI and high-speed digital holographic interferometry are discussed.     

基于改进旋滤波的电子散斑干涉图滤波方法

电子散斑干涉术条纹图在成像时不可避免地受散斑噪声调制,去除噪声是散斑干涉条纹处理的一项重要任务。利用散斑条纹图的方向性,提出一种基于模糊方向的旋滤波:在当前点的领域内定义4个模糊方向窗口,将传统旋滤波的一维、精确方向窗口的确定,转变为模糊方向窗口的确定;在确定的窗口内进行低通滤波时,采用自适应加权均值滤波代替传统的中值滤波。利用该方法分别处理模拟散斑条纹图和实验所得的真实条纹图,并与传统旋滤波、双边滤波和小波丢弃子带方法比较。实验结果表明,该改进算法在滤除散斑条纹图噪声的同时,有效保护了条纹的细节信息。     

Mechanical characterization of unplasticised polyvinylchloride thick pipes by optical methods

In this work a number of techniques (electronic speckle pattern interferometry, holographic interferometry, strain gauge and finite element method) are brought to bear in order to establish consistency in the results of strain measurement. This is necessary if optical non-destructive testing methods, such as those used here, are to gain acceptance for routine industrial use. The FE model provides a useful check. Furthermore, ESPI fringe data facilitates the extension of FE models, an approach that is of growing importance in component testing.

The use of in-plane and out-of-plane sensitive electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) for non-destructive material characterization of thick unplasticised polyvinylchloride (uPVC) pipes is presented. A test rig has been designed for stressing pipes by internal pressure. ESPI gives a complete mapping of the displacement field over the area imaged by the video camera. The results for the strain of uPVC obtained from ESPI data and from strain gauges are in good agreement. The value of Young's modulus has been obtained from the fringe data and compared with results obtained using holographic interferometry and from strain gauge measurements. The FE model also produces fringe data that is consistent with the ESPI results.     

基于图切割的相位展开

剪切散斑干涉术中,普遍采取相移法提取相位,只可得到被包裹的相位信息,进一步量化计算之前,必须展开相位,但是大量的散斑噪音使相位展开变得非常困难.本文提出基于图切割理论的相位展开算法,将相位展开等价于整数的最优估计问题,通过最小化能量函数展开相位,无需对散斑包裹相位图进行滤波,就可以从包含大量散斑噪音的包裹相位图中准确地提取出真实相位,极大程度地保留了相位包裹图中的细节信息.对于同一幅模拟的散斑包裹相位图,传统的质量导向枝切法和最小二乘法的均方根误差分别为11.7076和4.9775,新算法的均方根误差则为0.9459,数值模拟与实验结果均验证了新算法优良的抗噪性能.     

基于图切割的相位展开

剪切散斑干涉术中,普遍采取相移法提取相位,只可得到被包裹的相位信息,进一步量化计算之前,必须展开相位,但是大量的散斑噪音使相位展开变得非常困难.本文提出基于图切割理论的相位展开算法,将相位展开等价于整数的最优估计问题,通过最小化能量函数展开相位,无需对散斑包裹相位图进行滤波,就可以从包含大量散斑噪音的包裹相位图中准确地提取出真实相位,极大程度地保留了相位包裹图中的细节信息.对于同一幅模拟的散斑包裹相位图,传统的质量导向枝切法和最小二乘法的均方根误差分别为11.707 6和4.977 5,新算法的均方根误差则为0.945 9,数值模拟与实验结果均验证了新算法优良的抗噪性能.     

散斑条纹图的自适应窗口滤波方法

针对散斑噪声很难用常用的滤波方法进行滤除,在已有等值线滤波方法的基础上,提出一种更优的自适应窗口滤波方法。由于等值线窗口是在条纹方向图的基础上得到的,深入研究条纹方向的求取方法,提出了一种更为可靠的条纹方向求取算法,在得到高精度条纹方向的同时,还能估计出条纹的密度。使用等值线窗口技术,保持了窗口形状的自适应能力,然后利用对条纹密度的估计,根据条纹的宽度来确定滤波窗口的大小,实现了滤波窗口大小的自适应。最后,根据条纹方向和滤波后的图像可以直接得到条纹密度变化较大的单幅散斑图的相位结果。     

Improved evaluation of electronic speckle pattern interferograms by photogrammetric image analysis

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is a well-established tool for non-destructive testing. It allows the quantitative determination of surface deformations and micro-movements with a sub-micrometer resolution. In the case of objects which are extended in depth, however, the evaluation and interpretation of the resulting correlation fringe patterns can be affected by perspective image distortions as well as by a varying image size. In this paper a method for combination of ESPI with a photogrammetric 3D coordinate measurement is presented. In this way, interferogram data are precisely allocated in 3D-space. Furthermore, it is possible to take into account a spatially varying sensitivity vector. The utilizability of the method is demonstrated by a deformation measurement on a stone sculpture.     

Determination of skeleton and sign map for phase obtaining from a single ESPI image

A robust method of determining the sign map and skeletons for ESPI images is introduced in this paper. ESPI images have high speckle noise which makes it difficult to obtain the fringe information, especially from a single image. To overcome the effects of high speckle noise, local directional computing windows are designed according to the fringe directions. Then by calculating the gradients from the filtered image in directional windows, sign map and good skeletons can be determined robustly. Based on the sign map, single image phase-extracting methods such as quadrature transform can be improved. And based on skeletons, fringe phases can be obtained directly by normalization methods. Experiments show that this new method is robust and effective for extracting phase from a single ESPI fringe image.     

Electronic speckle-pattern interferometer using holographic optical elements for vibration measurements

We report a simple, compact electronic speckle-pattern interferometer (ESPI) incorporating holographic optical elements (HOEs) for the study of out-of-plane vibration. Reflection and transmission HOEs provide reference and object beams in the interferometer. The alignment difficulties with conventional ESPI systems are minimized using HOEs. The time-average ESPI subtraction method is used to generate the fringe pattern and remove background speckle noise by introducing a phase shift between consecutive images. The amplitude and phase maps are obtained using path-difference modulation.     

The design of a non-cube beam-splitter used for electronic speckle pattern interferometry

A non-cube beam-splitter (NCBS) is proposed, by which an incident beam can be separated largely in a direction and then the lights from the test object and the lights from a reference surface placed adjacently to the test object can be combined to construct a simple electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) system. Two mainly useful quantitative ways, to calculate the phase change of the test object, the phase-shift and the fringe carrier method with Fourier transform, can be achieved in the ESPI system with the NCBS. Experiments with phase-shifting and fringe carrier method are completed. The experimental results show that the monolithic design of the proposed NCBS is effective in ESPI measurement and immunity to vibrations.     

基于Gabor滤波的散斑条纹图平滑方法

提出了一种基于伽博(Gabor)滤波的散斑条纹图平滑方法.通过加窗傅里叶运算提取散斑条纹图的条纹频率和条纹梯度方向,并利用它们确定具有频率和方向选择性的Gabor滤波器对散斑条纹图进行Gabor滤波.数值模拟和实验结果表明,该方法在滤除散斑噪声的同时能够有效的保留散斑条纹图的条纹结构,为从单幅散斑条纹图中进一步提取条纹相位场奠定了良好的基础.     

Continual deformation analysis with scanning phase method and time sequence phase method in temporal speckle pattern interferometry

If a laser beam illuminates a continual deformation object surface, it will lead to a temporal speckle pattern on the observation plane. Recording this time-dependent speckle pattern the deformation of the surface of an object can be obtained. Two methods, scanning phase method (SPM) and time sequence phase method (TSPM), have been introduced for measuring the displacement caused by the deformation in temporal speckle pattern interferometry (TSPI). Their principle is that by capturing a series of speckle interference patterns related to the object deformations, the fluctuations in the intensity of the interference patterns can be obtained. Through scanning these fluctuations and estimating both the average intensity and modulation of the temporal speckle interference patterns, the phase maps for whole-field displacements are calculated. In this way one is capable of quantitatively measuring continual displacements simply using a conventional electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) system without phase shifting or a carrier. The elaboration on the new methods is given in this paper and experiments are performed to demonstrate their performance with a conventional ESPI system.