光电子能谱与同系能级线性规律(Ⅰ)——同系共轭体系

本文用同系共轭体系的光电子能谱得到的各级垂直电离势验证了同系能级线性规律,并对同系因子和同系能级因子随同系序数n和分子轨道序数k的变化关系与实验测得的分子轨道能级E(n,k)随n和k的变化关系作了比较。     

同系规律的联系和比较

本文由同系能级线性规律E=a+b(2k-1)/ksin(kπ/(2N+1))推导出了文献[6]提出的同系递变规律E=a+b/N,在推导的过程中得到一个新的比同系递变规律好的同系函数E=a+b((2k-1)/(N+1/2)).用文献[2][9]发表的96组光电子能谱数据和文献[1]发表的159组电子光谱数据对最近提出的五种同系规律进行了检验、比较,我们认为同系能级线性规律比较好。     

四苯基卟啉及其衍生物的结构与性质的研究(Ⅴ)──氨基取代四苯基卟啉衍生物的同系线性规律

本文首先确定了卟吩的同系序数(n)和氨基取代四苯基卟啉衍生物的同系序数(N),然后将同系因子(1/2)^{2/N与其电子活动性能(Y)作线性拟合,得到一组同系线性方程:Y=a+b·(1/2)2/N其中,a、b是与Y有关的常数,并用同系线性规律解释了λ_max红移现象,得出了一些规律性的结论。}     

多烯链平均π电子离域能的递变函数研究

离域能或共振能ED是一个共轭多烯体系中π电子能Eπ与相应数目n个孤立乙烯双键中π电子能总和nEπ之差量[1],即ED=Eπ-nEπ(c=c),由于离域能随双键数目增加而逐渐增大,大小不同的多烯链化合物总离域能不便比较.蒋明谦曾提出了著名的有机结构型性能的同系线性规律,他用多烯链每一个碳碳键上的平均离域能(或每个碳碳双键上的平均离域能)对同系因子(1/α)2/n作图,发现二者均具有良好的直线关系,如H(CH=CH)nH系列,碳碳双键上的平均离域能与同系因子成线性关系,相关系数为0.994,H(CH=CH)nC+H2系列,碳碳键上的平均离域能与同系因子线性相关,相关系数亦为0.994[2].但对于不同系列而言,碳碳键上的离域能和碳碳双键上的离域能不便比较.     

改进Hückel模型变分法与同系线性规律

一、引言同系线性规律可以表示为:P=a+bF(N)其中P是同系化合物的物理化学性质,a、b 是常数,F(N)是同系线性函数,N=n+t,n 是同系序数,t 是端基当量。人们在探求 F(N)方面做了较多的工作,最近的有以下几个:     

同系线性规律的量子化学基础

同系物结构与性能间的定量关系,几十年来一直未找到一种简单、普遍而准确的规律。最近蒋明谦提出了一个具有普遍性、精确性和专一性的简单规律,即同系线性规律。这个规律表明:同系物中各分子轨道的能量,各能级的差量以及依存于它们的各种物理化学性能,都是同系因子(1/α)~(2/n)的线性函数。本文的目的是企图找到同系线性规律的量子化学基础。首先考虑同系物X—(CH=CH)_n—Y,当n越大时,它们的性质就越来越接近多烯烃。所以先搞清楚多烯烃的能级,是了解同系物能级的基础。Huckel HMO法给出多烯烃H—(CH=CH)_n—H的分子轨道能级为     

有机同系物性质的递变规律研究

以有机同系物结构重复单元数值连续变化为模型,得到同系物行质递变的两个基本规律：P=a+bn和P=c+kln(n+a/n+b),a,b,c,k均为常数,n为结构重复单元数值,P为同系物的物性。一般地,加和型性能遵守直线变化规律,而结构型和凝聚型性能遵守同系对数线性规律。     

光电子能谱与同系能级线性规律(Ⅱ)——同系非共轭体系

本文在文献[1]的基础上,进一步研究了正烷烃C_nH_2n+2及其它19个非共轭体系的60组光电子能谱,发现它们的各级垂直电离势也符合同系能级线性规律或同系线性规律,但线性相关系数前者比后者更好一些。     

八和九元硼环配位的平面超配位过渡金属钴、铁和镍的理论研究

对一系列潜在的八和九元硼环配位的平面超配位过渡金属，包括单态的1^FeB8^2-，多重态的k^FeB9^n（n=0，k=2；n=-1，k=1），单重态的1^CoB8^n（n=-1，＋1，＋3），多重态的k^CoB9^n（n=＋1，k=2；n=-1，k=1）和单态的1^NiB9^＋，在B3LYP和BP86理论水平下进行了理论计算研究，其几何结构已经被优化为相应势能超曲面局域极小值，电子结构用轨道分析进行了讨论，并用核独立化学位移值对其芳香性进行了预测．计算结果建议所有上述这些具有高对称性的结构是稳定的，并且具有6个π电子，显示有芳香性．     

同系物分子结构与物理化学性能间的定量关系Ⅳ.共轭多炔链物电子光谱中的同系线性规律

本文讨论了23个共轭多炔链物系列中电子吸收光谱的同系线性规律。在具有非共轭端基或单共轭端基的炔链物中(L-1至L-8),同系线性规律与近似线性叠合规律[式(2)与式(3)]的关联情况都很良好,并且与多烯链物完全一致。但是在具有两个共轭端基的炔链物中(L-9至L-23),需将同系序数加以校正(校正的同系序数N'=(1/2)N+4),才能保持良好的同系线性关系。在这一类中,β值的递变情况与烯链物不同,而与骈苯链物一致。     

Conformational analysis of the electron-transfer kinetics across oligoproline peptides using N,N-dimethyl-1,4-benzenediamine donors and pyrene-1-sulfonyl acceptors

Photoinduced intramolecular charge separation across proline-bridged donor-acceptor complexes of the type Pyr-(Pro)n-DMPD (where Pyr=pyrene-1-sulfonyl and DMPD=N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine) was studied. The steady-state emission spectrum for n=0, 1, 2, 3 showed an increase in emission intensity with the number of proline residues. Time-dependent emission measured by streak camera showed increasing emission signal amplitude with increasing n, along with a decrease in decay rate. In all these studies, Pyr-Pro was used as a control complex for the decay of the excited pyrene acceptor moiety without the donor DMPD. Detailed photon counting experiments carried out in DMF/water, DMF, and toluene showed single-exponential kinetics for n=0, 1 and multiexponential kinetics for n=2, 3. Rate constants observed in DMF are for n=0, k=approximately 5x10(10) s(-1); n=1, k=9.70x10(8) s(-1); n=2, k=35.9x10(8) s(-1) (70%) and 5.58x10(8) s(-1) (30%); and n=3, k=16.6x10(8) s(-1) (55%) and 3.87x10(8) s(-1) (45%). These results show that a significant percentage of the n=2 and n=3 molecules undergo faster electron transfer than for the n=1 case. Conformational analysis for Pyr-(Pro)n-DMPD molecules in water showed that whereas only one conformation is possible for n=1, eight are possible for n=2, and 32 are possible for n=3. Calculation of the free energy and electronic coupling for these conformers in water showed that only a few of these conformations have the appropriate energy and electronic coupling to be observed in the experimental time window from 20 ps to 20 ns. Assignment of the conformers undergoing electron transfer in Pyr-(Pro)n-DMPD for n=2 and 3 was based on the values for the n=1 case, for which the measured rate constant is approximately 10(9) s(-1) and the calculated electronic coupling matrix element Hda is 297 cm(-1). The similarity in ground state energy between the cis and trans conformers for n=2 and 3, their use in aqueous-organic and organic solvents, and the nature of the Pyr and DMPD acceptor and donor groups could be contributing causes for the multiexponential kinetics, which was not observed for the metal ion derivatives of proline peptides studied earlier in aqueous solution.     

Ab initio study of the ClO + NH2 reaction: prediction of the total rate constant and product branching ratios

The mechanism for ClO + NH2 has been investigated by ab initio molecular orbital and transition-state theory calculations. The species involved have been optimized at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p) level and their energies have been refined by single-point calculations with the modified Gaussian-2 method, G2M(CC2). Ten stable isomers have been located and a detailed potential energy diagram is provided. The rate constants and branching ratios for the low-lying energy channel products including HCl + HNO, Cl + NH2O, and HOCl + 3NH (X(3)Sigma(-)) are calculated. The result shows that formation of HCl + HNO is dominant below 1000 K; over 1000 K, Cl + NH2O products become dominant. However, the formation of HOCl + 3NH (X(3)Sigma(-)) is unimportant below 1500 K. The pressure-independent individual and total rate constants can be expressed as k1(HCl + HNO) = 4.7 x 10(-8)(T(-1.08)) exp(-129/T), k(2)(Cl + NH2O) = 1.7 x 10(-9)(T(-0.62)) exp(-24/T), k3(HOCl + NH) = 4.8 x 10(-29)(T5.11) exp(-1035/T), and k(total) = 5.0 x 10(-9)(T(-0.67)) exp(-1.2/T), respectively, with units of cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), in the temperature range of 200-2500 K.     

Kinetics of Dissociation of Iron(III) Complexes of Tiron in Aqueous Acid

The kinetics of dissociation of the mono, bis, and tris complexes of Tiron (1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-benzenedisulfonate) have been studied in acidic aqueous solutions in 1.0 M HClO(4)/NaClO(4), as a function of [H(+)] and temperature. In general, the kinetics can be explained by two reactions, (H(2)O)Fe(L)(n)(-1) + H(2)L right arrow over left arrow (H(2)O)Fe(L(n)H) + H(+) (k(n), k(-n)) and (HO)Fe(L)(n)(-1) + H(2)L right arrow over left arrow (H(2)O)Fe(L(n)H) (k(n)', k(-n)'), a rapid equilibrium, (H(2)O)Fe(L(n)H) right arrow over left arrow (H(2)O)Fe(L)(n) + H(+) (K(cn)), and the formation constant (H(2)O)Fe(L)(n)(-1) + H(2)L right arrow over left arrow (H(2)O)Fe(L)(n) + 2H(+). For n = 1, the reaction was observed at 670 nm, and at [H(+)] of 0.05-0.5 M at temperatures of 2.0, 14.0, 25.0, and 36.7 degrees C. For n = 2, the analogous conditions are 562 nm, at [H(+)] of 1.5 x 10(-3) to 1.4 x 10(-2) M at temperatures of 2.0, 9.0, and 14.0 degrees C. For n = 3, the conditions are 482 nm, at pH 4.5-5.7 in 0.02 M acetate buffer at temperatures of 1.8, 8.0, and 14.5 degrees C. The rate or equilibrium constants (25 degrees C) with DeltaH or DeltaH degrees (kcal mol(-1)) and DeltaS or DeltaS degrees (cal mol(-1) K(-1)) in brackets are as follows: for n = 1, k(1) = 2.3 M(-1) s(-1) (8.9, -27.1), k(-1) = 1.18 M(-1) s(-1) (4.04, -44.8), K(c1) = 0.96 M (-9.99, -33.6), K(f1) = 2.01 M (-5.14, -15.85); for n = 2, k(-2)/K(c2) = 1.9 x 10(7) (19.9, 41.5) and k(-2)'/K(c2) = 1.85 x 10(3) (1.4, -38.8) and a lower limit of K(c2) > 0.015 M; for n = 3, k(3) = 7.7 x 10(3) (15.8, 12.3), k(-3) = 1.7 x 10(7) (16.2, 28.9), K(c3) = 7.4 x 10(-5) M (4.1, -5.1), and K(f3) = 3.35 x 10(-8) (3.7, -21.7). From the variations in rate constants and activation parameters, it is suggested that the Fe(L)(2) and Fe(L)(3) complexes undergo substitution by dissociative activation, promoted by the catecholate ligands.     

光电子能谱与同系能级线性规律(Ⅲ)——双向延伸体系

研究了十一个双向延伸体系的四十八组光电子能谱数据,发现它们的各级垂直电离势符合同系能级线性规律,线性相关系数优良率为95.8％,用由光电子能谱得到的有关电离势,讨论了Π₄⁴的超共轭效应。     

Direct ab initio dynamics study on the rate constants and kinetic isotope effect for the reactions of H atoms with GeDn(CH3)4-n (n = 1-4)

Direct ab initio dynamic calculations are performed on the reactions of atomic hydrogen with GeD(n)(CH(3))(4-n) (n = 1-4) over the temperature range 200-2000 K at the PMP4SDTQ/6-311 +G(3df,2p)//MP2/6-31 +G(d) (for n = 2-4) and G2//MP2/6-31 +G(d) (for n = 1) levels. The corresponding k(H)/k(D) ratios are then calculated in order to determine the kinetic isotope effect for the four reactions. For the simplest GeD(4) +H reaction, the only one that has available experimental data, the calculated canonical variational transition state theory incorporates small-curvature tunneling correction (CVT/SCT) thermal rate constants, and the k(H)/k(D) values are in good agreement with the experimental values within the experimental temperature range 293-550 K. For the four GeD(n)(CH(3))(4-4) (n = 1-4) reactions, the variational effect is small over the whole temperature range, whereas the small-curvature effect is important in the lower temperature range. Finally, the overall rate constants are fitted to the three-parameter expression over the whole temperature range 200-2000 K as 5.8 x 10(8)T(1.68)exp(-929/T), 1.7 x 10(8)T(1.80)exp(-691/T), 2.58 x 10(8)T(1.71)exp(-706/T), and 1.0 x 10(7)T(2.08)exp(-544/T) cm(3) mol(-1) s(-1) for the n = 4, 3, 2, and 1 reactions. Our work may represent the first theoretical study of the kinetic isotope effect for the H-attack on the G-H bonding.     

Ab initio chemical kinetics for the OH+HNCN reaction

The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of the cyanomidyl radical (HNCN) with the hydroxyl radical (OH) have been investigated by ab initio calculations with rate constants prediction. The single and triplet potential energy surfaces of this reaction have been calculated by single-point calculations at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p) level based on geometries optimized at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p) and CCSD/6-311++G(d,p) levels. The rate constants for various product channels in the temperature range of 300-3000 K are predicted by variational transition-state and Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theories. The predicted total rate constants can be represented by the expressions ktotal=2.66 x 10(+2)xT-4.50 exp(-239/T) in which T=300-1000 K and 1.38x10(-20)xT2.78 exp(1578/T) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) where T=1000-3000 K. The branching ratios of primary channels are predicted: k1 for forming singlet HON(H)CN accounts for 0.32-0.28, and k4 for forming singlet HONCNH accounts for 0.68-0.17 in the temperature range of 300-800 K. k2+k7 for producing H2O+NCN accounts for 0.55-0.99 in the high-temperature range of 800-3000 K. The branching ratios of k3 for producing HCN+HNO, k6 for producing H2N+NCO, k8 for forming 3HN(OH)CN, k9 for producing CNOH+3NH, and k5+k10 for producing NH2+NCO are negligible. The rate constants for key individual product channels are provided in a table for different temperature and pressure conditions.     

Catalytic and direct oxidation of cysteine by octacyanomolybdate(V)

The oxidation of cysteine by [Mo(CN)(8)](3-) in deoxygenated aqueous solution at a moderate pH is strongly catalyzed by Cu(2+), to the degree that impurity levels of Cu(2+) are sufficient to dominate the reaction. Dipicolinic acid (dipic) is a very effective inhibitor of this catalysis, such that with 1 mM dipic, the direct oxidation can be studied. UV-vis spectra and electrochemistry show that [Mo(CN)(8)](4-) is the Mo-containing product. Cystine and cysteinesulfinate are the predominant cysteine oxidation products. The stoichiometric ratio (Deltan(Mo(V))/Deltan(cysteine)) of 1.4 at pH 10.8 is consistent with this product distribution. At pH 1.5, the reaction is quite slow and yields intractable kinetics. At pH 4.5, the rates are much faster and deviate only slightly from pseudo-first-order behavior. With 2 mM PBN (N-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone) present at pH 4.5, the reaction rate is about 20% less and shows excellent pseudo-first-order behavior, but the stoichiometric ratio is not significantly changed. The rates also display a significant specific cation effect. In the presence of spin-trap PBN, the kinetics were studied over the pH range 3.48-12.28, with [Na(+)] maintained at 0.09-0.10 M. The rate law is -d[Mo(V)]/dt = k[cysteine](tot)[Mo(V)], with k = {2(k(b)K(a1)K(a2)[H(+)] + k(c)K(a1)K(a2)K(a3))}/([H(+)](3) + K(a1)[H(+)](2) + K(a1)K(a2)[H(+)] + K(a1)K(a2)K(a3)), where K(a1), K(a2), and K(a3) are the successive acid dissociation constants of HSCH(2)CH(NH(3)(+))CO(2)H. Least-squares fitting yields k(b) = (7.1 +/- 0.4) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) and k(c) = (2.3 +/-0.2) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) at mu = 0.1 M (NaCF(3)SO(3)) and 25 degrees C. A mechanism is inferred in which k(b) and k(c) correspond to electron transfer to Mo(V) from the thiolate forms of anionic and dianionic cysteine.