磺酸基团功能化的碳-硅介孔复合材料的制备及其在生物柴油绿色合成中的应用(英文)

利用化学浸渍法将蔗糖负载到 SBA-15 介孔材料孔道内部, 高温炭化形成的多聚苯环经发烟硫酸气相磺化处理后, 得到磺酸基团功能化的新型碳-硅介孔复合材料. 发烟硫酸气相磺化处理是该材料合成的关键步骤. X 射线衍射、扫描电镜和氮气吸附结果表明, 碳-硅介孔复合材料经磺酸化处理保持了高度有序的介孔结构. 热重、傅里叶变换的红外光谱及吡啶吸附红外光谱结果证明, 磺酸功能基团成功的嫁接于碳-硅介孔复合材料孔道的内表面, 反应活性中心为 Br?nsted 酸, 酸密度在 0.09~0.70 mmol/g 可以有效调变. 当碳负载量为 35% 时, 该复合材料在生物柴油的绿色合成中显示出最优的催化性能, 且可重复使用 3 次以上.     

Hydrolysis of cellulose by amorphous carbon bearing SO3H, COOH, and OH groups

The hydrolysis of cellulose into saccharides using a range of solid catalysts is investigated for potential application in the environmentally benign saccharification of cellulose. Crystalline pure cellulose is not hydrolyzed by conventional strong solid Br?nsted acid catalysts such as niobic acid, H-mordenite, Nafion and Amberlyst-15, whereas amorphous carbon bearing SO 3H, COOH, and OH function as an efficient catalyst for the reaction. The apparent activation energy for the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose using the carbon catalyst is estimated to be 110 kJ mol (-1), smaller than that for sulfuric acid under optimal conditions (170 kJ mol (-1)). The carbon catalyst can be readily separated from the saccharide solution after reaction for reuse in the reaction without loss of activity. The catalytic performance of the carbon catalyst is attributed to the ability of the material to adsorb beta-1,4 glucan, which does not adsorb to other solid acids.     

过渡金属甲基磺酸盐催化醇的四氢吡喃化反应

以过渡金属甲基磺酸盐［Mn(CH₃SO₃)₂·2H₂O, Cu(CH₃SO₃)₂·4H₂O, Co(CH₃SO₃)₂·4H₂O和Zn(CH₃SO₃)₂·4H₂O］为催化剂,在室温条件下催化醇的四氢吡喃化反应,并对反应条件进行了优化。结果表明：当醇用量为30 mmol,醇和3,4-二氢吡喃摩尔比为1.0 ：1.1,甲基磺酸盐用量为1 mmol,二氯甲烷20 mL时,可高效催化醇的四氢吡喃化反应。与路易斯酸催化活性相比,过渡金属甲基磺酸盐催化醇的四氢吡喃化反应效果最好,催化酚的效果较差。用Mn(CH₃SO₃)₂·2H₂O和Cu(CH₃SO₃)₂·4H₂O催化正丁醇的四氢吡喃化反应,重复使用5次,收率分别为89%和92%。     

Preparation of methyltert-Butyl ether (MTBE) over heteropoly acids immobilized on activated carbon (HPA/C) in the vapor phase

Heteropolyacids (HPAs) supported on the activated carbon (SiW₁₂/C and PW₁₂/C) have been used to study the formation of methyltert-butyl ether (MTBE). Compared to the conventional commercial catalyts, Amberlyst-15 resin and HZSM-5, HPAs supported catalysts have been proved to have much higher catalytic activity under lower temperature, esperically selectivity to MTBE is up to 100%. It may be due to the high acid strength of HPAs as well as the specialty of heteropolyanion.     

Synthesis of Sulfonated Porous Organic Polymers with a Hydrophobic Core for Efficient Acidic Catalysis in Organic Transformations

Synthesis of sulfonated porous polymers with improved hydrophobicity and stability is of extreme importance in both academic research and industrial applications. However, there is often a trade-off between acidity and surface hydrophobicity of sulfonated polymers. In this study, we report a strategy for the synthesis of sulfonated porous organic polymers (S-PT) with improved hydrophobicity via free radical polymerization method by using a rigid and large multidentate monomer, 1,3,5-tri(4-vinylphenyl)-benzene, having a hydrophobic core. The results of vapor adsorption measurement show that S-PT has more hydrophobic properties than sulfonated poly(divinylbenzene) (S-PD), attributed to the hydrophobic core of its multidentate monomer. Furthermore, the optimization of sulfonation time established a balance between surface acidity and hydrophobicity. Under optimized conditions, S-PT afforded up to 113 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ TOF in the esterification of oleic acid with methanol, more active than commercial Amberlyst-15 with TOF of 15 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ and Nafion NR50 with TOF of 7 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹. We believe that the findings of this study will provide useful insights to advance the design and synthesis of solid acid catalysts for organic transformations.     

One-pot synthesis of a novel catalyst with strong acid sites based on carbon/silica composite

A novel catalyst with strong acid sites based on carbon/silica composite has been synthesized through one-pot hydrothermal carbonization of hydroxyethylsulfonic acid, glucose and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The novel solid acid showed an acidity of 2.1 mmol/g, much higher than that of traditional solid acids such as Nafion and Amberlyst-15 (0.8 mmol/g). The catalytic activity of the solid acid was investigated in the acetalization and dimerization of α-methylstyrene. The results showed that the novel solid acid was very efficient for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic acid-catalyzed reactions. Because of the high acidity and catalytic activity the novel solid acid based on carbon/silica composite is a promising catalyst for the processes in green chemistry.     

用于超级电容器电极材料的聚苯胺基碳(英文)

在不同温度下碳化硫酸掺杂的聚苯胺制备了含杂原子(氮和氧原子)的新型碳材料.分别通过扫描电镜、元素分析仪、X射线光电子能谱仪和比表面积测试仪对这些碳材料的形貌特征、元素组成、表面化学组成和比表面积进行了表征.用循环伏安法、恒电流充放电法和交流阻抗法对其进行了电化学性能的研究.研究结果表明,在温度为800℃下碳化聚苯胺得到的碳有很好的电化学性能,尽管它的比表面积很小(325m·2g-1),但在0.5A·g-1电流密度下其比电容高达153F·g-1.它的高比电容可能与其含有合适比例的杂原子(氮和氧原子)有关,因为合适比例的氮和氧杂原子能够产生最大的赝电容.这些结果表明这种碳材料是一种很有发展前景的超级电容器电极材料.     

原位合成氧化镍硼/石墨炔杂化材料用于提高光/电催化产氢性能

当今世界面临严峻的能源紧缺和环境污染问题,发展高效无污染的清洁能源替代传统化石能源成为近几十年科研工作者的研究热点.其中,氢能由于具有高燃烧值和产物无污染等优点成为理想的替代能源.光/电催化水分解产生氢气是最有效的制氢方法之一.目前,高活性的产氢催化剂仍以贵金属为主,但贵金属价格高昂和稀缺性等限制了其大规模应用,因此,...     

花生壳碳基固体酸催化环己烯与甲酸酯化反应(英文)

碳基固体酸是一种可替代液体质子酸的无定形碳材料,具有酸密度大、催化活性高等优点.花生壳是农业废弃物,以其为原料制备碳基固体酸具有成本低、原料可再生和环境友好等优点.甲酸环己酯是重要的化工产品,可用于香料和涂料工业.传统的甲酸环己酯制备方法是以环己醇和甲酸为原料,在酸催化条件下进行酯化反应而得.近年来,随着环己烯的大规模生产,利用环己烯与甲酸直接酯化制备甲酸环己酯引起广泛关注.此外,甲酸环己酯还可通过水解反应转变为环己醇.环己醇可以进一步转化为己二酸和己内酰胺,从而用于化纤工业中尼龙-6和尼龙-66的生产.目前,工业上采用环己烯水合反应制备环己醇,由于热力学限制,并受到环己烯与水相容性差的影响,环己烯单程转化率仅为~10%,循环量较大,能耗很高.以环己烯为原料,通过甲酸环己酯制备环己醇克服了上述环己烯直接水合的缺点,具有很好的发展前景.我们研究组使用HZSM-5分子筛作为催化剂,采用"一锅法"由环己烯经甲酸环己酯制备环己醇,环己醇收率可达40%.但是环己烯在酸性条件下可发生低聚反应,生成的副产物会堵塞HZSM-5孔道,造成催化剂失活.本文在前述研究基础上,以花生壳为原料,经过碳化、磺化过程制备得到了碳基固体酸PSCSA.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、热重分析(TG)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和元素分析等方法表征了PSCSA的结构、微观形貌、热稳定性以及酸性质,考察了其催化环己烯与甲酸酯化反应性能,并与几种常见的固体酸催化剂进行了比较.FT-IR结果显示,经磺化后,PSCSA表面出现了–SO3H和–COOH基团.XPS结果则说明PSCSA表面所有的S元素均属于–SO3H,可利用元素分析测定S含量,进而得到–SO3H密度.此外,由于花生壳属于天然物质,成分并不均一,因此PSCSA的SEM照片中不同部位颗粒的微观形貌差异较大.采用PSCSA作为催化剂,考察了其催化环己烯与甲酸酯化反应性能,优化了反应条件.在酸/烯摩尔比为3/1,PSCSA用量0.07 g/mL环己烯,413 K反应1 h,环己烯转化率为88.4%,甲酸环己酯选择性为97.3%;副产物包括环己醇、二聚环己烯和环己基醚等.比较了PSCSA与几种常用固体酸如HZSM-5、离子交换树脂Amberlyst-15和Nafion NR50的催化性能,其中,Amberlyst-15催化性能最优,在393 K下反应,环己烯转化率亦达91.5%,甲酸环己酯选择性98.1%;但是,高昂的价格限制了其在工业上的大规模应用.与HZSM-5相比,PSCSA催化的环己烯与甲酸酯化反应的初始速率较低,反应时间超过30 min后,环己烯转化率迅速增加.在本反应中,PSCSA在甲酸存在条件下发生溶胀,使得大量的甲酸分子插入到碳材料本体中;而环己烯与甲酸具有较好的相容性,因此环己烯可以进入到碳材料本体中,与活性中心–SO3H充分接触,从而具有较高的反应速率.并且,由于溶胀需要一定的时间,在反应初期溶胀不充分时,环己烯、甲酸与活性中心接触有限,因此反应较慢;反应一定时间后,PSCSA充分溶胀,更多的–SO3H参与到反应中,反应速率加快.PSCSA重复使用性较好,第3次使用时环己烯转化率为68.6%;继续使用,催化剂不再失活.PSCSA在反应初期失活是–SO3H流失造成的.构成PSCSA的多环芳香烃可以部分溶解到溶剂中,进而带走其包含的–SO_3H.PSCSA的后期活性稳定则说明可以流失的活性中心是有限的.     

Highly stable,active and recyclable solid acid catalyst based on polymer-coated magnetic composite particles

Sulfonic acid-functionalized polymer-coated magnetic composite particles were prepared and applied as highly stable, active and recyclable magnetic solid acid catalyst for biodiesel preparation and biomass transformation.     

NiO/LaMnO3催化剂用于乙醇水蒸气重整反应

采用柠檬酸络合-浸渍法制备了NiO/LaMnO3钙钛矿型复合氧化物催化剂并将其应用于乙醇水蒸汽重整制氢反应, 考察了NiO含量、焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响, 采用XRD、TPR和热分析等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 该催化剂具有高活性、高选择性和良好的稳定性. 催化剂中的NiO含量和焙烧温度对催化性能有显著影响. 在原料气体积组成为20%(体积分数, φ) C2H5OH 和水以及80%(φ)N2, 其中水醇摩尔比为3:1, 空速为80000 mL·h-1·g-1 cat, 反应温度为400 ℃时, 15%(质量分数, w)的NiO/LaMnO3上, 乙醇转化率接近100%. 关联催化剂活性和TPR及XRD实验结果, 发现催化剂的高活性源于由催化剂前驱体中进入钙钛矿型复合氧化物晶格中的镍离子被还原所得的金属镍.     

CuO-SBA-15的表面酸性对燃料油吸附脱硫的影响

固相研磨法是将不同量的活性组分掺入到介孔材料上的一种简单有效的方法.采用该法以焙烧脱模前后的SBA-15为载体分别制备了不同负载量的CuO-SBA-15吸附剂.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)等方法表征了吸附剂的物理性质.通过原位红外技术考察了改性前后介孔材料表面羟基的变化.借助吡啶-原位傅里叶变换红外(py-FTIR)技术考察了吸附剂表面的酸类型及相对酸量.采用静态吸附实验评价了吸附剂对催化裂化(FCC)燃料油的吸附脱硫性能.结果表明:CuO是与SBA-15表面的Si―OH结合形成[Si-O-Cu-O-Si]交联从而达到分散的目的;以SBA-15介孔材料(APS)为载体能够有效抑制在焙烧过程中介孔材料表面羟基的缩合,且CuO负载量达到3mmo·lg-1时仍能够均匀分散在载体SBA-15上,而采用焙烧脱模的SBA-15(CS)为载体制备的CuO-SBA-15吸附剂却出现了活性组分团聚现象;吸附剂的酸性与脱硫性能均随着CuO的增加出现先增加后降低的趋势,当CuO负载量达到3mmo·lg-1时吸附剂具有最高的Lewis酸(L酸)酸量及最佳的脱硫性能;吸附剂的L酸酸量与其脱硫性能成正相关关系;另外吸附剂的L酸的形成是由于改性后Cu周围的电荷密度降低引起的.     

混合钴源对Co-Pd/TiO2催化剂催化CH4-CO2两步梯阶转化法合成乙酸的性能影响

以混合钴源为前驱体, 采用等体积浸渍法制备了Co-Pd/TiO2催化剂, 考察了其对CH4和CO2梯阶转化直接合成乙酸的催化性能, 采用XRD, XPS, NH3-TPD和BET对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 催化剂具有适宜的表面酸性、 高比表面积和孔结构, 有利于提高催化剂的活性. 在m(CoCl2)∶m=2∶5, m(Co)∶m(Pd)=2∶1, 常压, 150 ℃条件下, 乙酸的生成速率达到6.13 mg·g-1Cat·h-1, 选择性达到 81.6%, 分别比以单一Co源制备的催化剂提高了134%和16%.     

镁铝混合氧化物负载镍催化剂的制备及在液化石油气低温重整反应中的催化性能

采用共沉淀-浸渍法制备了不同Ni 含量的 Ni/Mg(Al)O 催化剂并用于液化石油气(LPG)的低温水蒸气重整反应. X 射线衍射和程序升温还原结果表明, 在 800 ℃焙烧的 Ni/Mg(Al)O 催化剂中, NiO 与 MgO 反应生成 Mg-Ni-O 固溶体, 还原后形成金属 Ni 纳米颗粒. 详细研究了 Ni 含量(质量分数)、反应温度和水/碳摩尔比(n_H2O/n_C) 等对催化剂性能的影响. 实验结果表明, 15%Ni/Mg(Al)O 催化剂对 LPG 低温重整反应具有最佳的催化性能. 提高反应温度能显著提高 Ni/Mg(Al)O 催化剂的催化性能. 当n_H2O/n_C=2时, 在400~500 ℃的温度范围使LPG完全转化的最大反应空速从 28900 mL·h^-1·g^-1Cat提高到 86800 mL·h^-1·g^-1Cat. 适当增大水/碳摩尔比有利于 LPG 转化为小分子气体, 但在 LPG 摩尔流量不变的情况下, 反应气中水含量过高会导致 LPG 转化率降低. 反应后催化剂的X射线衍射谱(XRD)和热重分析(TG)结果表明, Ni/Mg(Al)O催化剂优良的催化活性和反应稳定性可归因于催化剂表面Ni晶粒较高的稳定性和抗积炭性能.     

Highly stable,active and recyclable solid acid catalyst based on polymer-coated magnetic composite particles

A facile approach has been adopted for coating cross-linked polystyrene(PS) shells on the surface of Fe304 magnetic clusters using reflux-precipitation polymerization(RPP).Treating the PS shell with chlorosulfonic acid yields magnetic composite particles with acid functionality.By adjusting the amount and proportion of monomers(styrene and divinylbenzene),the obtained magnetic composite particle solid acid(MPM-5 S) exhibits a saturation magnetization value of 18 emu/g,a specific surface area of 243 m~2/g and an acid density of 2.113 mmol/g.The MPM-5 S magnetic solid acid catalyst was evaluated for esterification of oleic acid with methanol to prepare biodiesel.Under mild conditions,the conversion of oleic acid reached 91%,which was much higher than the catalytic activity of Amberlyst-15 and close to the catalytic activity of concentrated H_2 SO_4.The solid acid catalyst can be recovered by magnetic separation and reused three times maintaining over 95% of its initial catalytic activity.Additionally,the solid acid can be used to catalyze the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.     

有序介孔二氧化硅-碳纳米管复合材料载Pt 及其电催化性能

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为结构导向剂, 正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源, 通过添加碳纳米管(CNTs), 制备介孔二氧化硅包覆碳纳米管网状结构的复合材料(C/Si). X 射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)显示, 介孔二氧化硅的孔道结构高度有序, CNTs 均匀分散于二氧化硅刚性骨架中. 以其为载体微波负载制备了Pt-C/Si-x 纳米粒子催化剂,研究了催化剂在硫酸和甲醇溶液中电催化性能, 结果表明, 具有较高导电性能的复合材料保持了二氧化硅的均匀的孔道结构有利于电解液存储和质子传输, 使得该催化剂显示了良好的电催化活性. 其中碳纳米管添加含量为40 mg 时,催化剂在H₂SO₄ 电解液中的电化学活性面积高达120.9 m²·g^-1, 远大于Pt/CNTs 的电化学活性面积, 对甲醇的催化峰电流也达80.3 mA·cm^-2. 预示其作为直接甲醇燃料电池催化剂载体具有良好的应用前景.     

SO(2-)4/Ti-Al-O固体超强酸的酸强度及催化性能

ＳＯ４＾２＾－／Ｔｉ－Ａｌ－Ｏ型固体超强度酸可用于邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（ＤＯＰ）的合成，当Ｔｉ／Ａｌ原子比为２时，催化性能优于ＳＯ４＾２＾－／ＴｉＯ２，且催化剂的制备条件对其酸强度，表面积和催化活性有较大的影响。使用ＴＰＤ技术对催化剂的酸强度分布进行了表征，发现在ＳＯ４＾２＾－／Ｔｉ－Ａｌ－Ｏ型固体超强度酸中，存在着三种酸中心（弱酸，中等强度酸和超强酸），中等强度的酸中心浓度与ＤＯＰ合成的催化活性有有     

Heterogeneous catalysis using a nanostructured solid acid resin based on lyotropic liquid crystals

The catalytic reactivity and selectivity of the first example of a nanostructured solid acid resin (1) are described. This new type of solid acid catalyst is formed by the self-assembly and copolymerization of two acidic lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs), affording a columnar hexagonal polymer network with monodisperse nanochannels lined with sulfonic acid groups. The performance of this material as a heterogeneous catalyst was compared against that of two commercially available, amorphous sulfonic acid resins: Amberlyst-15 and Nafion NR50. Using the acid-catalyzed esterification of benzyl alcohol with 1-hexanoic acid in dry toluene as a test reaction, it was found that resin 1 displayed only slightly lower overall reactivity as compared to Amberlyst-15 and Nafion NR50 but more than an order of magnitude higher selectivity for the desired ester product over dibenzyl ether side-product. Control experiments revealed that the higher product selectivity is not due to differences in relative acidity between the nanostructured acid resin and the two amorphous resins. Instead, it appears that a large component of the enhanced selectivity is due to the regular nanostructure present in the LLC resin, which affords a much more uniform local acid microenvironment for reactions to occur. Resin 1 can also be recycled with almost complete recovery of catalytic activity and selectivity, and with essentially no leaching of reactive groups into the solution phase.     

双功能催化剂Ru/（AC-SO3H）催化转化菊芋根茎制备六元醇

甘露醇和山梨醇等六元醇是重要的多元醇,广泛用于食品、医药和化工等领域,尤其山梨醇被美国能源部定为一种重要的平台化合物.工业上,六元醇通常由果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖加氢得到,此路线存在与人争粮争地的问题.菊芋是一种来源广泛、价格低廉的生物质资源,它富含果糖基多糖(菊糖),菊糖的含量占菊芋根茎干重的70%–90%,由生物质菊芋出发催化转化制备六元醇具有重要意义.由菊芋根茎催化转化制备六元醇是一个串联反应过程,菊芋根茎先经过水解得到糖类,然后经过加氢反应得到六元醇.我们用磺化活性炭AC-SO3H代替AC载体以促进菊芋根茎水解反应. AC经磺化后,比表面积由原来的768增至1020 m2/g,酸强度由原来的0.21增至0.68 mmol/g,表明磺化过程不仅除去了AC中的杂质,也在其表面固定了大量的-SO3H,-COOH,-OH等酸性基团.透射电镜结果表明,1%Ru/AC和1%Ru/(AC-SO3H)催化剂上Ru高度分散. CO化学吸附表明,上述两种催化剂Ru的分散度分别为30.9%和74.2%,表明AC经磺化后产生了更多的固定位点,使得Ru可以更好地分散在载体上.在温和条件下(100oC,6 MPa H2,5 h)将菊芋根茎转化为六元醇,1%Ru/AC催化剂上六元醇收率为52.7%,而1%Ru/(AC-SO3H)催化剂上可达84.1%.这归因于后者的酸强度和Ru分散度较大：其表面的酸性基团-SO3H,-COOH,-OH促进了菊芋根茎的水解,高分散度的Ru则促进了糖加氢反应的进行.将Ru的负载量提高至3%,六元醇产率高达92.6%.以1%Ru/AC和1%Ru/(AC-SO3H)为催化剂,分别以果糖和菊粉为原料制备六元醇.结果表明,以果糖为原料时两种催化剂性能相同;以菊粉为原料时,1%Ru/AC的催化性能远低于1%Ru/(AC-SO3H).这表明菊粉和菊芋根茎转化反应,速控步骤是水解反应,而磺化过程引入的酸性基团可以促进水解过程的进行.在N2气氛下反应,主要产物为果糖和葡萄糖,表明菊芋根茎水解反应是主要的反应路径.在H2气氛下反应,糖类产率在1 h内达到最大值,然后开始逐渐降低,同时加氢产物逐渐增加.因此, H2气氛下反应过程中生成的糖类是中间产物.以菊芋根茎为原料,1%Ru/(AC-SO3H)催化剂循环使用4次后六元醇产率由87%降至55%;而以菊粉为原料,循环4次后六元醇产率略有降低. ICP测试表明, Ru催化剂并未流失,3次循环后催化剂的CO化学吸附表明, Ru的分散度由74.2%降至17.8%.这表明催化剂失活是由菊芋根茎中的杂质毒化Ru活性位点导致的.     

用活性炭及部分热解碳材料进行的质子催化(英文)

The development of environmentally friendly solid acid catalysts is a priority task. Highly oxidized activated carbon and their ion-substituted (saline) forms are effective proton transfer catalysts in esterification, hydrolysis, and dehydration, and thus are promising candidates as solid acid cata-lysts. Computations by the ab initio method indicated the cause for the enchanced acidity of the carboxylic groups attached to the surface of highly oxidized carbon. The synthesis of phosphorilated carbon was considered, and the proton transfer reactions catalyzed by them in recent studies were analyzed. The development of an amorphous carbon acid catalyst comprising polycyclic carbonaceous (graphene) sheets with –SO3H, –COOH and phenolic type OH-groups was carried out. These new catalysts were synthesized by partial pyrolysis and subsequent sulfonation of carbohydrates, polymers, and other organic compounds. Their high catalytic activities in proton transfere reactions including the processing of bio-based raw materials was demonsrated.