Characterisation of the surface of a cellulosic multi-purpose office paper by inverse gas chromatography

The surface of multi-purpose cellulosic office paper has been analysed by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The parameters determined were the dispersive component of the surface free energy, the enthalpy of adsorption and the entropy of adsorption of polar and apolar probes, the Lewis acidity constant, K _a, and the Lewis basicity constant, K _b. It can be concluded that the dispersive component of the surface free energy, _s ^d decreases with temperature, in the range 50–90°C. The temperature coefficient of _s ^d, d_s ^d/dT, is –0.35 mJm ^–2K^–1. The values of K _a and K _b were determined to be 0.11±0.011 and 0.94±0.211, respectively. The predominant surface basicity agrees with expectation, bearing in mind the presence of calcium carbonate, and of a styrene-acrylic copolymer, in the surface sizing formulation. It is thought that during the drying stages following the surface sizing treatment, the starch used as the binder migrates to the interior of the surface sizing layer and then to the paper bulk itself. This migration contributes to a decrease in the hydrophilicity of the surface, and also results in the surface showing only slight Lewis.     

Sorption of hafnium on hydrous titanium oxide using radiotracer technique

The sorption of hafnium on hydrous titanium oxide (TiO₂·1.94 H₂O) has been studied in detail. Maximum sorption of hafnium can be achieved from a pH 7 buffer solution containing boric acid and sodium hydroxide using 50 mg of the oxide after 30 minutes shaking. The value ofk _d, the rate constant of intraparticle transport for hafnium sorption, from 0.01M hydrochloric and perchloric acid and pH 7 buffer solutions has been found to be 17 mmole·g^–1·min^–2. The kinetics of hafnium sorption follows Lagergren equation in 0.01M HCl solution only. The values of the overall rate constantK=6.33·10^–2 min^–1 and of the rate constant for sorptionk ₁=6.32·10^–2 min^–1 and desorptionk ₂=2.28·10^–5 min^–1 have been evaluated using linear regression analysis. The value of correlation factor() is 0.9824. The influence of hafnium concentration on its sorption has been examined from 4.55·10^–5 to 9.01·10^–4 M from pH 7 buffer solution. The sorption data followed only the Langmuir sorption isotherm. The saturation capacity of 9.52 mmole·g^–1 and of a constant related to sorption energy have been estimated to be 2917 dm³·mole^–1. Among all the additional anions and cations tested only citrate ions reduce the sorption significantly. Under optimal experimental conditions selected for hafnium sorption, As(III), Sn(V), Co(II), Se(IV) and Eu(III) have shown higher sorption whereas Mn(II), Ag(I) and Sc(III) are sorbed to a lesser extent. It can be concluded that a titanium oxide bed can be used for the preconcentration and removal of hafnium and other metal ions showing higher sorption from their very dilute solutions. The oxide can also be employed for the decontamination of radioactive liquid waste and for pollution abatement studies.     

The distribution coefficient of60Co in sediments from the Solway Firth, UK

The behaviour of⁶⁰Co in sea water and sediments typical of the Solway Firth has been investigated. The distribution coefficient,K _d, of⁶⁰Co²⁺ in sediments was determined using the batch sorption method and theK _d variation with aqueous phase composition, sediment type and pH has been studied. Adsorption of⁶⁰Co by sediments was found to be highest in de-ionised water and lower in NaCl solution (31 salinity). Adsorption was lowest in natural sea water, where theK _d range was 2,270 to 2,750. Variation ofK _d with sediment grain size was observed. It was shown that⁶⁰Co adsorption was strongly dependent on pH in de-ionised water, with less variation in NaCl solution. Variance of⁶⁰CoK _d values were lowest in sea water in the range pH 5–8 indicating a more conservative behaviour of⁶⁰Co than previously recognised. Hence⁶⁰Co dispersion will be predominantly govemed by tidal behaviour.     

Sorption of cobalt on bentonite

Sorption of Co on bentonite has been studied by using a batch technique. Distribution coefficients (K _d ) were determined for the bentonite-cobalt solution system as a function of contact time, pH, sorbent and sorbate concentration and temperature. Sorption data have been interpreted in terms of Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich equations. Thermodynamic parameters for the sorption system have been determined at three different temperatures. The positive value of the heat of sorption, H ⁰=22.08 kJ/mol at 298 K shows that the sorption of cobalt on bentonite is endothermic, where as the negative value of the free energy of sorption, G ⁰=–10.75 kJ/mol at 298 K shows the spontaneity of the process. G ⁰ becomes more negative with an increase in temperature which shows that the sorption process is more favourable at higher temperatures. The mean free energyE7.7 kJ/mol for sorption of cobalt on bentonite shows that ion-exchange is the predominant mode of sorption in the concentration range of the metal studied i.e. 0.01 to 0.3 mol/dm³. The presence of some complementary cations depress the sorption of cobalt on bentonite in the order of K⁺>Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>Na⁺. Some organic complexing agents and natural ligands also affect the sorption of cobalt. The desorption studies with ground water at low cobalt loadings on bentonite show that about 97% metal is irreversibly sorbed.     

Removal of cesium and strontium from acid solution using a composite of zirconium molybdate and zirconium tungstate

A composite mixture of zirconium molybdate and zirconium tungstate was prepared and studied for the sorption of cesium and strontium as a function of nitric acid, metal ion concentration, time and temperature. The distribution coefficient (K_d) of 7000 ml/g (~90% sorption) and 70 ml/g (~20% sorption) was obtained for the sorption of cesium and strontium in 0.1M nitric acid, respectively. Experimental sorption capacity, b for cesium was found to be 50 mg/g from 0.1M HNO₃ and 30 mg/g for strontium from 0.001M nitric acid. The sorption of strontium on the sorbent was accompanied by the absorption of heat but the sorption of Cs⁺ results in the liberation of heat. Column studies were conducted by following a breakthrough (BT) curve of cesium and strontium up to C/C₀=1 and the results are reported.     

2,3-Dihydroxypyridine-loaded cellulose: a new macromolecular chelator for metal enrichment prior to their determination by atomic absorption spectrometry

New macromolecular chelators have been synthesized, by loading 2,3-dihydroxypyridine (DHP) on cellulose via linkers -NH-CH₂-CH₂-NH-SO₂-C₆H₄-N=N- and -SO₂-C₆H₄-N=N-, and characterized by elemental analysis, TGA, IR, and CPMAS ¹³C NMR spectra. The cellulose with DHP anchored by the shorter linker had better sorption capacity (between 69.7 and 431.1 mol g^–1) for Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Fe(III)) than the other (51.9–378.1 mol g^–1); the former was therefore studied in detail as a solid extractant for these metal ions. The optimum pH ranges for quantitative sorption (recovery 97.6–99.8%) on this matrix were: 7.0–9.0, 6.0–9.0, 3.0–8.0, 6.0–8.0, 6.0–9.0, 6.0–7.0, and 2.0–6.0 respectively. Desorption was quantitative with 0.5 mol L^–1 HCl and 0.5 mol L^–1 HNO₃ (for Pb). Simultaneous sorption (at pH 7.0) of all metal ions other than Fe(III) was possible if their total concentration did not exceed the sorption capacity (lowest value). The recovery of seven metal ions from their mixture at pH 6.0 was nearly quantitative when the concentration level of each metal ion was 0.2 g mL^–1. The optimum flow rate of metal ion solutions for quantitative sorption of metal onto a column packed with DHP-modified cellulose was 2–7 mL min^–1, whereas for desorption the optimum flow rate for the acid solution was 2–4 mL min^–1. The time needed to reach 50% of the total loading capacity (t_1/2) was <5 min for all the metal ions except Ni and Pb. The limit of detection (blank+3s) was from 0.70 to 4.75 g L^–1 and the limit of quantification (blank+10s) was between 0.79 and 4.86 g L^–1. The tolerance limits for NaCl, NaBr, NaI, NaNO₃, Na₂SO₄, Na₃PO_4, humic acid, EDTA, Ca(II), and Mg(II) for sorption of all metal ions are reported. The column packed with DHP-anchored cellulose can be reused at least 20 times for enrichment of metal ions in water sample. It has been used to enrich all the metal ions in pharmaceutical and water samples before their determination by flame AAS. RSD for these determinations was between 1.1 and 6.9%.     

Sorption of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) on lead sulfide

The sorption of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) on lead sulfide has been investigated in dependence on pH, time of sorption and the concentrations of sorbate and sorbent. The mechanisms of the sorption of Cr³⁺ and CrO ₄ ^2– traces on lead sulfide are discussed; a difference between CrO ₄ ^2– sorption on PbS and -Fe₂O₃ has been found. Sulfates and molybdates affect the removal of chromates from aqueous solutions. Lead sulfide carrier prepared in this work was also used for the preconcentration of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) from tap water.     

Structural Features of Grafted Phosphates in Mesopores of Si-MCM-41 and Ti,Si-MCM-41 Molecular Sieves

We have used ³¹P NMR (MAS) and IR spectroscopy and also chemical analysis to show that when Si- and Ti,Si-MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieves are treated with phosphorus oxychloride, surface-anchored silicophosphate and titanophosphate compounds are formed of the type (Si—O) _x —{PO(OH)_3–x } and (Ti—O) _x —{PO(OH)_3–x } (x = 1, 2), and also compounds with the structure of titanium hydrophosphate and pyrophosphate.     

Sorption and desorption of technetium by humic substances under oxic and anoxic conditions

The distribution coefficients K_d for the sorption of^95mTc by peat as well as the corresponding rates of sorption and desorption were determined as a function of the concentration of the supporting electrolyte (CaCl₂), the amount of dissolved oxygen and the pH of the solution. The results show that the K_d-values of Tc (added as Tc(VII)-pertechnetate) increase, if the concentration of CaCl₂ or the amount of dissolved oxygen is decreased. The sorption was reversible with respect to the replacement of Tc by a CaCl₂ solution. The half-times for the rates of sorption and desorption depend on the concentration of CaCl₂ and dissolved oxygen and were in the range of 20–60 minutes and 500–900 minutes for the sorption and desorption processes, respectively.     

A multitracer Study on the Adsorption of 36 Elements on a Silica: Effects of pH and Fulvic Acid

The distribution coefficients,K _d of 36 elements from Na to Bi on a silica were determined at pH 4, 7, 9 and in the absence and presence of fulvic acid (FA) using a multitracer technique. The multitracer solution was prepared by irradiation of Th(NO₃)₄ with ⁴⁰Ar ion beam. The effects of pH and fulvic acid on the K _d values of 36 elements were studied. It was found that the sequences of the K _d values of alkali elements (Cs>Rb>K>Na) and of alkaline earth elements(Ba>Ca>Mg) in the absence of FA can be qualitatively explained in terms of chemical bond formation and hydration. Various effects of pH and the negative or positive effect of FA on the adsorption of 36 elements were observed and are probably related to the species of 36 elements in the aqueous solutions containing CO₃ ^2–, OH^–, Cl^– and FA. For most of the elements studied here the K _d values are increased with increasing pH and are decreased with adding FA.     

Factors affecting interaction of radiostrontium with river sediments

Uptake of radiostrontium by sediments from two small streams was studied as a function of pH and composition of aqueous phase, of the concentration of strontium, of contact time, temperature and liquid-to-solid ratio (V/m), using laboratory model experiments. Between pH 5 and 12 the uptake increased with pH and shifted to higher pH values with increasing V/m ratio. Addition of cations suppressed the uptake in the order Na⁺<K⁺<Ca²⁺. Increase in strontium concentration had negligible effect up to 10^–5–10^–4 mol·dm^–3 concentration due to high concentrations of dissolved and exchangeable strontium present in the systems. The V/m ratio had no influence on K_d in the range of V/m=20–446 cm³ · g^–1 but K_d value for V/m=0.79 cm³ · g^–1 was significantly lower. Two-step kinetics of the uptake was observed in most cases with a rapid first step (<100 min) followed by a slow increase. No difference was found between the uptake at 10°C and 22°C. Adsorbed radiostrontium could be easily desorbed with river water. The easiness of desorption decreased with repeated desorption. Drying of sediment did not affect the first desorption, repeated desorptions slightly decreased. Conclusions were drawn on the mechanism of radiostrontium uptake and on the importance of the factors studied for modelling of radiostrontium migration in rivers.     

An estimation of the surface ionization constant of oleic acid in aqueous sodium chloride solution

The zeta potential () measurements and the site binding theory were utilized for calculations of the parameters of the electrical double layer (edl), ionization, and complexation constants for oleic acid-aqueous sodium chloride solution interface. Assuming that is equal to the diffuse layer potential ( _d ) of the edl, the charge of the diffuse part of the edl was calculated from the Gouy-Chapman equation. The intrinsic ionizaiton constant was then determined by an extrapolation method to be . Subsequently, the surface potential ( ₀) was calculated, and it was found that ₀ changes by 50 mV per pH unit (50 mV/pH) or 42.5 mV/pH for 10^–3 and 10^–2 M NaCl, respectively. For further calculations, the integral capacity of the outer zone of the compact part of the edl was assumed to be for both ionic strengths. It was established that the intrinsic complexation constant for the binding of Na⁺ ions with the surface of oleic acid ispK _Na ^int = 2.9±0.5 if the integral capacity of the inner zone of the compact edl (K ₁) is 80 for 10^–3 M NaCl, but 280 for 10^–2 M NaCl. The use of the sameK ₁ value for both ionic strengths gives a differentpK _Na ^int for different NaCl concentrations, and also provides unrealistic surface charge ( _o ) values greaterfor 10^–3 M NaCl than for 10^–2 M NaCl, at the same pH of the solution.     

Synthesis,thermodynamic properties and kinetics of the acid-catalyzed dissociation of nickel(II) diamido polyamino complexes

The ligands 1,10-N,N-bis(2-hydroxymethylbenzoyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazadecane (L₁) and 1,11-N,N-bis(2-hydroxymethylbenzoyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecane (L₂) have been synthesized. The stability constants of Ni^II complexes of ligands L₁ and L₂ have been studied at 25 °C using pH titrations. The kinetics of general acid (HCl, 0.04–2.34 mol dm^–3) or buffer (DEPP or DESPEN, 0.05 mol dm^–3, pH 4.83–5.72)-catalyzed dissociation of these Ni^II complexes have been investigated at 25 °C using a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. The ionic strength of solution was controlled at I = 2.34 mol dm^–3 (KCl + HCl) and I = 0.1 mol dm^–3 (KNO₃, buffer), respectively. The kinetic dissociation of Ni^II complexes catalyzed by HCl obeys the equilibrium k _obs = k _1d + k _2H[H⁺], whereas in buffer solution the observed rate constant k _obs = k _d + k _1H[H⁺]. At pH < 1.5, both the proton-assisted and direct protonation pathways contribute to the rates, whereas solvation is the dominant pathway at pH > 6. In the 4.8–5.7 pH range, the complexes dissociate mainly through a proton-assisted pathway.     

Sorption of strontium and fractal scaling of the heterogeneous media in a candidate VLLW disposal site

Because of the deposit and accumulation from the debris flow, the heterogeneous geological characteristics is obvious for a candidate very low level waste (VLLW) disposal site, with the grain size ranging from tens of microns to 75 cm. Therefore, it is challenging to directly measure the sorption capacity of the media and the distribution coefficient of some radionuclides, such as strontium. We have studies the correlation of the particle mass content with different grade size and the sorption capacity, which is important in the modeling of radionuclide migration in the heterogeneous disposal site. A total of three deep pits and five shallow trenches were excavated, and 21 solid samples were collected for laboratory experiments. The grade and percentage of the different-sized particles were obtained, and the fractal dimension (D) of the media was calculated from the results of sieved experiments. Steady state sorption time and sorption isotherm of strontium was determined in the heterogeneous media, and sorption and distribution of strontium in the heterogeneous media were evaluated by the relationship between the mass percentage and distribution coefficient (K _d) of the fine-particle media, which was comprised of selected particles with a diameter less than 1 mm, and the correlation on the K _d and D was regressed fit. The results indicated that fractal dimension bounded from 2.39 to 2.62 in the media, and K _d values of strontium ranged between 119 and 126 in the fine-particle media, and corresponding value was 11 and 43 in the original media. The correlation between K _d and D was approximately linear.     

Binding constants of calcium and/or magnesium electrolytes and aggregation numbers in oil-in-water type microemulsions formed by an amphoteric surfactant

The effects of anti-symmetric electrolytes (CaCl₂, Ca(SCN)₂, MgCl₂, and/or Mg(SCN)₂) and pH on the phase behavior, the -potential, the hydrodynamic diameter and the surface charge density of an oil-inwater type (O/W-type) microemulsion formed in solutions of an amphoteric surfactant (N ,N -dimethyl-N -lauroyllysine, DMLL)/n-octane/1-pentanol/brine have been examined. The formation of the microemulsion in the presence of CaCl₂ and/or Ca(SCN)₂ is of Winsor-type with an increase in the concentration of 1-pentanol. Particularly, microemulsion is not formed by the addition of Ca(SCN)₂ in a pH region less than 2.6. The -potential and the surface charge density of the microemulsion in the presence of CaCl₂ decrease with an increase in pH and show slightly positive values in the isoelectric region (pH 5-7), while, in the presence of Ca(SCN)₂, the -potential and the surface charge density show negative values in the same region at which the net charge of DMLL molecules becomes almost zero. The hydrodynamic diameters in the presence of CaCl₂ show a maximum value around pH 2.5, whereas, in the presence of Ca(SCN)₂, the minimum value is around pH 5.5. Similar tendencies are recognized in results for the -potential, the hydrodynamic diameter and the surface charge density of the O/W-type microemulsion in the presence of MgCl₂ and Mg(SCN)₂. A new formula to estimate the binding constants (K) of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^–, and SCN^– to the hydrophilic groups in DMLL molecules and the adsorption density of DMLL molecules on the oil/water interface (N) in the presence of antisymmetric electrolytes has been derived.K for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^–, and SCN^– was found to beK _Ca=0.12M^–1,K _Mg=0.14 M^–1,K _Cl=0.0084±0.0016 M^–1, respectively.N for DMLL molecules in the presence of CaCl₂, Ca(SCN)₂, MgCl₂ and/or Mg(SCN)₂ was found to be 0.50 nm^–2, 0.38 nm^–2, 0.44 nm^–2, and 0.47 nm^–2, respectively; and the surfactant (DMLL) numbers per O/W-type microemulsion droplet change from a few hundreds to a few thousands with changing pH. The larger the hydrodynamic diameter of the O/W-type microemulsion, the greater the number of DMLL molecules adsorbed on the O/W-type microemulsion surfaces.     

Mechanisms of Heterogeneous Processes in the System SiO2 + CH4: I. Methane Chemisorption on a Reactive Silica Surface

Experimental and quantum chemical study of reactive silica surface methylation is carried out. The main product of the reaction is the (Si–O)₂Si(H)(CH₃) groups, which are formed via a radical-chain process with the participation of methane molecules and paramagnetic and diamagnetic defects on the oxide surface. Spectral (optical and IR) characteristics of the groups participating in the process (Si–O)₂Si^·–CH₃, (Si–O)₂Si(H)(CH₃), and (Si–O)₂Si(CH₃)(CH₃) are determined. Information on the kinetics of separate steps of the process is obtained including rate constants and the activation energies of steps.     

29Si and 17O NMR investigations on Si−O−Ti bonds in solutions of diphenylsilanediol and titanium-tetra-isopropoxide

The structural units in diphenylsilanediol/titanium-isopropoxide solutions with molar ratio Si:Ti between 1:0.1 and 1:5 were examined by means of ²⁹Si and ¹⁷O NMR. The main component in solutions with molar ratio Si/Ti=1:0.1 is the chain-like octaphenyltetrasiloxanediol. With increasing Ti-isopropoxide content (1:0.25–1:05) Si–O–Ti units of the spirocyclic titanosiloxane Ti[O₅Si₄(C₆H₅)₈]₂ prevail in the solutions accompanied by the chain-like tetrasiloxanediol. The ²⁹Si NMR spectra of 1:1 solutions indicate a lot of different Si containing building units with chemical shifts mainly between-40 and-46 ppm. The signals with a chemical shift between-40 and-46 ppm are probably caused by Si atoms which are connected via oxygen bridges directly (Si–O–Ti) or indirectly (Si–O–Si–O–Ti) with titanium. Contrary to the 1:1 solutions only one or two different species with Si–O–Ti units are present in high Ti-alkoxide containing solutions (1:5). ²⁹Si and ¹⁷O NMR results reveal a quick hydrolysis of the Ti–O–Si bonds to titanium-oxo-hydroxo-polymers and phenylsiloxanediols or their isopropyl esters after the addition of water to the solutions. This separation into species only containing either Ti–O–Ti or Si–O–Si bonds can entail a decreased homogeneity of the reaction products on a molecular level.     

Electroconductivity of Solid Electrolytes in the Systems K3–2x M x PO4 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba)

Solid electrolytes K_{3 – 2x} M _x PO₄ (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) are synthesized and the temperature and concentration dependences of their electroconductivity are studied. Adding calcium and strontium stabilizes the high-temperature -form of K₃PO₄ at room temperature, while barium-containing solid electrolytes undergo an eutectoid decomposition below 430°C. Maximum electroconductivity is exhibited by K_{3 – 2x} Sr _x PO₄ (7.1 × 10^–3 and 1.25 × 10^–1 S cm^–1 at 300 and 700°C).     

Study of sorption processes of strontium on the synthetic hydroxyapatite

The sorption of strontium on synthetic hydroxyapatite was investigated using batch method and radiotracer technique. The hydroxyapatite samples were prepared by a wet precipitation process followed by calcination of calcium phosphate that precipitated from aqueous solution. Also, commercial hydroxyapatites were used. The sorption of strontium on hydroxyapatite depended on the method of preparation and it was pH independent ranging from 4 to 9 as a result of buffering properties of hydroxyapatite. The distribution coefficient K _d was significantly decreased with increasing concentration of Sr²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions in solution with concentration above 1 × 10⁻³ mol dm⁻³. The percentage strontium sorption for commercial and by wet method prepared hydroxyapatite was in the range of 83–96%, while calcined hydroxyapatite was ranging from 10 to 30%. The experimental data for sorption of strontium have been interpreted in the term of Langmuir isotherm. The sorption of Sr²⁺ ions was performed by ion-exchange with Ca²⁺ cations on the crystal surface of hydroxyapatite. Although calcined hydroxyapatite is successfully used as biomaterial for hard tissues repair, it is not used for the treatment of liquid wastes.     

Sorption of nickel on marl

Batch sorption experiments using nickel have been carried out on marl, a sedimentary, carbonaceous rock. All experiments were performed with a synthetic water of pH 7.3 and in an atmosphere of N₂/1% CO₂. Over the equilibrium nickel concentration range of 10^–11–10^–5M, sorption was linear and reversible with R_d of 819 ml g^–1. Owing to the linear sorption behavior, R_d was independent of rock/water ratio (r/w=1/5–1/100). The data suggested that at [Ni] lower than 10^–7M an isotope exchange mechanism operated, whereas at higher [Ni], sorption involved ion exchange. Sorption experiments on some of the components of marl indicated that nickel adsorbs mainly on the clay minerals and on the trace of iron hydroxide present; sorption on calcite and quartz was low.