五氟苯酯与烷基叠氮化合物的分子内Schmidt重排反应

主要开展了五氟苯酯与烷基叠氮的分子内Schmidt反应研究.以5-叠氮-2-苯基-戊酸五氟苯酯为模板底物,考察了酸促进剂、溶剂以及温度对重排反应的影响,筛选出四氯化钛在回流1,2-二氯乙烷中反应的最优体系.设计并合成了11种5-叠氮-戊酸五氟苯酯,通过在酯基邻位引入芳基、苄基以及烷基等取代基,可提升酯基邻位的迁移动力,使得异氰酸酯阳离子盐为主要重排产物.随后考察该类型Schmidt重排反应的底物普适性,结果表明,当底物中酯基邻位连有富电子芳环或者苄基时,芳基会对重排产物进行加成环合,最终生成内酰胺产物;当底物的酯基邻位连有缺电子芳基或者烷基时,五氟苯酚负离子会对异氰酸酯阳离子亲核进攻,生成氨基甲酸酯产物.五氟苯酚负离子的良好离去性,可启动叠氮基团对酯基的亲核进攻,是Schmidt重排反应得以实现的关键.     

脂族酰基过氧化物分解动力学的研究 Ⅳ.正构酰基过氧化物在苯中分解形成的烷基苯异构体的鉴定和烷基的氢重排

关于脂族酰基过氧化物在苯中分解,形成的烷基自由基与苯反应生成烷基苯,文献中已有不少报道,而分解过程中由于烷基异构化可能形成烷基苯异构体的实验结果,则至今未见报道.我们用GC-MS法分离分析过氧化月桂酰(1)和过氧化丁酰(2)在苯中分解形成的烷基苯类化合物,都发现有少量氢原子重排产物.1在苯中分解形成的十一烷基苯的异构体为正十一烷基苯(3),2-苯基十一烷(4),3-苯基十一烷(5),4-苯基十一烷(6)和5-苯基十一烷(7);2在苯中分解形成正丙苯和异丙苯.烷基自由基在溶剂中发生自由基型氢重排,除1,5-氢迁移     

烧氧基重排反应

本文综述了烷氧基重排反应。根据不同的反应机制,可将烷氧基重排反应分为三类;通过碳正离子重排的烷氧基重排反应,分子内烷氧基亲核取代反应和烷氧基α-迁移反应。     

典型频哪醇重排反应的机理及基团迁移规律的研究——一个研究型计算化学实验

频哪醇重排是本科有机化学课程的重要内容,但学生对重排机理、区域选择性和基团迁移规律不能很好地理解掌握。为了加强学生对频哪醇重排反应的理解,我们设计了一个利用计算化学方法解决有机化学问题的实验。通过直观的图像和具体的数据清楚地展现出：能形成稳定碳正离子中间体的底物主要以分步重排机理进行,而不能形成稳定中间体的底物则按协同重排机理进行。计算结果验证了反应的区域选择性取决于邻二醇质子化羟基的位置以及基团的迁移能力,明确了基团迁移能力的顺序为氢>芳基>烷基,并从微观角度对其进行了合理解释。     

碳正离子重排反应的推动力

碳正离子是指碳原子带有正电荷的物种,它属于一类重要的活性中间体。在烯烃的亲电加成,脂肪族亲核取代(S_N1)、消除(E_1)以及芳香亲电取代等反应中都涉及到这类中间体。碳正离子的重要化学特征之一是容易发生重排。在重排反应中,最常见的方式是分子内的1.2迁移。一般说来碳正离子的重排是通过烷基,芳基或氢带着它的电子对来进行转移,并在基团离去的碳原子上形成一个新的碳正离子。     

3-取代苯酞的合成研究进展

含3-取代苯酞结构的化合物广泛存在于植物和真菌中,是传统中草药中的活性成分,在现代医药中受到广泛关注.本综述列举了部分具有生物活性的苯酞类化合物,综述了3-取代苯酞类化合物的合成研究进展,特别是近年来报道的对映体选择性合成方法,以期对设计、发现具有广泛适用性和高立体选择性地合成苯酞骨架或类似化合物的方法产生启示作用.这些方法包括:(a)通过形成C—C键的反应构建内酯,例如2-酰基苯甲酸酯等的醇醛缩合/内酯化级联反应;(b)通过形成C—O键的反应构建内酯,例如2-酰基苯甲酸酯的还原内酯化或3-烯基苯酞的还原,分子内氧化/内酯化,或分子内氧化还原/内酯化.这些方法对于高立体选择性合成苯酞类化合物和药物研究具有重要意义.     

2—羟基—4—邻苯二甲酰亚胺基丁酸的氢迁移反应

在甲烷为反应气的化学电离质谱条件下，质子化的２－羟基－４－邻苯二甲酰亚胺基丁酸的单分子质谱碎裂产生了ｍ／ｚ１４８的碎片离子，表明其碎裂过程发生了氢迁移反应，ＡＭ在分子轨道的理论计算结果为可能的质子化位置提供了理论依据；建立在氘代同位素标记和碰撞诱导解离实验的基础上，我们提出此离子的形成可能同时存在单氢迁移和双氢迁移，一些质谱图中的物征碎片中离子为可能的ＭｃＬａｆｆｅｒｔｙ重排和离子／中性（碎片）复     

联苯胺重排的反应机理

联苯胺重排是N,N’-二芳基肼在酸催化下生成4,4’-二氨基联苯的反应。对该重排反应曾有π络合物和极性过渡态两种代表性的机理。但通过同位素效应动力学研究确定该重排反应是σ迁移反应型的周环反应。本文介绍了对联苯胺重排反应机理的研究及其代表性的实例。     

多氟代烃类的反应 Ⅱ.氟氯烯烃与三氯化铝的反应

Park等曾报道全氟丙烯与三氯化铝在50-60℃下反应,分离出一系列取代反应产物,并阐明其分子中氟氯基团与三氯化铝反应时的稳定性次序。Haszeldine等做了2,3-二溴全氟丙烯在三溴化铝存在下的重排反应,并提出了相应的重排机理。本工作以CFCl_2CF_2CF=CF_2(1)为原料与三氯化铝反应,通过试验找到在极温和反应条件下(三氯化铝与1的摩尔比为0.5,10℃下反应3h)获得几乎定量的重排产物CF_3CF_2CF=CCl_2(3),这一反应可用在三氯化铝催化下,1分子内烯丙位氟原子在分子内完成两次1,3-转移,从而使双键发生连续的烯丙型转移来解释.     

烷氧基重排反应

本文综述了烷氧基重排反应.根据不同的反应机制,可将烷氧基重排反应分为三类:通过碳正离子重排的烷氧重排反应,分子内烷氧基亲核取代反应和烷氧O-迁移反应.     

An unexpected rearrangement during mitsunobu epimerization reaction of sugar derivatives

Mitsunobu reaction on the glucose derivative (3S,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5, 7-tetrabenzyloxy-6-hydroxy-1-heptene yielded an unexpected rearrangement major product. Its structure was determined as (3R,4R, 5R,6S)-4,5,6,7-tetrabenzyloxy-3-hydroxy-1-heptene. The suggested rearrangement mechanism involves an initial intramolecular cyclization, followed by ring opening by the nucleophile p-nitrobenzoate. Product distribution of the Mitsunobu reaction was substrate-dependent, with the corresponding mannose derivative (the 3R epimer) giving less of the initial intramolecular reaction products and the corresponding galactose derivative (the 5S epimer) yielding almost exclusively the expected epimerization product. Varying the Mitsunobu reaction conditions (addition of base and using nonpolar solvent) led to the expected epimerization product of the glucose derivative.     

Neighboring group participation of the indole nucleus: An unusual DAST-mediated rearrangement reaction

A rearrangement reaction involving the indole nucleus was investigated using stereochemical markers and low-temperature NMR experiments. Treatment of (3S, 4S)-3-hydroxy-4-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (>90% ee) with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride gave stereospecifically (3S, 4S)-4-fluoro-3-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester (>90% ee) with complete regioselectivity. The initial formation of a reactive spirocyclopropyl-3H-indole intermediate is believed to be responsible for the stereo- and regiochemical outcome of the reaction.     

Mechanism of the condensation reaction between 1-aryl- and heteroaryl-1,4-dihydro-3(2H)-isoquinolinones and aldehydes

4-Benzylidene-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydro-3(2H)-isoquinolinone, the intermediary product of the carbonyl condensation reaction between 1-phenyl-1,4-dihydro-3(2H)-isoquinolinone and benzaldehyde, rearranges in the presence of an equivalent quantity of sodium hydride into 4-benzyl-1-phenyl-3(2H)-isoquinolinone. As the possibility of the migration of the hydrogen at C-1 in the form of a proton or a hydrogen atom (radical reaction) was excluded, the mechanism of the rearrangement could be depicted as an intermolecular hydride anion migration. In case of the 1-(4-pyridyl)- and 1-(3-pyridyl)-1,4-dihydro-3(2H)-isoquinolinones, however, the rearrangement can be carried out also in polyphosphoric acid and in this case a proton loss-proton gain mechanism was proved.     

Azulene-to-naphthalene rearrangement: the Car-Parrinello metadynamics method explores various reaction mechanisms.

We studied the thermal intramolecular and radical rearrangement of azulene to naphthalene by employing a novel metadynamics method based on Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics. We demonstrate that relatively short simulations can provide us with several possible reaction mechanisms for the rearrangement. We show that different choices of the collective coordinates can steer the reaction along different pathways, thus offering the possibility of choosing the most probable mechanism. We consider herein three intramolecular mechanisms and two radical pathways. We found the norcaradiene pathway to be the preferable intramolecular mechanism, whereas the spiran mechanism is the favored radical route. We obtained high activation energies for all the intramolecular pathways (81.5-98.6 kcal mol(-1)), whereas the radical routes have activation energies of 24-39 kcal mol(-1). The calculations have also resulted in elementary steps and intermediates not yet considered. A few attractive features of the metadynamics method in studying chemical reactions are pointed out.     

A new rearrangement process in tert-amyl cation

13C NMR spectroscopy of the 2-methyl-2-butyl-1-13C cation (13C-labeled tert-amyl cation) indicates that interchange of the inside and outside carbons occurs via a barrier of 19.5 +/- 2.0 kcal/mol. A plausible mechanism involves hydride migration in the proposed 2-pentyl cation 4 to form 3-pentyl cation 5. Via the protonated cyclopropane intermediate 6, which undergoes degenerate corner-to-corner hydride shift, the secondary 3-pentyl cation 5' with the label shifted to the central carbon atom is formed. The tert-amyl cation obtained from 5' in the reverse process has the 13C label on an inside carbon atom. All intermediates and transition structures were located on the PES theoretically at the MP2/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The rearrangement rate of the doubly labeled tert-amyl cation (methyl-13C-butyl-1-13C cation), followed by means of 13C NMR, revealed that the process that interchanges inside and outside carbons has the highest barrier. Comparison of the initial rates revealed that isotopomer 1e arises considerably more slowly than other isotopomers, indicating that in the overall rearrangement process transition structure 5-TS has the highest energy.     

Iron(III)picolinate-induced oxygenation and subsequent rearrangement of triterpenoid derivatives with hydrogen peroxide

The reaction of oleanane triterpenoid 1b with a FeIII(PA; picolinate)3/H2O2/MeCN system (reagent system A), a simple model system for mono-oxygenase, gave the 11 alpha-hydroxyl derivative 3 as major product, along with 11-oxo derivative 4 and 12-oxo derivative 6. The reaction of lupane triterpenoid 2b with reagent system A gave only oxidative rearrangement compounds, (20R)-aldehyde 8 and (20S)-aldehyde 9 were epimeric isomers. Then, we have found that iron(III) picolinate complex, FeIII(PA)3 is efficient in effecting the rearrangement of triterpenoid epoxides 5 and 7 into the corresponding carbonyl compounds, 6, 8 and 9 with 1,2-shift of the hydride.     

Lewis acid-catalyzed rearrangement of 2,2-dichloronorbornane to 1-chloronorbornane

The mechanism for the unusual AlCl(3)-catalyzed rearrangement of 2,2-dichloronorbornane to 1-chloronorbornane in pentane has been elucidated; the reaction, which also yields four isomeric dichloronorbornanes, occurs in three steps: (1). ionization to form the 2-chloro-2-norbornyl cation, which was fully characterized by two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C NMR in SbF(5)/SO(2)ClF; (2). Wagner-Meerwein shift to yield the 1-chloro-2-norbornyl cation, which was partially characterized by (1)H NMR; and (3). hydride abstraction.     

Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of VO2+ with propyne in gas phase

Possible molecular mechanisms of the gas-phase ion/molecule reaction of VO2+ in its lowest singlet and triplet states (1A1/3A' ') with propyne have been investigated theoretically by density functional theory (DFT) methods. The geometries, energetic values, and bonding features of all stationary and intersystem crossing points involved in the five different reaction pathways (paths 1-5), in both high-spin (triplet) and low-spin (singlet) surfaces, are reported and analyzed. The oxidation reaction starts by a hydrogen transfer from propyne molecule to the vanadyl complex, followed by oxygen migration to the hydrocarbon moiety. A hydride transfer process to the vanadium atom opens four different reaction courses, paths 1-4, while path 5 arises from a hydrogen transfer process to the hydroxyl group. Five crossing points between high- and low-spin states are found: one of them takes place before the first branching point, while the others occur along path 1. Four different exit channels are found: elimination of hydrogen molecule to yield propynaldehyde and VO+ (1Sigma/3Sigma); formation of propynaldehyde and the moiety V-(OH2)+; and two elimination processes of water molecule to yield cationic products, Prod-fc+ and Prod-dc+ where the vanadium atom adopts a four- and di-coordinate structure, respectively.     

The serini reaction of 16,17-dihydroxysteroid monoacetates

The Serini reaction of 16α-alkyl (or phenyl)-1β,17β-dihydroxysteroid monoacetates 5 and 10 gave stereospecifically 16β-substituted steroids 6 and 111 in good yields. This rearrangement was shown to proceed through 1,2 hydride shift. It was found that under the same reaction conditions, 16α-vinyl-16β,17β-diol 17-acetate 5c rearranged into Z-16-ethylidene compound 24 via 1,4 hydride shift.     

The F/Ph rearrangement reaction of [(Ph3P)3RhF], the fluoride congener of Wilkinson's catalyst

The fluoride congener of Wilkinson's catalyst, [(Ph(3)P)(3)RhF] (1), has been synthesized and fully characterized. Unlike Wilkinson's catalyst, 1 easily activates the inert C-Cl bond of ArCl (Ar = Ph, p-tolyl) under mild conditions (3 h at 80 degrees C) to produce trans-[(Ph(3)P)(2)Rh(Ph(2)PF)(Cl)] (2) and ArPh as a result of C-Cl, Rh-F, and P-C bond cleavage and C-C, Rh-Cl, and P-F bond formation. In benzene (2-3 h at 80 degrees C), 1 decomposes to a 1:1 mixture of trans-[(Ph(3)P)(2)Rh(Ph(2)PF)(F)] (3) and the cyclometalated complex [(Ph(3)P)(2)Rh(Ph(2)PC(6)H(4))] (4). Both the chloroarene activation and the thermal decomposition reactions have been shown to occur via the facile and reversible F/Ph rearrangement reaction of 1 to cis-[(Ph(3)P)(2)Rh(Ph)(Ph(2)PF)] (5), which has been isolated and fully characterized. Kinetic studies of the F/Ph rearrangement, an intramolecular process not influenced by extra phosphine, have led to the determination of E(a) = 22.7 +/- 1.2 kcal mol(-)(1), DeltaH(++) = 22.0 +/- 1.2 kcal mol(-)(1), and DeltaS(++) = -10.0 +/- 3.7 eu. Theoretical studies of F/Ph exchange with the [(PH(3))(2)(PH(2)Ph)RhF] model system pointed to two possible mechanisms: (i) Ph transfer to Rh followed by F transfer to P (formally oxidative addition followed by reductive elimination, pathway 1) and (ii) F transfer to produce a metallophosphorane with subsequent Ph transfer to Rh (pathway 2). Although pathway 1 cannot be ruled out completely, the metallophosphorane mechanism finds more support from both our own and previously reported observations. Possible involvement of metallophosphorane intermediates in various P-F, P-O, and P-C bond-forming reactions at a metal center is discussed.