Head-on collision of ring dark solitons in Bose--Einstein condensates

The ring dark solitons and their head-on collisions in a Bose--Einstein condensates with thin disc-shaped potential are studied. It is shown that the system admits a solution with two concentric ring solitons, one moving inwards and the other moving outwards, which in small-amplitude limit, are described by the two cylindrical KdV equations in the respective reference frames. By using the extended Poincar\'e--Lighthill--Kuo perturbation method, the analytical phase shifts following the head-on collisions between two ring dark solitary waves are derived. It is shown that the phase shifts decrease with the radial coordinate $r$ according to the $r^{-1/3}$ law and depend on the initial soliton amplitude and radius.     

Odd and even two-dimensional dark spatial solitons

The formation of two-Dimensional (2D) odd dark spatial solutions is analyzed numerically at an initial helical dark-beam phase distribution. Experimental results are presented for the first time confirming the existence of two-dimensional optical even dark solitons (ring dark solitons). Several aspects of the evolution of input 1D and 2D odd/even dark beams are compared qualitatively.     

Self-generation of fundamental dark solitons in magnetic films

The self-generation of single, fundamental, stable, spin-wave-envelope black and gray dark solitons has been realized for the first time. These solitons were generated from microwave magnetostatic surface waves (MSSWs) propagated in an in-plane magnetized yttrium iron garnet film MSSW delay line in a resonant ring. These fundamental dark solitons were made possible by a new and general filtering technique for a high gain nonlinear resonant ring. The amplitude and phase profiles together with the power spectra of the self-generated microwave pulses confirm their fundamental dark soliton nature.     

Extending dark optical trapping geometries

New counterpropagating geometries are presented for localizing ultracold atoms in the dark regions created by the interference of Laguerre-Gaussian laser beams. In particular dark helices, an "optical revolver," axial lattices of rings, and axial lattices of ring lattices of rings are considered and a realistic scheme for achieving phase stability is explored. The dark nature of these traps will enable their use as versatile tools for low-decoherence atom interferometry with zero differential light shifts.     

Could cavity solitons exist in bidirectional ring lasers?

We show numerically that bright and dark cavity solitons can be obtained in bidirectional class A ring lasers only if the phase invariance of the electromagnetic field is broken. The phase invariance symmetry is responsible for the existence of phase waves, which generate long-range interactions destroying the property of independence among otherwise localized structures. We improved the usual model describing such types of lasers, and we prove that it leads to genuine cavity solitons.     

Generation and intrinsic dynamics of ring dark solitary waves

 We present experimental results on the evolution of ring dark solitary waves generated by computer-synthesized holograms. The data obtained and the detailed comparative numerical simulations show that this approach ensures reproduction of the correct intensity and phase portrait of the dark wave at the entrance of the nonlinear medium. The transverse dynamics at both even and odd initial conditions is studied and compared with the theory and simulations. Received: 24 June 1996     

Dynamics and formation of vortices collapsed from ring dark solitons in a two-dimensional spin–orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensate

We consider the dynamics and formation of vortices from ring dark solitons in a two-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate with the Rashba spin–orbit coupling based on the time-dependent coupled Gross–Pitaevskii equation. Compared with previous results, the system exhibits complex dynamical behaviors in the presence of the spin–orbit coupling. With the modulation of the spin–orbit coupling, not only the lifetime of ring dark solitons is greatly prolonged, but also their attenuation kinetics is significantly affected. For two shallow ring dark solitons with the equal strength of the spin–orbit coupling, the radius of ring dark solitons increases to a maximum value over time and then shrinks into a minimum value. Due to the effect of the snake instability, ring dark solitons split into a series of ring-like clusters of vortex pairs, which perform complex oscillations. This indicates that the system is strongly dependent on the presence of the spin–orbit coupling. Furthermore, the effect of different initial modulation depths on the dynamics of ring dark solitons is investigated.     

计及两体和三体作用下的二维凝聚体中的孤子特性

使用多重尺度法,解析地研究计及粒子间两体和三体同时作用下二维凝聚体中孤子的特性. 结果发现,当凝聚体粒子间两体作用为排斥、三体作用为吸引时,凝聚体内会产生暗孤子环,且随着三体吸引作用的减弱,暗孤子环中心峰的高度逐渐降低,并当三体吸引作用消失时暗孤子环演化为一个完美的二维暗孤子. 当两体和三体作用均为排斥时,凝聚体中的暗孤子的宽度和幅度随着三体排斥作用的加强而减小,且当三体作用强度增加到与两体作用同一数量级时,凝聚体产生坍塌现象. 关键词： 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体 两体和三体作用 暗孤子     

准二维凝聚体中暗孤子环的动力学演化

发展多重尺度方法,解析研究了准二维凝聚体中孤子的动力学行为.当原子间为相互排斥作用时,凝聚体中可观察到暗孤子.计算表明,该暗孤子不稳定,将随时间演化成幅度较小的暗孤子环.特别是,所形成的暗孤子环被表明具有动力学稳定性. 关键词： 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚 多重尺度方法 暗孤子环     

Trapping a dark soliton pulse within a nano ring resonator

We propose the interesting results that a dark soliton pulse can be localized within a nonlinear nano-waveguide. The system consists of nonlinear micro and nano ring resonators, whereas the dark soliton can be input into the system and trapped within the nano-waveguide. A dark soliton pulse is input into a ring resonator and chopped to be the smaller pulses. The required pulse is filtered and amplified, which can be controlled and localized within the nano-waveguide. The localized bright soliton is also reviewed and discussed.     

Dynamics of ring dark solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates and nonlinear optics

Quasiparticle approach to dynamics of dark solitons is applied to the case of ring solitons. It is shown that the energy conservation law provides the effective equations of motion of ring dark solitons for general form of the nonlinear term in the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger or Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Analytical theory is illustrated by examples of dynamics of ring solitons in light beams propagating through a photorefractive medium and in non-uniform condensates confined in axially symmetric traps. Analytical results agree very well with the results of our numerical simulations.     

The dynamics of ring dark soliton in inhomogeneous Bose-Einstein condensates

The dynamics of the ring dark soliton in an inhomogeneous Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) with thin disk-shaped potential trapping is investigated analytically and numerically. Analytical result shows that the ring dark soliton is governed by a variable coefficients Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. The effect of the ring curvature (nonplanar geometry) and the inhomogeneous of the background on soliton amplitude and the emitted radiation profiles are obtained analytically. The theoretical results are confirmed by the direct numerical results.     

Dark pulses with tunable repetition rate emission from fiber ring laser

We demonstrated the experimental observation of the dark pulses with tunable repetition rate from an erbium-doped fiber ring laser. A considerable length of high nonlinear fiber is incorporated into the fiber ring laser to enhance the nonlinear intensity. In our experiment, both bright and dark pulses can be observed under the conditions of appropriately setting of the device in the cavity. Further study showed that the dark pulse is formed due to the cross coupling between two different lasing wavelengths. Particularly, dark pulse-train with multiple repetition rates was observed from the laser cavity and the repetition rate switchable operation can be realized by simply adjusting the polarization controller (PC) in the cavity. The operation of multiple repetition rates of dark pulses was further experimentally investigated and detected as a result of pulse splitting of each component with different wavelength.     

空心高斯涡旋光束的远场特性

基于角谱法和稳相法,推导出了空心高斯涡旋光束的TE波和TM波在自由空间远场传输和能流密度的解析表达式,研究了其相位奇点和能流密度分布。结果表明,空心高斯涡旋光束的远场特性主要跟控制参数有关。改变光束中的涡旋离轴量,光涡旋和能流密度黑核会发生移动。圆刃型位错线的半径和能流密度暗环位置跟束腰宽度有关,而能流密度的对称性主要受涡旋离轴量的影响。     

Three-dimensional multiple optical cages formed by focusing double-ring shaped radially and azimuthally polarized beams

We propose and simulate a method for generating a three-dimensional(3D) optical cage in the vicinity of focus by focusing a double-ring shaped radially and azimuthally polarized beam. Our study shows that the combination of an inner ring with an azimuthally polarized field and an outer ring with a radially polarized field and a phase factor can produce an optical cage with a dark region enclosed by higher intensity. The shape of the cage can be tailored by appropriately adjusting the parameters of double-mode beams. Furthermore, multiple 3D optical cages can be realized by applying the shift theorem of the Fourier transform and macro-pixel sampling algorithm to a double-ring shaped radially and azimuthally polarized beam.     

Dark-bright optical solitons conversion via an optical add/drop filter for signals and networks security applications

We propose a new system of the dark-bright solitons conversion using a micro- and nano-ring resonators incorporating an optical add/drop filter, where the add/drop filter can be used to convert the dark soliton to bright soliton. The key advantage of the system is that the detection of the dark soliton pulse is normally difficult due to low level of input power. Firstly, a dark soliton pulse is input into a micro-ring resonator, then propagating into smaller micro- and nano-ring resonators. Secondly, the add/drop filter is applied (connected) into the ring system, where the bright and the dark solitons are obtained via the drop and through (or throughput) the ports of the add/drop filter, respectively. The results obtained have shown that the detected soliton power can be controlled by the input soliton power and the ring resonator coupling coefficient, which is enough to use in the transmission link. The optical and the quantum networks using dark soliton are also discussed.     

Observation of dark pulse in a dispersion-managed fiber ring laser

The observation of dark pulse in a dispersion-managed fiber ring laser with net negative cavity group velocity dispersion (GVD) is reported. Both bright and dark pulses can be obtained in our fiber laser. When we appropriately adjust the cavity birefringence to achieve triple-wavelength mode-locked operation in the laser by rotating the polarization controller, the bright pulse could be switched to dark pulse. It is believed that the dark dispersion-managed (DM) pulse generation is caused by the linear and nonlinear intermodulation effects among the three wavelength pulses.     

相衬显微镜衬比的分析

本文详细讨论了制约相衬显微镜衬比的各种因素,并针对不同的被观察样本提出了合适的观察方法。首先,叙述了相衬显微镜和暗场显微镜的基本原理,并根据观察时的实际情况,定义了衬比Fc.然后,分纯相位物体和既有振幅变化又有相位变化的物体两种情况,对影响衬比的各种因素进行了详细讨论,得出了相衬显微镜的衬比最大的条件,并比较了各种条件下相衬显微镜和暗场显微镜的灵敏度,从中得出:在观察弱纯相位变化的物体时,相衬显微镜要比暗场显微镜有效些;在观察既有振幅变化又有相位变化的物体时,相衬显微镜和暗场显微镜要比明场显微镜有效些,但视场中的光强变化已是物体的振幅变化和相位变化的混合效应,而不能单独反映出相位变化。     

Laser-induced phase change in Langmuir films observed using nanosecond pump-probe Brewster angle microscopy

A technique is described to observe transient events in thin interfacial films and monolayers. p-polarized light has minimum reflectivity at the Brewster angle. When an interface is viewed with light that is both incident and reflected at the Brewster angle the resulting image is dark. However, small refractive index changes can increase the reflectivity producing a high-contrast image of an altered interface with a dark background level. Using this phenomenon, with imaging optics, photo-induced phase change in Langmuir films was monitored. Two synchronized 5-ns pulsed lasers were used in the pump–probe configuration to induce changes at an air–liquid interface and to monitor the resulting morphology changes at selected time delays after photo-excitation. The photo-responsive layers were made from photochromic spiropyrans, having long aliphatic chain substituents. When irradiated with UV light the closed form of the molecule converts to a more planar ring open merocyanine form. This results in the layers changing their morphology in order to accommodate the new molecular form.     

超衍射极限相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像技术中空心光束的形成

空心光束的质量是超衍射极限相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像技术中决定成像质量的一个至关重要的因素. 本文基于菲涅耳衍射理论,分析了螺旋相位片法产生空心光束的物理机理,并且模拟了不同的入射条件对产生的空心光束的影响. 模拟结果表明:波长与相位片中心波长匹配且光强呈圆对称分布的高斯光垂直入射到相位片上,当高斯光束中心与相位片中心完全对准时,可获得较理想的空心光束;入射光光强分布的圆对称性以及入射光中心与相位片中心的对准程度都会影响产生的空心光束的强度分布;同时,高斯光束小角度倾斜入射时,空心光的强度分布仍呈圆对称,却在观察面发生一定的位移;此外,入射光中心波长偏离相位片中心波长不大时,对产生的空心光束的强度分布几乎没有影响. 上述分析结果对用于超衍射相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像技术中理想空心光束的获取具有重要的指导意义. 关键词： 空心光束 超衍射极限 相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射 螺旋相位片