Producing ultra-high-speed nitrogen jets by arc heating in a low-pressure chamber

Pure nitrogen gas was heated with direct current arc, at input powers from several hundred W to over 5 k W, and then injected through a nozzle into a chamber at 1 or 10 Pa pressure, with the purpose of accelerating the gas to very high speed around 7 km/s. Various structures of the arc generator and gas expansion nozzle were examined. Results show that bypass exhausting of the boundary layer before it enters the nozzle divergent section can greatly increase flow speed of the jet, thus it might be possible to use nitrogen as a working gas in high speed gas dynamic test facilities.att     

Hybrid GR-SVM for prediction of surface roughness in abrasive water jet machining

This paper presents a hybridization model of support vector machine (SVM) and grey relational analysis (GRA) in predicting surface roughness value of abrasive water jet (AWJ) machining process. The influential factors of five process parameters in AWJ, namely traverse speed, water jet pressure, standoff distance, abrasive grit size and abrasive flow rate, need to be analyzed using GRA approach. Then, the irrelevance factors of process parameters are eliminated. There is a need of determining the influential factors of process parameters to the surface roughness as to develop a robust prediction model. GRA acts as feature selection method in preprocessing process of hybrid grey relational-support vector machine (GR-SVM) prediction model. Efficiency of the proposed model is demonstrated. GR-SVM presents more accurate result than conventional SVM as it removes the redundant features and irrelevant element from the experimental datasets.     

Measurement of tip penetration of confined high-density transient jets by laser beam deflection

The penetration of high density transient jets injected into a quiescent chamber containing air at atmospheric temperature and various pressures has been measured in terms of laser beam deflection. The sensitivity of the technique is quantified and the rate of jet penetration shown to increase with jet to chamber density ratio, decrease with chamber pressure and vary with downstream distance from the nozzle.     

高速斜入水和水平入水气炮水箱实验系统

为开展模型高速斜入水和水中高速航行的水流场实验研究,研制了立式和卧式气炮与水箱组合的实验系统。通过快速阀和活塞阀控制气炮激发和驱动状态,一级气炮采用高压空气直接驱动弹托和模型,二级气炮采用高压空气驱动重活塞压缩使集气腔中产生高压气体,再驱动弹托和模型达到预定速度。通过调节水箱和发射管角度,使高速模型斜入水或水平入水。其中,立式可变发射角二级气炮可发射质量1～1000 g的模型至2500 m/s最大速度,卧式一级气炮可发射质量1～100 kg的模型至300 m/s最大速度。和小气室、高燃气压力火药驱动方式相比,新型气炮采用大体积、中低驱动压力气室,高压气体更接近等熵膨胀做功,调节高压气体压力,能较好地满足模型质量和速度的宽范围要求。结合光反射通断法测速、高速摄影和阴影流场显示等测量技术,得到立式气炮压缩管重活塞运动速度、压缩管末端压力时间曲线和模型倾斜与水平入水的流场阴影图像。结果表明:重活塞速度在膜片破裂前和理论计算值符合较好,但破膜后差异较大。立式气炮流场阴影图像反映了模型斜入水产生的空中和水中激波以及在气水界面的反射激波、空泡形成和侧向气水界面的破碎与飞溅等现象。从卧式气炮的模型水平入水阴影图像提取气泡轮廓,清楚地看出尾部气泡气水界面的波动和失稳。和商业计算软件Fluent计算结果相比,空泡上游区域基本重合,但尾流区域强湍流导致两者存在明显差异。和水洞实验相比,气炮水箱实验系统近真实地再现高速入水过程伴随的冲击和动态空化等物理现象和模型尺度效应。     

高压氢气泄漏自燃形成喷射火的实验研究

为了探究高压氢气泄漏发生自燃时所需的临界初始释放压力随管道长度的变化规律,了解管内自燃火焰向管外喷射火焰转变的发展过程,本文利用压力、光电以及高速摄像等测试系统展开实验研究。实验结果表明:当管道长度相同,初始释放压力较低时,氢气泄漏不容易发生自燃;随着管道长度的增加,氢气发生自燃时的临界初始释放压力先缓慢减小后迅速增大;当管道长度一定时,初始释放压力越大,激波传播速度越快,氢气管内自燃的位置距离爆破片越近;气流通过激波马赫盘后,火焰燃烧加剧;随着时间的增加,火焰长度呈现先增大后逐渐减小的变化趋势,喷射火焰尖端的平均传播速度逐渐减小;火焰宽度呈现先增大后迅速减小至稳定值的变化规律。     

Effects of chamber temperature and pressure on the characteristics of high speed diesel jets

This study is an investigation into the effects of temperature and pressure within a test chamber on the dynamic characteristics of injected supersonic diesel fuel jets. These jets were generated by the impact of a projectile driven by a horizontal single stage powder gun. A high speed video camera and a shadowgraph optical system were used to capture their dynamic characteristics. The test chamber had controlled air conditions of temperature and pressure up to 150 °C and 8.2 bar, respectively. It was found experimentally that, at the highest temperature, a maximum jet velocity of around 1,500 m/s was obtained. At this temperature, a narrow pointed jet appeared while at the highest pressure, a thick, blunt headed jet was obtained. Strong shock waves were generated in both cases at the jet head. For analytical prediction, equations of jet tip velocity and penetration from the work of Dent and of Hiroyasu were employed to describe the dynamic characteristics of the experiments at a standard condition of 1 bar, 30 °C. These analytical predictions show reasonable agreement to the experimental results, the experimental trend differing in slope because of the effect of the pressure, density fluctuation of the injection and the shock wave phenomena occurring during the jet generation process.     

A ballistic compressor-based experiment for the visualization of liquid propellant jet combustion above 100 MPa

 This paper describes the components and operation of an experimental setup for the visualization of liquid propellant (LP) jet combustion at pressures above 100 MPa. The apparatus consists of an in-line ballistic compressor and LP injector. The ballistic compressor, based on a modified 76 mm gun, provides high-pressure (ca. 55 MPa) clear hot gas for the jet ignition. A piston (projectile) is fired toward a test chamber beyond the barrel’s end, and its rebound is arrested in a transition section that seals the test chamber to the barrel. The LP jet is injected once the piston is restrained, and combustion of the jet further elevates the pressure. At a preset pressure, a disc in the piston ruptures and the combustion gas vents sonically into the barrel. If a monopropellant is used, the jet injection-combustion process then resembles liquid rocket combustion but at very high pressures (ca. 140 MPa). This paper discusses the ballistics of the compression and compares experimental results to those predicted by a numerical model of the apparatus. Experimentally, a pressure of 70 MPa was achieved upon a 12.5 volumetric compression factor by firing a 10 kg piston into 1.04 MPa argon using a charge of 75 g of small-grain M1 propellant. Received: 16 December 1996/Accepted: 15 July 1997     

含能气体射流与液体相互作用的实验研究

为了研究整装式液体发射药的燃烧稳定性的控制方法,设计了点火喷射模拟装置及4种多级渐扩型观察室,利用数字高速摄像系统,观察含能气体射流在液体模拟工质中的扩展过程,并对实验中出现的喷孔壅塞现象进行了分析.结果表明:射流在渐扩型结构中扩展稳定,喷射压力、喷孔直径和渐扩结构对射流扩展形态和气液掺混过程有显著影响,通过合理调整这些参数,可以实现对射流扩展过程的有效控制;喷孔壅塞时射流扩展形态非对称,影响气液掺混,不利于控制射流的稳定性.     

高压水射流冲击HTPB推进剂的安全性分析

以高压水射流冲击HTPB推进剂的动态加载过程和准静态加载过程在作用压力和持续时间上的巨大差异为基础, 在水锤压力和滞止压力计算的基础上分别进行了点火模式预判, 然后以模型类比和实验方法分析了动态和准静态加载过程的安全性。结果表明, 使用出口压力在300 MPa以内的高压水射流冲击HTPB推进剂装药在动态加载过程中不会有点火起爆危险性, 但使用100M Pa以上的高压水射流冲击HTPB推进剂装药在准静态加载过程中其内部可能会发生温度突跃情况, 这可能会引起热点火、甚至热起爆。     

通过针阀喷管喷射的射流雾化的实验研究

本文得到了一些实验结果。从这些实验结果,得到喷射的射流雾化的物理原因可能是在喷管压力室内的压力能的聚集,它雾的猝发。至少这是一个主要的原因。此外,笔者提出了若干新的概念和考虑了针阀和压力室开头对射流雾化的影响。并证明了雾的分布符合Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ分布。     

自振脉冲气液射流振动分析

从提高射流利用率出发, 在自振脉冲水射流喷嘴振荡腔上开孔自吸入空气, 以形成一种自振脉冲气液射流, 研 究其振荡频率以及打击力的实际影响因素.基于水声学与流体动力学原理建立自振脉冲气液射流频率模型, 并以悬臂梁为靶物, 通过考察射流冲击悬臂梁时的振动特性获得其时域及频域特征.结果表明, 自振脉冲气液射流的振荡频率随腔长增加单调递减, 随含气率变化存在极小值, 且在初始段发生骤变, 实测值与理论值相吻合;对应自振脉冲气液射流产生最大谐振峰值的最优腔长略小于自振脉冲水射流, 且前者最大谐振峰值较后者明显提高.     

聚能射流水中侵彻行为的实验研究

对三种不同药型罩形成的射流在水中的侵彻行为进行了实验研究,采用电铜箔测速法及高速摄影法分别获取了聚能射流在水中的行进过程及图像。实验结果表明,水体的边界效应及聚能射流在水中的开坑行为对电铜箔的测量结果影响很大,且聚能射流的准定常侵彻行为在平均速度的变化上表现明显,在准定常侵彻阶段,聚能射流的速度可近似为线性递减,且药型罩构型对射流速度的衰减率影响较大,药型罩材料的影响较小。光测结果给出了聚能射流在水中的运动图像,且据此计算出的射流速度与电测结果吻合较好。     

Generation of hypersonic liquid fuel jets accompanying self-combustion

Aerodynamic behavior of pulsed hypersonic light oil jets injected at 2 km/s and 3 km/s is presented. Auto-ignition and combustion of the fuel during the injection process were visualized. The combustion around the disintegrating jet was enhanced by liquid atomization created by the very high injection pressure as well as the interfacial instability of the hypersonic jet. The jets were injected into air at low pressure and also that premixed with helium and air. It was found that the combustion was reduced in both cases despite the higher jet speed and the increased gas pressure. Received 5 November 1998 / Accepted 24 February 1999     

An Experimental Study of Mobilization and Creeping Flow of Oil Slugs in a Water-Filled Capillary

An experimental investigation was carried out on mobilization and very slow flow of oil slugs in a capillary tube. The pressure drop of the slug flow was measured at every stage of mobilizing and moving the oil slugs as a function of capillary number in the range of 4 × 10⁻⁷–6 × 10⁻⁶. The pressure drop across the oil slug experienced three stages: build-up, hold-up, and steady stages. During the build-up stage, the convex rear end of the slug was becoming concave into the oil slug and the convex front end of the slug moved ahead to form a new portion of the slug. At the hold-up stage, both the concave rear end and the front end continued to advance, and the initial contact line of the oil slug with the tube wall through a very thin water film was being shortened. At this stage, the pressure drop reached a maximum value and remained nearly constant. At the steady stage, after the oil slug was completely mobilized out of the original contact region, the differential pressure had a step-drop first, and then the oil slug flowed at a lower differential pressure depending on the flow rate. Numerous slug flow tests of this study showed that the hold-up pressure drop was always higher than the steady stage pressure drop. Results also showed that the measured extra pressure drop was significantly high compared to the pressure drop calculated from Poiseuille equation, which is still commonly used in network modeling of multiphase flow in porous media.     

Evaluation of FFT-based cross-correlation algorithms for PIV in a periodic grooved channel

The design of a pneumatic droplet generator to produce small (~0.2 mm diameter) water droplets on demand is described. It consists of a cylindrical, liquid-filled chamber with a small nozzle set into its bottom surface, connected to a gas cylinder through a solenoid valve. Rapidly opening and closing the valve sends a pressure pulse to the liquid, ejecting a single droplet through the nozzle. Gas in the chamber escapes through a vent hole so that the pressure drops rapidly and more droplets do not emerge. We photographed droplets as they emerged from the nozzle, and recorded pressure fluctuations in the chamber. We determined the duration of the pressure pulse required to generate a single drop; longer pulses produced satellite drops. The length of the water jet when its tip detached and the diameter of the droplet that formed could be predicted using results from linear stability analysis. The peak pressure in the cavity could be increased by raising the supply pressure, increasing the width of the pressure pulse, or by reducing the size of the pressure relief vent.     

Investigation of displacement fields in an abrasive waterjet drilling process: Part 2. Numerical analysis

In this paper, the displacement fields associated with the abrasive waterjet (AWJ) drilling process were simulated using the finite element method. A threedimensional finite element model was established, and justifiable pressure loads were used in the numerical model to simulate the AWJ drilling process. It was assumed that the pressure load in the AWJ could be resolved into three components, such as impact jet pressure, shear and normal pressure. The effect of these three pressure loads and their magnitudes on the surface displacement were investigated as a function of the jet penetration depth through numerical modeling. Using the hybrid experimental-numerical stress analysis approach, the transient state of stress and strain associated with the notch crest of the jet-induced hole at the impingement zone of the target material during AWJ piercing can be modeled numerically. It was found that the shear contributed the most in shaping the displacement contour patterns and that the jet pressure did not play a dominant role in determining theu field displacement. The jet pressure and shear had the most effect on thev field displacement contour pattern. It was demonstrated that the principal stresses at the bottom of the cavity increase as the depth of the hole increases.     

超临界CO2磨料射流流场影响因素的模拟分析

为了揭示超临界CO₂磨料射流流场特性,利用计算流体动力学模拟软件,对超临界CO₂磨料射流结构及不同因素对射流流场的影响规律进行了研究。结果表明:超临界CO₂磨料射流轴向速度和冲击力随着喷距的增大,先增大后减小,即存在最优喷距,喷射压差为10~30 MPa时最优喷距为3~6倍喷嘴直径;喷射压差一定时,围压由10 MPa增至30 MPa对射流速度场及液相冲击力会造成较小的负面影响。通过超临界CO₂射流破岩实验对上述2因素进行了辅助对比验证;流体温度由333 K增至413 K,固液两相轴向速度增大,而流体密度降低,导致液相冲击力减弱;磨料浓度由3.0%连续增至11.0%,射流固液两相轴向速度逐渐降低,降幅逐渐减小。     

Three-Dimensional Simulation of Turbulent Hot-Jet Ignition for Air-CH<Subscript>4</Subscript>-H<Subscript>2</Subscript> Deflagration in a Confined Volume

This work describes essential aspects of the ignition and deflagration process initiated by the injection of a hot transient gas jet into a narrowly confined volume containing air-CH₄-H₂ mixture. Driven by the pressure difference between a prechamber and a long narrow constant-volume-combustion (CVC) chamber, the developing jet or puff involves complex processes of turbulent jet penetration and evolution of multi-scale vortices in the shear layer, jet tip, and adjacent confined spaces. The CVC chamber contains stoichiometric mixtures of air with gaseous fuel initially at atmospheric conditions. Fuel reactivity is varied using two different CH₄/H₂ blends. Jet momentum is varied using different pre-chamber pressures at jet initiation. The jet initiation and the subsequent ignition events generate pressure waves that interact with the mixing region and the propagating flame, depositing baroclinic vorticity. Transient three-dimensional flow simulations with detailed chemical kinetics are used to model CVC mixture ignition. Pre-ignition gas properties are then examined to develop and verify criteria to predict ignition delay time using lower-cost non-reacting flow simulations for this particular case of study.     

A pneumatic droplet-on-demand generator

The design of a pneumatic droplet generator to produce small (~0.2 mm diameter) water droplets on demand is described. It consists of a cylindrical, liquid-filled chamber with a small nozzle set into its bottom surface, connected to a gas cylinder through a solenoid valve. Rapidly opening and closing the valve sends a pressure pulse to the liquid, ejecting a single droplet through the nozzle. Gas in the chamber escapes through a vent hole so that the pressure drops rapidly and more droplets do not emerge. We photographed droplets as they emerged from the nozzle, and recorded pressure fluctuations in the chamber. We determined the duration of the pressure pulse required to generate a single drop; longer pulses produced satellite drops. The length of the water jet when its tip detached and the diameter of the droplet that formed could be predicted using results from linear stability analysis. The peak pressure in the cavity could be increased by raising the supply pressure, increasing the width of the pressure pulse, or by reducing the size of the pressure relief vent.     

高压燃气射流在整装液体中扩展过程的实验和数值模拟

为研究高压燃气射流在整装液体中的扩展规律,探索提高射流稳定性的控制方法,设计了4级渐扩型圆柱观察室.采用高速录像系统,观察了燃气射流在液体模拟工质中扩展与掺混的过程,获得了射流扩展形态的序列照片,测量了Taylor空腔的扩展速度,对比了观察室内壁形状对射流扩展过程的影响.建立了二维轴对称气液两相湍流模型,模拟射流扩展过...