不同粒径尿微晶的ζ电位、自相关曲线和聚集状态

采用纳米粒度仪和透射电子显微镜(TEM)比较研究了10例尿石症患者和10例健康对照者的尿液经不同孔径滤膜(0.22、0.45、1.2、3.0、10μm)过滤后,尿微晶平均粒径(d)、粒度分布、自相关曲线、ζ电位和聚集状态的变化。随着滤膜孔径由0.22μm增至10μm,患者尿微晶的d值由162 nm增至3 227 nm,自相关曲线平滑性变差,自相关时间(Ta)由1.92 ms增至2100 ms,ζ由-2.65 mV减小至-9.21 mV,TEM显示尿微晶尺寸差异大,部分尿微晶处于聚集状态。而对照者尿微晶的d值仅由187 nm增加至1 010 nm,自相关曲线平滑,Ta由1.40 ms增加至6.67 ms,ζ平均值由-5.22 mV减小至-6.89 mV,TEM显示尿微晶均匀分散,尺寸较小。上述结果表明:尿石患者的尿液体系不稳定,其尿微晶聚集程度高,导致尿石症形成的危险性增加。     

不同晶相草酸钙超细微晶的合成及其与硫酸软骨素A的相互作用

采用配位沉淀法制备了二水草酸钙(COD)和一水草酸钙(COM)超细微晶,其尺寸分别为150nm和320nm。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、纳米粒度仪(Nano-ZS)和紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)表征了这两种草酸钙微晶。研究了尿大分子硫酸软骨素A(C4S)对上述COM和COD微晶ξ电位、粒径、聚集程度和紫外吸光度的影响。随着cC4S从0增加到1.0g·L-1,COD微晶的ξ电位从-9.7mV减小到-46.1mV,COM微晶的ξ电位从-15.9mV减小到-49.0mV;微晶表面ξ电位变负后,有利于稳定溶液中悬浮的微晶。在水溶液中,COD和COM微晶均存在显著的聚集现象,而C4S的存在可抑制COD微晶的聚集,并在浓度为0.05g·L-1时抑制效果最好。由于尿液中存在大量草酸钙微晶,本研究有助于阐明草酸钙结石的形成机理和C4S对草酸钙结石形成的抑制作用。     

草酸钙结石患者尿液中纳米微晶的成核、生长、聚集及其与结石形成的关系

肾结石的主要组分是草酸钙(CaOxa)等晶体。目前肾结石只能在形成以后才能被诊断,这给患者带来了极大的痛苦。肾结石的形成与尿液中的纳米微晶性质密切相关,如果能在结石形成之前或形成初期早期检测,则可以有效地预防肾结石发生发展。本文结合本课题组的工作,从微晶尺寸、微晶的聚集程度、形貌、化学组分、Zeta电位和稳定性等方面综述了肾结石患者尿液中纳米微晶的性质差异及其与肾结石形成的关系,并与健康对照者进行了比较;讨论了CaOxa结石患者在服用防石药物柠檬酸钾后尿微晶的性质变化。研究结果表明尿液中的纳米微晶的聚集是导致微晶快速增大和结石形成的关键因素,说明通过调控纳米微晶的物理、化学性质,有可能抑制肾结石的形成和复发。     

服用柠檬酸钾前后草酸钙结石患者的尿微晶和尿液性质变化

采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和ζ电位分析仪研究了草酸钙(CaOxa)结石患者在服用柠檬酸钾(K3cit)前后尿液中微晶的性质变化,这些性质包括:尿微晶的形貌、尺寸、聚集状态、质量、种类和ζ电位,并研究了服药前后尿液的稳定性差异和pH值变化。服用K3cit前,结石患者的尿微晶棱角尖锐,聚集明显,尺寸从几十纳米到几百微米不等,主要为一水草酸钙(COM)、尿酸等;而服用K3cit一周后,部分尿微晶的形状变得圆钝,聚集现象明显减少,平均粒径减小,部分尿微晶的表面出现凹陷,二水草酸钙(COD)和尿酸盐的百分含量增加,尿微晶的数量和种类减少,尿液pH值上升,ζ电位绝对值增加,自相关时间增加。从患者服用K3cit后引起尿pH值增加、尿液中排泄的柠檬酸和Tamm-Horsfall蛋白浓度增加、柠檬酸与Ca2+离子配位等角度,讨论了K3cit抑制CaOxa结石形成的机制。     

结石患者和健康对照者尿微晶生长、聚集过程的比较研究

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X-射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)比较研究了5例泌尿系结石患者和5名健康对照者的尿微晶的生长动力学差异。随着生长时间(t)增加,结石患者尿微晶尺寸不断增大,粒径从t=1 h时的约(6±4)μm增加到t=48 h的(29±17)μm,但微晶数密度从(1 400±300)mm-2逐渐减少至(450±140)mm-2,表明在患者尿液中微晶的形成过程为生长控制;相比之下,在对照者尿液中,随着t从1 h增加48 h,尿微晶数密度从(850±260)mm-2减少至(610±210)mm-2,微晶尺寸从(6±5)μm增加至(15±9)μm,这表明其生长过程同时为成核控制和生长控制。上述差异归因于对照者尿液中抑制剂的浓度和活性均比结石患者的高,更能抑制尿微晶的生长和聚集。     

尿液中的纳米微晶及其与尿石形成的关系

尿石症是一种世界范围的常见病和多发病,其主要的矿物成分为草酸钙(CaOxa)等[1-2]。但至今为止,尿石症形成过程中的许多化学及物理问题尚不清楚:尿液中的微晶是怎样生长和聚集?随后又是怎样黏附到尿路细胞膜上而形成结石?正常人与尿石患者尿液中微晶的数量和尺寸等存在什么样的     

纳米/微米一水草酸钙、二水草酸钙对牛血清白蛋白的吸附性能

研究了牛血清白蛋白(BSA)在尺寸分别为100 nm、3μm的一水草酸钙(COM)和二水草酸钙(COD)晶体上的吸附等温线及晶体ζ电位随BSA浓度(cBSA)的变化。结果表明,4种晶体对BSA的最大吸附量顺序为COD-100 nmCOM-100 nm≥COD-3μmCOM-3μm,即吸附量与晶体的比表面积成正相关。而比表面积归一化后,吸附量顺序为COD-3μmCOM-3μmCOM-100 nmCOD-100 nm,说明COM和COD晶体的结晶水数量和晶面电荷密度影响了BSA的吸附。吸附等温线都很好地拟合了Langmuir模型,表明BSA在纳米/微米COM、COD晶体上的吸附属于单分子层吸附。COM和COD等电点大小顺序为COM-100 nm(7.2)COD-100 nm(6.7)≥COM-3μm(4.7)COD-3μm(4.3),因此在病生理条件下(p H≈6.3)纳米级晶体的团聚比微米级晶体的更严重。纳米级和微米级晶体对BSA的最大吸附量都在BSA等电点附近(p H=4.8)。BSA在纳米/微米COM和COD晶体上的吸附与晶体的比表面积、晶面电荷、团聚、结晶水数量和pH值有关。本文结果有助于阐明尿液中不同性质微晶与尿蛋白质对草酸钙结石形成的影响。     

以纳米Ag与接枝酪蛋白为复合载体的葡萄糖氧化酶电极的研究

采用电化学方法从AgNO3 的柠檬酸水溶液中制备纳米Ag,并用激光光散射粒度分析仪和X_衍射仪对其粒径和形态进行了表征。以纳米Ag和接枝酪蛋白为复合载体制备了葡萄糖氧化酶电极, 研究了工作电位、底物浓度、温度、溶液pH对电极电化学响应特性的影响,以及电极的专一性和重现性实验。结果表明:制备的Ag粒子的粒径约为40 nm, 近似球形, 存在着一定的硬团聚; 该复合酶电极的线性响应范围为1.0×10-6~1.5×10-2 mol/L,响应时间仅为12 s, 并具有优良的重现性和高选择性。     

柠檬酸盐法合成钙钛矿型复合氧化物纳米固体材料LaFeO_3

纳米固体材料(或称毫微晶材料)是近几年发展起来的新兴材料,这是由尺寸为纳米数量级(通常粒径<10～15 nm)的微晶颗粒聚集而成的块状或者薄膜人工固体,其原子排列状态既不同于传统的晶态、非晶态,又不同于尺寸为纳米数量级的超微粒,其结构特点使该材料具有与传统材料极不相同的特殊性能,已引起世界各国科学家的高度重视,但是由于     

阴离子、阳离子和非离子表面活性剂在纳/微米草酸钙晶体上的吸附差异

研究了尺寸分别为50 nm和3μm的一水草酸钙(COM)和二水草酸钙(COD)晶体对不同电荷表面活性剂的吸附差异,包括阴离子型表面活性剂磺基琥珀酸钠二辛酯(AOT)、阳离子型表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和非离子型表面活性剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-40),探究了尿液中带不同电荷的分子对纳米、微米尿微晶的影响。结果表明,表面活性剂的吸附量大小为AOTCTABNP-40,即阴离子型表面活性剂的吸附量最大,非离子型表面活性剂的吸附量最小;晶体尺寸相同时,COM的吸附能力稍大于COD;吸附表面活性剂后,晶体表面的ζ电位绝对值都增大,有利于抑制晶体的团聚和沉降。提出了晶体吸附不同表面活性剂的分子模型。不同电荷表面活性剂与纳/微米COM、COD晶体之间存在不同的相互作用。表面活性剂吸附量越大,沉降越慢,对晶体悬浮液的稳定效果越明显。     

不同模拟体系中草酸钙结晶的比较研究

泌尿系结石是一种世界范围内的常见病及多发病 ,如深圳市的尿结石患病率高达 4.87%[1] ,其发病率呈上升趋势 .泌尿系结石在手术后复发率高 ,尤其是对结石的预防 ,目前尚无十分理想的方法 ,至今其形成机制未完全阐明 ,80 %以上的尿结石患者病因不清 [2 ] .草酸钙 (Ca C2 O4 )是泌尿系结石的主要成分 .体内 Ca C2 O4 结石的形成与热力学 (过饱和度 )和动力学 (成核、生长和聚集 )因素相关 .虽然在尿液中发现有二水草酸钙 (COD)晶体 ,但是热力学稳定的一水草酸钙 (COM)是尿石中最普遍的晶型[3 ] .在大多数的 Ca C2 O4 结石中 ,COM的发…     

二水草酸钙的热力学转化及海藻多糖的稳定作用

草酸钙结石的形成与尿液中草酸钙的存在形式密切相关，一水草酸钙(COM)促进尿石症形成，而二水草酸钙(COD)易随尿液排出体外。本文采用体外模拟方法，比较研究了COD晶体在水溶液、正常人尿液和结石患者尿液3个不同体系中的稳定性及海藻龙须菜多糖(SPS)对COD的稳定作用。在水溶液和患者尿液中，不但COD转化率高，而且得到的转化产物COM晶体聚集程度大；而在正常人尿液中，COD转化率低，转化产物聚集程度较小。COD在不同体系中转化的速度依次为：水溶液＞患者尿液＞正常人尿液。从海藻龙须菜中提取的硫酸多糖可以稳定COD的存在并减小COM的聚集，这有利于阻止草酸钙结石的形成，因此，海藻龙须菜多糖有可能用于防止草酸钙结石形成。     

凝胶网格沉淀法制备MgO纳米晶

Monodispersed spherical MgO nanocrystallites were successfully prepared by a novel gel-network precipitation process. The face-centred cubic samples were with narrow size distribution of 10～15 nm. The formation process and structure of MgO nanocrystallites were investigated by means of TG-DTA, FTIR, XRD and TEM. The results show that the particle sizes are related to the network structure of gelatin, not only can the shapes and sizes of nanocrystallites be controlled, but the aggregation and agglomeration can be prevented by gel-network. The products have smaller particle size and better homogeneity.     

海藻硫酸多糖抑制草酸钙结石形成的化学模拟

用体外模拟方法研究了从海藻异枝麒麟菜中提取的硫酸多糖(ESPS)对尿结石患者尿液中草酸钙晶体生长的影响. ESPS不但诱导与尿路细胞膜粘附力较弱的二水草酸钙晶体形成, 而且抑制一水草酸钙的生长和聚集, 归因于一水草酸钙的富钙(101)晶面与聚阴离子ESPS之间的静电相互作用. 上述结果表明, ESPS是一种抑制草酸钙结石的潜在绿色药物.     

Cytotoxicity induced by engineered silver nanocrystallites is dependent on surface coatings and cell types

Due to their unique antimicrobial properties silver nanocrystallites have garnered substantial attention and are used extensively for biomedical applications as an additive to wound dressings, surgical instruments and bone substitute materials. They are also released into unintended locations such as the environment or biosphere. Therefore it is imperative to understand the potential interactions, fate and transport of nanoparticles with environmental biotic systems. Numerous factors including the composition, size, shape, surface charge, and capping molecule of nanoparticles are known to influence cell cytotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that the physical/chemical properties of the silver nanoparticles including surface charge, differential binding and aggregation potential, which are influenced by the surface coatings, are a major determining factor in eliciting cytotoxicity and in dictating potential cellular interactions. In the present investigation, silver nanocrystallites with nearly uniform size and shape distribution but with different surface coatings, imparting overall high negativity to high positivity, were synthesized. These nanoparticles included poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride-Ag, biogenic-Ag, colloidal-Ag (uncoated), and oleate-Ag with zeta potentials +45 ± 5, -12 ± 2, -42 ± 5, and -45 ± 5 mV, respectively; the particles were purified and thoroughly characterized so as to avoid false cytotoxicity interpretations. A systematic investigation on the cytotoxic effects, cellular response, and membrane damage caused by these four different silver nanoparticles was carried out using multiple toxicity measurements on mouse macrophage (RAW-264.7) and lung epithelial (C-10) cell lines. Our results clearly indicate that the cytotoxicity was dependent on various factors such as surface charge and coating materials used in the synthesis, particle aggregation, and the cell-type for the different silver nanoparticles that were investigated. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium)-coated Ag nanoparticles were found to be the most toxic, followed by biogenic-Ag and oleate-Ag nanoparticles, whereas uncoated or colloidal silver nanoparticles were found to be the least toxic to both macrophage and lung epithelial cells. Also, based on our cytotoxicity interpretations, lung epithelial cells were found to be more resistant to the silver nanoparticles than the macrophage cells, regardless of the surface coating.     

Preparation, characterization and enzyme inhibition of methylmethacrylate copolymer nanoparticles with different hydrophilic polymeric chains

Methylmethacrylate copolymer nanoparticles with different hydrophilic chains were prepared by the free radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), N-methacrylic acid (MAA), N-trimethylaminoethylmethacrylate chloride (TMAEMC) or N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate hydrochloride (DMAEMC). These particles were characterized by particle size and zeta potential. The polymerization conditions were shown to influence the particle size and surface charge. Particle sizes of MMA-NIPAAm nanoparticles after 3 h of reaction reached constant level at 180 nm. An increasing amount of total monomer (0.5-5%) would result in the nanoparticles of particle size of 115-204 nm for 30% NIPAAm of the total monomer. In the same range of 5-40% NIPAAm of the total monomer, the particle size decreased from 280 to 170 nm. The concentration of the initiator APS up to a concentration of 0.2% for MMA-TMAEMC and 0.1% for MMA-NIPAAm showed no effect on the particle size of the final nanoparticle suspensions, while higher concentration would lead to aggregation in the polymerization process. MMA-NIPAAm nanoparticles were pH-dependent in zeta potential at pH 1-12 values reducing from 12.2 mV to −16.8 mV, respectively. Nanoparticles were incubated with pepsin and trypsin at 37 °C for 20 min and their enzyme inhibition was determined. The activity of pepsin decreased to 27% in the presence of MMA-NIPAAm nanoparticles, and MMA-MAA nanoparticles reduced the activity of trypsin to 39%, respectively.     

Direct Determination of Urinary Lysozyme Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Light-Scattering of Gold Nanoparticles

The purpose of this study was to establish a simple and sensitive analytical method for lysozyme using Plasmon Resonance Light-Scattering (PRLS) technique with Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the probe. Nanomolar level of lysozyme induced AuNPs aggregation with enhanced PRLS. For 1.4 nM citrate-capped AuNPs (13 nm in diameter), the linear range of the calibration curve was 15-50 nM with a detection limit of 13.1 nM for lysozyme. Six nanomolar lysozyme can produce an observable PRLS enhancement. Most potential interfering substances present in urine had a negligible effect on the determination. The interference from human serum albumin in the urinary sample can be reduced by precipitating the albumin with ethanol at pH 4.8-4.9. The 90.1-118.2% recovery was achieved for 8 individual lysozyme-spiked urinary samples. This simple and sensitive method for lysozyme does not require sample clean-up and AuNPs modification, thus provided an alternative for urinary lysozyme determination.