Phthalocyanines prepared from 4-chloro-/4-hexylthio-5-(4-phenyloxyacetic acid)phthalonitriles and functionalization of the related phthalocyanines with hydroxymethylferrocene

The phthalonitrile derivative chosen for the synthesis of substituted phthalocyanines [M: 2H, Zn(II), Co(II)] with four chloro and four phenyloxyacetic acid substituents on the periphery is 4-chloro-5-(4-phenyloxyacetic acid)phthalonitrile. The sodium salt of carboxyl substituted zinc phthalocyanine is good soluble in water. Further reactions of zinc and cobalt phthalocyanines bearing phenyloxyacetic acid with thionylchloride gave the corresponding acylchlorides. This functional group reacted with hydroxymethylferrocene in dry DMF to obtain ferrocenyl substituted phthalocyanines. Also chloro substituent in new phthalonitrile was substituted with hexylsulfanyl substituent and its cyclotetramerization in the presence of Zn(AcO)₂·2H₂O and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol resulted with zinc phthalocyanine. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, MALDI-TOF mass, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, UV-Vis and fluorescence data. Aggregations properties of phthalocyanines were investigated at different concentrations in tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, water, and water/ethanol mixture. Also fluorescence spectral properties are reported.     

Synthesis and properties of tetra-4-morpholinyl(piperidinyl)-5-R-substituted phthalocyanines

Demetallation of magnesium tetra-4-morpholinyl(piperidinyl)-5-R-substituted phthalocyanines was performed to obtain the corresponding metal-free phthalocyanines. Their electronic absorption spectra were shown to depend on the nature of the solvent. It was found that both the saturated heterocycle and the oxyaryl substituent have almost no effect on the position of the absorption maximum.     

Nucleophilic substitution in 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalodinitrile: IX. Synthesis of 4-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-aryloxyphthalodinitriles and copper phthalocyanines based thereon

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of bromine in 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalodinitrile with the morpholine residue and the subsequent substitution of nitro group with the aryloxy one yielded 4-morpholyl-5-aryloxyphthalodinitriles. From these substances octasubstituted copper phthalocyanines were synthesized, and their physicochemical properties were studied.

     

Nucleophilic Substitution in 4-Bromo-5-nitrophthalodinitrile: IV. 5-Nitro-4-(phenylthio)phthalodinitrile and Octa-substituted Metal Phthalocyanines Based Thereon

5-Nitro-4-(phenylthio)phthalodinitrile was obtained by nucleophilic substitution of the bromine atom in 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalodinitrile. The product was used to prepare copper(II) and cobalt tetra(5-nitro-4-phenylthio)phthalocyanines, and their spectral properties were studied.     

Nucleophilic substitution of 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalodinitrile: XIII. Synthesis and properties of 4-(1-benzotriazolyl)-5-(4-tritylphenoxy)phthalonitrile and phthalocyanines based thereon

4-(1-Benzotriazolyl)-5-(4-tritylphenoxy)phthalonitrile was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of bromine and nitro group of 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalonitrile, and on its basis the corresponding octa-substituted phthalocyanines were obtained. Spectral properties of the synthesized compounds were investigated.     

5-Acylamino-4-phenoxyphthalodinitriles and Metal Phthalocyanines Based Thereon

Tetra(5-acetylamino-4-phenoxy)-, tetra(5-benzoylamino-4-phenoxy)-, and tetra(5-octanoylamino-4-phenoxy)phthalocyanines are synthesized, and their electronic absorption spectra are studied.     

Nucleophilic substitution in 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalodinitrile: X. Synthesis of 4-(1-benzotriazolyl)-5-(1(2)-naphthyloxy)-phthalodinitriles and related phthalocyanines

4-(1-Benzotriazolyl)-5-[1(2)-naphthyloxy]phthalodinitriles were obtained by nucleophilic substitution of bromine and nitro group in 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalodinitrile. These compounds were used for the synthesis of the corresponding octa-substituted phthalocyanines. Spectral data of the compounds obtained were examined.     

Synthesis and Properties of 4-Acyloxy-5-nitrophthalodinitriles and Copper(II) Phthalocyanines Derived Thereof

Acylation of 4-hydroxy-5-nitrophthalonitrile gave 4-acetoxy-5-nitro- and 4-benzoyloxy-5-nitrophthalonitriles. The products were reacted with copper(II) acetate to obtain the corresponding octasubstituted phthalocyanines.     

Nucleophilic Substitution in 4-Bromo-5-nitrophthalodinitrile: XVI.<Superscript>1</Superscript> 4-(1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-Benzotriazol-1-yl)-5-[(4-carboxyphenyl)oxy/sulfanyl]- phthalonitriles and Cobalt Phthalocyanines Thereof

A method of synthesis of 4-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-5-[(4-carboxyphenyl)oxy]- and -5-[(4-carboxyphenyl) sulfanyl]phthalonitriles starting with 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalonitriles was developed. The synthesized phthalonitriles were used to prepare cobalt tetra-4-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-tetra-5-[(4-carboxyphenyl)oxy/sulfanyl]phthalocyanines. The spectral and catalytic properties of the resulting octasubstituted phthalocyanines were studied.     

Nucleophilic Substitution of 4-Bromo-5-nitrophthalodinitrile: XVII. Synthesis and Properties of Bifunctionally Substituted Metal Phthalocyanines with Aryloxy and Nitro Groups

By substitution of bromine in 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalonitrile 4-(aryloxy)-5-nitrophthalonitriles were synthesized and, on their basis, cobalt and copper tetra(4-aryloxy-5-nitro)phthalo-cyanines were prepared. Spectral properties of the obtained octasubstituted phthalocyanines were investigated.     

Nucleophilic substitution in 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalodinitrile: VIII. Synthesis of 4-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-5-[4-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenoxy]phthalodinitrile and phthalocyanines on its basis

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the bromine atom in 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalodinitrile by a 2-aminophenylamine residue followed by conversion of the resulting compound to 4-(1-benzothiazol-1-yl)-5-nitrophthalodinitrile and nucleophilic substitution of the nitro group by a 4-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-phenoxy group gave 4-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-5-[4-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenoxy]phthalodinitrile. The latter product was reacted with certain metal acetates and chlorides to obtain the corresponding metal complexes of octasubstituted phthalocyanines. Spectral properties of the complexes were studied.     

Synthesis of N,N'-Alkylated Tetrahydroquinoxalines by the Reaction of 4-Bromo-5-nitrophthalonitrile with Secondary Diamines

The reaction of 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalonitrile with aliphatic secondary diamines to give dicyano tetrahydroquinoxalines alkylated on the nitrogen atoms has been investigated for the first time. The latter can be used to prepare imides, phthalocyanines, hexazocyclanes, and other compounds containing isoindoline fragments.     

Nucleophilic substitution in 4-bromo-5-nitrophthalonitrile: XIV. Synthesis and properties of 4,5-bis[4-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenoxy]phthalonitrile and phthalocyanines therefrom

4,5-Bis[4-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenoxy]phthalonitrile was prepared by the nucleophilic substitution of the nitro group and bromine in 4-bromo-5-nitrophathalonitrile. The product was used to synthesize the corresponding octasubstituted phthalocyanine, as well as its magnesium, copper, zinc, cobalt, and nickel complexes. The spectral properties of the synthesized phthalocyanines were studied.     

Synthesis and Aggregation of Cationic Zinc and Magnesium Phthalocyanines Containing 4-(3,5-Dimethyl-1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-pyrazol-1-yl)phenoxy Groups

Tetracationic metal phthalocyanines were synthesized by the quaternization of the C_s-regioisomers of tetrasubstituted zinc and magnesium phthalocyanines containing 3,5-dimethylpyrazole fragments. The individuality of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by HPLC?mass spectrometry. The aggregation of the cationic metal phthalocyanines in water and aqueous-organic media, as well as in the presence of Triton X- 100 was studied. The dependence of the dimerization constant on the polarity of mixed solvents was determined.     

Metal Complexes of Phthalocyanines in Polymers as Suitable Materials for Optical Limiting

Summary: Germanium and tin phthalocyanines containing peripheral and axial different substituents were synthesized. Thin multi-layer films of PMMA and PVC containing monomolecular phthalocyanines were obtained by spin-coating on glass substrates. The phthalocyanines were characterized by their absorption spectra. Optical limiting properties of the phthalocyanines in solution and in polymer films were investigated.     

Synthesis and Properties of Tetra(4-<Emphasis Type="Italic">tert</Emphasis>-butyl-5-phenylsulfanyl)phthalocyanines and Their Derivatives

The methods of synthesis of 4-tert-butyl-5-sulfanylphenyl-and 4-tert-butyl-5-(4'-carboxyphenylsulfanyl) phthalonitriles have been developed and on their basis the corresponding octa-substituted phthalocyanines have been prepared. The effect of the structure of the above phthalocyanine derivatives on their electronic absorption spectra and parameters of thermal degradation in the presence of air oxygen were studied.     

Synthesis and Properties of Tetra-4-{[(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl]oxy}phthalocyanines and Their Sulfonic Acid Derivatives

The template condensation of 4-{[(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl]oxy}phthalonitrile with cobalt, copper, and magnesium acetate resulted in the synthesis of metal phthalocyanines. Sulfochlorination of the latter followed by hydrolysis gave the corresponding sulfonic acid derivatives. The spectral characteristics and chemical properties of the synthesized compounds were studied.     

密度泛函理论计算研究金属-N4大环化合物在酸性介质中的稳定性

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFCs)是一种能够有效地将化学能转换成电能的装置,其具有较高的效率及功率密度,还兼具环境友好的优点,因而在电动车和分布式电站等领域有广泛应用前景.然而,昂贵的价格及较差的耐久性阻碍了 PEMFCs的广泛应用.阴极氧还原反应(ORR)缓慢的动力学是限制 PEMFCs性能的主要因素.目前, Pt及其合金仍然是最有效的 ORR催化剂.有限的 Pt供应量是 PEMFC商业化的主要障碍之一.因此,具有较高 ORR活性的非贵金属催化剂越来越多的引起了人们的关注.在众多非贵金属 ORR催化剂中, Fe, Co等金属与氮共掺杂的碳材料最有望取代 Pt.一般认为,这类材料中起催化作用的活性中心是与金属酞菁(MPc)和卟啉(MP)等大环分子类似的金属-N4配位结构.无论是 MPc和 MP,还是掺杂碳材料催化剂,在酸性介质中的耐久性都不够好.具体原因至今仍没有定论.一些研究者认为中心金属离子与酸性介质中的质子交换引起的去金属中心是原因之一.我们通过密度泛函理论计算和热力学分析研究酸性介质(pH=1)中金属大环分子中金属离子和溶液中质子的交换反应,探讨去金属中心是否是造成金属大环类分子催化剂和金属与氮共掺杂碳基催化剂在酸性介质中不稳定的原因.
　　我们建立了研究金属大环化合物中心金属离子与溶液中质子的交换反应的热力学分析方法.在此基础上借助密度泛函理论计算获得各种金属酞菁和卟啉在强酸性介质中的金属离子平衡浓度,以确定相应金属大环分子的稳定性.研究结果表明,在酸性介质中铬、锰、锌类酞菁和卟啉分子很容易被质子化而形成相应的非金属酞菁和卟啉,原因可能是这三类金属的二价阳离子的3d轨道均为半充满或者全充满状态,使得它们与氮的配位能力下降;而铁、钴、镍、铜类酞菁和卟啉在酸性介质中金属化离子的平衡浓度几乎为零,表明它们基本上不发生金属离子与质子的交换反应,且稳定性趋势为 CoPc > NiPc > FePc > CuPc和 CoP > NiP > CuP > FeP,同时,相应的金属酞菁比金属卟啉更稳定.这表明具有氧还原活性的铁、钴类大环分子催化剂及铁、钴与氮共掺杂的碳材料在酸性溶液中的活性衰减并不是由于金属离子与质子的交换引起的.
　　我们还考察了取代基对大环分子中金属离子与质子交换反应的影响,结果发现,给电子取代基(甲基,氨基,叔丁基)会极大地增强酞菁铁和酞菁钴在酸性介质中的稳定性.对于酞菁铁而言,具有中等强度吸电子效应的四氯、四氟和十六氯取代后,其在酸性中稳定性有一定程度的增强,而具有强烈吸电子效应的四硝基及十六氟取代后,稳定性则降低.对于酞菁钴而言,上面提到的所有吸电子取代基都会使得其在酸性介质中变得更加不稳定,并且其不稳定程度随着取代基吸电子能力的增强而上升.     

Effect of axial ligands on the photophysical properties of new silicon(IV) phthalocyanines

A series of axial di-substituted silicon(IV) phthalocyanines with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing properties were synthesized. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, ¹H NMR, IR, and ESI-MS. The effect of axial ligands on the photophysical properties of silicon phthalocyanines was studied by UV/Vis, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic analyses. Compared with silicon phthalocyanines with electron-donating properties, silicon phthalocyanines with electron-withdrawing properties could expand the π-conjugation in the dyes, resulting in a redshift of Q bands, lower fluorescence emission intensity and fluorescence quantum yields, but increasing fluorescence lifetimes. These results strongly suggest that the molecular design of phthalocyanines is essential for construction of photoactive materials.     

5-Bromotrimellitic Acid and Metal Phthalocyanines Based Thereon

5-Bromotrimellitic acid, its amide, and corresponding metal phthalocyanines on their basis were synthesized. The electronic absorption spectra of the latter are much affected by the nature of the complexing metal and the solvent.__________Translated from Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii, Vol. 75, No. 6, 2005, pp. 1026–1030.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kulinich, Shaposhnikov, Gorelov, Doronina.