Evidence of diffusion regions at a subsolar magnetopause crossing

On 1 April 2001, the Polar satellite crossed a subsolar magnetopause associated with antiparallel magnetic fields. Over a width approximately 6 magnetosheath ion skin depths (approximately 3 magnetospheric ion skin depths), perpendicular ion flows different from E x B/B(2) as well as Hall magnetic and electric field signatures were observed. At a smaller scale, the electron flow decoupled from the magnetic field near a deep minimum in the magnetic field strength. Separatrices were identified as boundaries of low frequency electric field turbulence associated with density minima and parallel electric fields. The reconnection rate was less than 2% of the asymptotic Alfvén speed.     

Precise measurement of a weak radio frequency electric field using a resonant atomic probe

We present a precise measurement of a weak radio frequency electric field with a frequency of ■3 GHz employing a resonant atomic probe that is constituted with a Rydberg cascade three-level atom, including a cesium ground state |6S(1/2)〉,an excited state |6P(3/2)〉, and Rydberg state |nD(5/2)〉. Two radio frequency(RF) electric fields, noted as local and signal fields, couple the nearby Rydberg transition. The two-photon resonant Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency(Rydberg-EIT) is employed to directly read out the weak signal field having hundreds of k Hz difference between the local and signal fields that is encoded in the resonant microwave-dressed Rydberg atoms. The minimum detectable signal fields of ESmin= 1.36 ± 0.04 mV/m for 2.18 GHz coupling |68D(5/2)〉→ |69P(3/2)〉 transition and 1.33 ± 0.02 mV/m for 1.32 GHz coupling |80D(5/2)〉→ |81P(3/2)〉 transition are obtained, respectively. The bandwidth dependence is also investigated by varying the signal field frequency and corresponding -3 dB bandwidth of 3 MHz is attained. This method can be employed to perform a rapid and precise measurement of the weak electric field, which is important for the atom-based microwave metrology.     

Photodetachment dynamics of H~- ion in a harmonic potential plus a time-dependent oscillating electric field

The photodetachment dynamics of H~- ion in a harmonic potential plus an oscillating electric field is studied using the time-dependent closed orbit theory. An analytical formula for calculating the photodetachment cross section of this system is put forward. It is found that the photodetachment cross section of this system is nearly unaffected for the weak oscillating electric field strength, but oscillates complicatedly when the oscillating electric field strength turns strong. In addition, the frequency of the harmonic potential and the oscillating electric field(the frequency of the harmonic potential and the frequency of the oscillating electric field are the same in the paper, unless otherwise stated.) can also affect the photodetachment dynamics of this system. With the increase of the frequency in the harmonic potential and the oscillating electric field, the number of the closed orbits for the detached electrons increased, which makes the oscillatory structure in the photodetachment cross section much more complex. Our study presents an intuitive understanding of the photodetachment dynamics driven by a harmonic potential plus an oscillating electric field from a space and time dependent viewpoint.This study is very useful in guiding the future experimental research for the photodetachment dynamics in the electric field both changing with space and time.     

线型离子阱中空间电荷效应的理论分析

线型离子阱中的离子在射频场作用下做宏观的久期运动,久期运动频率与实验参数有关.但当离子阱中囚禁大量同种电荷的离子时,空间电荷效应会导致离子间存在相互排斥的库仑力,使离子的运动频率发生漂移.本文通过求解泊松方程计算了空间电荷产生的附加电场的解析表达式,在小振动近似下理论计算了该附加电场对久期运动频率的影响,模拟了不同离子云中心密度下久期频率的漂移,讨论了离子云的数目、温度与实验参数之间的关系.对用离子阱进行的频标实验、碰撞实验和其他方面的研究都具有重要的指导意义.     

氢负离子在均匀电场和金属面附近的光剥离研究

利用闭合轨道理论,计算了氢负离子在均匀电场和金属面附近的光剥离截面.结果表明,在均匀电场的基础上加上金属面之后,在电离阈附近氢负离子的光剥离截面发生了很大的变化,和仅有均匀电场存在时的光剥离截面相比,截面的振荡幅度增大,振荡频率减小.并且在电场强度相同时,随着金属面与氢负离子距离的不断增大,光剥离截面振荡的幅度不断减小,振荡的频率不断增大,当金属面和氢负离子的距离增大到一定值时,金属面的影响消失,氢负离子的光剥离截面趋近于只有电场存在时的情况.这一结果对于研究负离子体系在界面附近的光剥离问题具有一定的参考价值.     

Towards the design of tunable X-ray lasers by dressing the plasma with the elliptically polarized radiation of an optical laser

We present detailed results of calculating the modifications in X-ray lasing lines of a H-like ion under a strong elliptically-polarized electric field of an optical laser. We show that using an elliptically-polarized electric field of an optical laser, it is possible to control the amplification and polarization of the X-ray radiation, and to vary the frequency of the X-ray lasing line.     

Simulation of plasma flow in toroidal solenoid filters

An improved drift approximation model with an added radial electrostatic field has been successfully developed. Our model provides a computationally efficient way of quantitatively describing the plasma motion and predicting the plasma behavior in the toroidal solenoid in a filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) system. Storer's (1989) experimental results have been successfully simulated by this model. A good quantitative fit is obtained for our simulation results to the measured ion currents versus distance along the torus for various B field strengths, the attenuation length, and the wall current. The model describes the change of plasma density along the torus and provides the value of the electron-ion collision frequency at various conditions. The effect of the magnetic field and radial electric field on the plasma transportation can be assessed by the simulation and various plasma parameters can be determined. It is found that the radial electric field confines the 3-directional drift of the ions and is one of the most important parameters in determining the ion throughput. For any given B field strength and plasma parameters, there is a peak ion output corresponding to an optimal potential difference which can be obtained by the simulation. Over three times more ion output can be achieved when the torus wall is appropriately biased     

Paul阱中离子运动及稳定性分析

Paul离子阱由于没有外加磁场所引起的塞曼效应的影响,已成为离子存储及研究离子的重要装置.根据在实验中所采用的Paul离子阱结构及电场分布特点,列出阱内离子运动方程并进行求解,对其中各种运动进行分析,同时还分析了离子存储稳定性.最后对所作的研究进行总结,得到如下结论:阱中离子的运动为谐振运动、基频微运动和高阶微振动.     

Ion velocity distribution function investigated inside an unstable magnetized plasma exhibiting a rotating nonlinear structure

The frequent situation where a strongly nonlinear rotating structure develops in a linear magnetized plasma column is investigated experimentally with emphasis on the ion velocity distribution function (IVDF). Most often, a mode m=2 appears exhibiting a large density and potential perturbation with angular frequency slightly above the ion cyclotron frequency. For the first time the spatiotemporal evolution of the IVDF is studied using time-resolved laser induced fluorescence to explore the ion's interaction with the nonlinear wave propagating inside the column and at the origin of plasma transport outside the limiter. The ion fluid exhibits an alternance from azimuthal to radial velocity due to the electric field inside the rotating structure. A fluid model also allows us to locally reconstruct the self-consistent electric field evolution which contradicts all existing theories.     

Observations of an ion-driven instability in non-neutral plasmas confined on magnetic surfaces

The first detailed experimental study of an instability driven by the presence of a finite ion fraction in an electron-rich non-neutral plasma confined on magnetic surfaces is presented. The instability has a poloidal mode number m=1, implying that the parallel force balance of the electron fluid is broken and that the instability involves rotation of the entire plasma, equivalent to ion-resonant instabilities in Penning traps and toroidal field traps. The mode appears when the ion density exceeds approximately 10% of the electron density. The measured frequency decreases with increasing magnetic field strength, and increases with increasing radial electric field, showing that the instability is linked to the E x B flow of the electron plasma. The frequency does not, however, scale exactly with E/B, and it depends on the ion species that is introduced, implying that the instability consists of interacting perturbations of ions and electrons.     

Effective medium representation and complex modes in 3D periodic metamaterials made of cubic resonators with large permittivity at mid-infrared frequencies

We review some of the techniques that lead to the effective medium representation of a three-dimensional (3D) periodic metamaterial. We consider a 3D lattice of lead telluride cubic resonators at mid-infrared (MIR) frequencies. Each cubic resonator is modeled with both an electric and a magnetic dipole, through a method called the dual dipole approximation. The electric and magnetic polarizabilities of a cubic resonator are computed via full-wave simulations by mapping the resonator's scattered field under electric/magnetic excitation only to the field radiated by an equivalent electric/magnetic dipole. We then analyze the allowed modes in the lattice, with transverse polarization and complex wavenumber, highlighting the attenuation that each mode experiences after one free space wavelength. We observe the presence of two modes with low attenuation constant, dominant in different frequency ranges, able to propagate inside the lattice: this allows the treatment of the metamaterial as a homogeneous material with effective parameters, evaluated by using various techniques. We then show that the metamaterial under analysis allows for the generation of artificial magnetism (i.e., relative effective permeability different than unity, including negative permeability with low losses) at MIR frequencies.     

Evolution of a Harris current sheet in an electric field

Evolution of a Harris current sheet in the presence of an electric field is studied numerically. An explicit scheme is used to recalculate the particle distribution function with respect to velocities. The mechanism of formation of electric fields is analyzed on the basis of the phase volume conservation theorem. The effects of 1D sheet compression and electron and ion acceleration near the magnetic field zero line are described.     

Sideband-resolved spectroscopy on the 4 2S(1/2)-3 2D(5/2) transition in single calcium ions by use of fundamental waves of diode lasers

The 4 2S(1/2)-3 2D(5/2) electric quadrupole transition in calcium ions, which is expected to be used in calcium-ion optical frequency standards, is spectroscopically investigated with a laser system that uses only fundamental waves of diode lasers as light sources. Four Zeeman components allowed by the selection rules for the electric quadrupole transition are identified. As for one Zeeman component, one large carrier and accompanying smaller first sidebands are observed, which implies that Lamb-Dicke confinement of the ion is achieved. The compact and reliable system for spectroscopy of single calcium ions described is advantageous for realization of practical optical frequency standards.     

Estimation of biophysical properties of cell exposed to electric field

Excitable media,such as cells,can be polarized and magnetized in the presence of an external electromagnetic field.In fact,distinct geometric deformation can be induced by the external electromagnetic field,and also the capacitance of the membrane of cell can be changed to pump the field energy.Furthermore,the distribution of ion concentration inside and outside the cell can also be greatly adjusted.Based on the theory of bio-electromagnetism,the distribution of field energy and intracellular and extracellular ion concentrations in a single shell cell can be estimated in the case with or without external electric field.Also,the dependence of shape of cell on the applied electronic field is calculated.From the viewpoint of physics,the involvement of external electric field will change the gradient distribution of field energy blocked by the membrane.And the intracellular and extracellular ion concentration show a certain difference in generating timevarying membrane potential in the presence of electric field.When a constant electric field is applied to the cell,distinct geometric deformation is induced,and the cell triggers a transition from prolate to spherical and then to oblate ellipsoid shape.It is found that the critical frequency in the applied electric field for triggering the distinct transition from prolate to oblate ellipsoid shape obtains smaller value when larger dielectric constant of the cell membrane and intracellular medium,and smaller conductivity for the intracellular medium are used.Furthermore,the effect of cell deformation is estimated by analyzing the capacitance per unit area,the density of field energy,and the change of ion concentration on one side of cell membrane.The intensity of external applied electric field is further increased to detect the change of ion concentration.And the biophysical effect in the cell is discussed.So the deformation effect of cells in electric field should be considered when regulating and preventing harm to normal neural activities occurs in a nervous system.     

Ion acoustic solitary waves in the presence of a high frequency electric field

The propagation of a small but finite amplitude ion acoustic wave in the presence of a radio frequency (frequency below electron plasma frequency) electric field is investigated. The velocity, the amplitude and the width of the solitary wave are found to decrease with increasing intensity of the RF field.     

离子束-等离子体系统中的参量不稳定性

本文研究了外pump电场E_0在离子束-等离子体系统中所激发的静电低频参量不稳定性。导出了这种低频波的一般色散关系,并用数值方法分析了一维质子束-等离子体系统的参量不稳定性的激发过程。结果表明:离子束对等离子体中参量不稳定性的激发有极重要的影响。当没有离子束时,只能激发一种模式的波;一旦将离子束引入等离子体中,就可以在系统中激发两个波长较长的低频波。     

电场中MgO分子吸附H2的理论研究

研究电场中MgO分子与H2的相互作用是探索MgO材料储氢性能的基础。在B3LYP/6-31G**水平上研究了电场中H2在MgO分子上的吸附行为。结果给出电场中单个H2在Mg/O上的吸附能由无电场时-0.021/-0.099eV提高到场强为0.005a.u.时的-0.037/-0.139 eV。H2吸附在O离子上时,电场效应更显著。电场中MgO分子最多能吸附10个H2,相应的质量密度达33wt%。表明电场诱导MgO材料吸附H2是一种具有潜力的储氢方法。通过电子结构分析讨论了电场中MgO分子储氢的机理。     

电场中MgO分子吸附H_2的理论研究

研究电场中MgO分子与H_2的相互作用是探索MgO材料储氢性能的基础.在B3LYP/6-31G**水平上研究了电场中H2在MgO分子上的吸附行为.结果给出电场中单个H_2在Mg/O上的吸附能由无电场时-0.021/-0.099eV提高到场强为0.005a.u.时的-0.037/-0.139eV.H2吸附在O离子上时,电场效应更显著.电场中MgO分子最多能吸附10个H_2,相应的质量密度达33wt%.表明电场诱导MgO材料吸附H_2是一种具有潜力的储氢方法.通过电子结构分析讨论了电场中MgO分子储氢的机理.     

Low frequency surface waves in the presence of an external high frequency electric field

The problem of surface sound propagation in the presence of external high frequency dipole electric field is investigated using Vlasov-Poisson equations. The structure of the electric field of these surface waves is also determined. It has been found that the ion sound waves that exist in the presence of external high frequency waves are true surface waves while those without the external field are quasi-surface waves as the former waves decay within one wavelength away from the surface.     

Efficiently enhanced energy storage performance of Ba2Bi4Ti5O18 film by co-doping Fe3+ and Ta5+ ion with larger radius

We present an efficient strategy, that is the co-substitution of Fe³⁺ and Ta⁵⁺ ions with large radius for Ti⁴⁺ ion, to enhance energy storage performance of Ba₂Bi₄Ti₅O₁₈ film. For the films co-doped with Fe³⁺ and Ta⁵⁺ ions, the maximum polarization under the same external electric field is improved because the radius of Fe³⁺ and Ta⁵⁺ ions is larger than that of Ti⁴⁺ ion. Moreover, due to the composition and chemical disorder, the relaxor properties are also slightly improved, which can not be achieved by the film doped with Fe³⁺ ions only. What is more, for the films doped with Fe³⁺ ion only, the leakage current density increases greatly due to the charge imbalance, resulting in a significant decrease in breakdown strength. It is worth mentioning that the breakdown strength of Fe³⁺ and Ta⁵⁺ ions co-doped film does not decrease due to the charge balance. Another important point is the recoverable energy storage density of the films co-doped with Fe³⁺ and Ta⁵⁺ ions has been greatly improved based on the fact that the maximum external electric field does not decrease and the maximum polarization under the same external electric field increases. On top of that, the hysteresis of the polarization has also been improved. Finally, the co-doped films with Fe³⁺ and Ta⁵⁺ ions have good frequency and temperature stability.