含非理想约束多柔体系统递推建模方法

基于多体系统中邻接物体运动学递推关系,可以证明树状多体系统中末端物体的作用体现为传递给其内接物体的惯性和外力. 由于闭环系统切断铰约束反力和非理想约束反力可看作为系统外力,任何复杂系统都可以转化为等效的树系统,并且系统约束方程中所涉及的广义加速度可以系统化地用描述约束反力的拉氏乘子替换. 基于以上结果,提出了针对含非理想约束多柔体系统递推建模方法. 利用该方法可以将复杂多体系统动态减缩为单个物体,从而在求解系统加速度时不需对整个系统的质量矩阵进行求逆运算,同时大幅度地降低了非理想约束反力方程的维数. 通过一个算例具体说明了所提方法的求解过程,算例结果与现有商业软件所得结果一致.      

含非理想空间棱柱铰的多体系统接触分析

传统的接触分析方法通过物体间的相对运动确定接触位置. 将这种方法用于多体系统中铰内的接触分析时, 无论铰内间隙是否十分微小都必须解除铰的运动学约束, 从而导致求解效率和求解精度方面的诸多弊端. 基于铰约束反力与铰内接触力之间的力系等效关系, 以及铰内可能接触点运动之间内在的运动学关系, 以矩形截面的棱柱铰为例, 提出了一种对空间棱柱铰进行摩擦接触分析的方法, 可在不解除铰的运动学约束的前提下得到铰内接触模式和接触力. 数值算例验证了方法的可行性.      

多体系统中深沟球轴承旋转铰内接触分析

将传统方法用于铰内接触分析时,需要通过物体的相对运动细节判断接触位置. 但实际机械系统中的铰,其内部缝隙非常小以至于几乎与计算误差的数量级相同. 在这种情况下,传统方法中的数值病态非常严重,难以得到合理的结果. 结合深沟球轴承旋转铰的构造细节,分析了钢球与轨道接触时运动学描述参数之间的关系、钢球在有效承载时的受力特征以及铰内接触形式的特点. 在此基础上,提出了一种确定多体系统中深沟球轴承旋转铰内接触力和接触位置的方法. 所提方法不需要解除铰的运动学约束,也不必求解非线性互补方程,因此在数值稳定性和计算效率方面具有优势. 数值算例验证了该方法的可行性.     

多体系统Euler-Lagrange方程的最小二乘法与违约修正

针对受完整约束的多体系统动力学Euler-Lagrange方程,在其传统的直接增广算法和零空间方法基础上提出了当系统存在冗余约束情形下的最小二乘法.同时,对应于最小二乘法提出了改进的约束违约修正方法.本文还针对Euler-Lagrange方程的计算过程给出了相应Jacobi矩阵的QR分解和零空间连续正交基的算法.最后,以平行五连杆机构给出了数值结果并与部分现有方法进行比较.     

含摩擦滑移铰平面多刚体动力学的HLCP方法

给出了一种基于水平线性互补问题(HLCP)的双边约束滑移铰含摩擦平面多刚体系统动力学的数值计算方法.首先从系统的约束方程出发建立了每个双边约束中两个约束面的法向约束力的互补关系;并利用摩擦余量的概念给出了库仑摩擦定律的互补表达式.然后针对事件驱动算法将该类非光滑多体系统动力学方程中双边约束中法向约束力切换和系统"stick-slip"运动状态切换的判断统一成HLCP的求解,通过定义一组变维数矩阵给出了HLCP形式的一般表达式,便于编程计算.最后通过一个两自由度多体系统的算例验证了该方法的有效性.     

含摩擦滑移铰平面多刚体系统动力学的数值算法

基于LuGre摩擦模型和线性互补问题(LCP)的数值算法,给出了具有双边约束含摩擦滑移铰平面多体系统动力学的数值算法.首先,根据滑移铰的特点,当间隙充分小时,将其视为双边约束,给出了滑移铰中滑道作用于滑块上的法向接触力的互补关系;LuGre摩擦模型能有效地描述机械系统中的黏滞与滑移运动,将该模型用于描述滑块与滑道间的摩擦力.其次,结合Baumgarte约束稳定化方法,应用第一类Lagrange方程,建立了该多体系统的动力学方程,给出了Lagrange乘子与滑移铰中作用于滑块上的法向接触力的关系式.然后,将滑块与滑道间多种接触状态的判断以及作用于滑块上的法向接触力的计算转换为线性互补问题的求解,并用常微分方程的数值算法求解该多体系统的动力学方程.最后,通过数值仿真算例揭示了滑移铰中滑块的黏滞与滑移现象,以及滑块在滑道内的多种接触状态;另外,在文中分别采用Coulomb干摩擦模型和LuGre摩擦模型,对算例中的某些工况进行了数值仿真,并且分别用本文方法得到的数值仿真结果与已有方法得到的数值仿真结果对比,表明了本文给出的方法的有效性.      

含摩擦滑移铰平面多刚体系统动力学的数值算法

基于LuGre摩擦模型和线性互补问题(LCP)的数值算法,给出了具有双边约束含摩擦滑移铰平面多体系统动力学的数值算法.首先,根据滑移铰的特点,当间隙充分小时,将其视为双边约束,给出了滑移铰中滑道作用于滑块上的法向接触力的互补关系;LuGre摩擦模型能有效地描述机械系统中的黏滞与滑移运动,将该模型用于描述滑块与滑道间的摩擦力.其次,结合Baumgarte约束稳定化方法,应用第一类Lagrange方程,建立了该多体系统的动力学方程,给出了Lagrange乘子与滑移铰中作用于滑块上的法向接触力的关系式.然后,将滑块与滑道间多种接触状态的判断以及作用于滑块上的法向接触力的计算转换为线性互补问题的求解,并用常微分方程的数值算法求解该多体系统的动力学方程.最后,通过数值仿真算例揭示了滑移铰中滑块的黏滞与滑移现象,以及滑块在滑道内的多种接触状态;另外,在文中分别采用Coulomb干摩擦模型和LuGre摩擦模型,对算例中的某些工况进行了数值仿真,并且分别用本文方法得到的数值仿真结果与已有方法得到的数值仿真结果对比,表明了本文给出的方法的有效性.     

多体系统动力学方程的无违约数值计算方法

多体系统动力学方程为3阶微分代数方程,已有的约束违约稳定法存在位移违约问题,数值仿真准确性和稳定性不足。本文将求解高阶微分代数方程的降阶理论、ε嵌入处理方式与隐式龙格库塔法相结合,提出了直接满足位移约束条件的多体系统动力学方程的无违约算法,避免了约束违约问题。该方法先将多体动力学方程转化为2阶微分代数方程,并与位移约束方程联立;再应用ε嵌入隐式龙格库塔法进行数值求解。应用两种方法分别对单摆机构进行数值仿真,结果表明本文的方法不仅能适应较大步长,且准确性和稳定性均优于约束违约稳定法。     

一种求解柔性多体系统动力学方程的新方法

柔性多体系统控制方程是具有stiff性质的刚柔耦合非线性代数一微分方程组,本文提出了一种求解该类刚性方程组的数值方法,在每一时间步,利用Newmark-β直接积分法计算迭代初值,基于控制方程及约束方程的泰勒展开,推导出Newton-Raphson迭代公式,对位移及拉格朗日乘子进行修正,最后,引用Blajer提出的违约修正方法对数值积分过程中约束方程的违约进行修正。就两个典型算例进行了数值仿真,结果证明了本文方法的有效性。     

多体系统指标2运动方程HHT方法违约校正1）

采用Cartesian绝对坐标建模方法,完整约束多体系统运动方程是指标3的微分--代数方程（differentialalgebraic equations,DAEs）,数值求解指标3的DAEs属于高指标问题,通过对位置约束方程求导,可使运动方程的指标降为2.位置约束方程求导得到的是速度约束方程.直接求解指标3的运动方程,速度约束方程得不到满足,而且高指标DAEs的数值求解存在一些问题.论文首先采用HHT（Hilber--Hughes--Taylor）直接积分方法求解降指标得到的指标2运动方程,此时速度约束方程参与离散计算,从机器精度上讲速度约束自然得到满足,而位置约束方程没有参与计算,存在“违约”.针对违约问题,采用基于Moore--Penrose广义逆理论的违约校正方法,消除位置约束方程的违约.指标2运动方程HHT方法违约校正,将HHT方法和违约校正方法很好地结合,在数值求解指标2运动方程的过程中,位置约束方程和速度约束方程都不存在违约问题,而且新方法没有引入新的未知数向量,离散得到的非线性方程组的方程数量与原指标2运动方程的方程数量相同,求解规模没有扩大.新方法的实用和有效性通过算例的数值实验得到验证,数值实验也说明新方法保持了HHT方法本身具有的数值阻尼可以控制和二阶精度的特性.最后从非线性方程组的求解规模和计算速度上与其他方法进行了比较分析,说明新方法的优势所在.     

多体系统动力学的高斯拘束分析方法

为研究高斯拘束原理下多体系统的动力学分析问题,针对一类多体开环链状结构,运用高斯拘束方法建立了动力学方程,讨论了动力学方程的符号推导过程,并给出了封闭形式的动力学方程解析表达式.以刚性和柔性结构为例,比较分析了不同分析方法、不同自由度下符号推导多体结构动力学方程的运算时间.分析结果表明,高斯拘束方法与传统的拉格朗日方法相比,更适合于多体结构动力学方程的符号推导,且结构自由度越高,其运算优势越明显.高斯拘束方法为一种较好的多体系统动力学分析方法.     

双面约束多点摩擦多体系统的建模和数值方法

提出了一种建立具有固定双面约束多点摩擦的多体系统动力学方程的方法. 用笛卡尔坐标阵描述系统的位形,根据局部方法的递推关系建立系统的约束方程,应用第一类Lagrange方程建立该系统的动力学方程,使得具有摩擦的约束面的法向力与Lagrange乘子一一对应,便于摩擦力的分析与计算,并用矩阵形式给出了摩擦力的广义力的一般表达式. 应用增广法将微分-代数方程组转化为常微分方程组,并用分块矩阵的形式给出,以便于方程的编程与计算.给出了一种改进的试算法,可提高计算效率. 最后给出了一个算例,应用试算法和RK法对算例进行了数值仿真.      

A divide and conquer algorithm for constrained multibody system dynamics based on augmented Lagrangian method with projections-based error correction

This paper presents a?new parallel algorithm for dynamics simulation of general multibody systems. The developed formulations are iterative and possess divide and conquer structure. The constraints equations are imposed at the acceleration level. Augmented Lagrangian methods with mass-orthogonal projections are used to prevent from constraint violation errors. The proposed approaches treat tree topology mechanisms or multibody systems which contain kinematic closed loops in a?uniform manner and can handle problems with rank deficient Jacobian matrices. Test case results indicate good accuracy performance dependent on the expense put in the iterative correction of constraint equations. Good numerical properties and robustness of the algorithms are observed when handling systems with single and coupled kinematic loops, redundant constraints, which may repeatedly enter singular configurations.     

考虑热应变的柔性并联空间机械臂动力学

研究考虑热应变的柔性并联空间机械臂动力学性态。用Jourdain速度变分原理建立各机械臂的动力学变分方程,在此基础上根据各物体之间的运动学约束关系,建立柔性多体系统的微分代数混合动力学方程。数值仿真结果表明,当温度升高时,机械臂的轴向约束力和中心刚体的质心运动速度均出现显著振荡,而适当减小温度变化率,可以有效地控制振幅。     

带约束多体系统动力学方程的隐式算法

研究了带约束多体系统隐式算法,用子矩阵的形式推导出了多体系统正则方程的Ｊａｃｏｂｉ矩阵,它适用于多种隐式算法并给出了隐式Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔｔａ算法,最后用一算例表明了隐式算法的计算效率和精度明显优于算法。     

An Augmented Formulation for Mechanical Systems with Non-Generalized Coordinates: Application to Rigid Body Contact Problems

In computational multibody algorithms, the kinematic constraintequations that describe mechanical joints and specified motiontrajectories must be satisfied at the position, velocity andacceleration levels. For most commonly used constraint equations, onlyfirst and second partial derivatives of position vectors with respect tothe generalized coordinates are required in order to define theconstraint Jacobian matrix and the first and second derivatives of theconstraints with respect to time. When the kinematic and dynamicequations of the multibody systems are formulated in terms of a mixedset of generalized and non-generalized coordinates, higher partialderivatives with respect to these non-generalized coordinates arerequired, and the neglect of these derivatives can lead to significanterrors. In this paper, the implementation of a contact model in generalmultibody algorithms is presented as an example of mechanical systemswith non-generalized coordinates. The kinematic equations that describethe contact between two surfaces of two bodies in the multibody systemare formulated in terms of the system generalized coordinates and thesurface parameters. Each contact surface is defined using twoindependent parameters that completely define the tangent and normalvectors at an arbitrary point on the body surface. In the contact modeldeveloped in this study, the points of contact are searched for on lineduring the dynamic simulation by solving the nonlinear differential andalgebraic equations of the constrained multibody system. It isdemonstrated in this paper that in the case of a point contact andregular surfaces, there is only one independent generalized contactconstraint force despite the fact that five constraint equations areused to enforce the contact conditions.     

Simulation of friction and stiction in multibody dynamics model problems

A continuous model of Coulomb friction is used with a tangent space formulation of differential algebraic equations of motion for simulation of multibody dynamic model problems. Characteristics of the model problems studied are similar to those encountered in broad classes of multibody systems, without the associated geometric and analytical complexities. An implicit trapezoidal numerical solution algorithm is used to simulate dynamic response that includes the onset of stiction, its progression, and its termination, avoiding stiff behavior that is reported in the literature when index 3 formulations are used. Analytical criteria for stiction are derived for a three mass Coulomb friction model problem that defines the onset of and departure from stiction events with redundant equations of constraint. The tangent space formulation with implicit trapezoidal integration is applied to this analytical model to compute dynamic response, determine ranges of constraint forces that may occur during periods of stiction, and demonstrate that dynamic response is a discontinuous function of model parameters when stiction occurs. Accuracy of the continuous model of Coulomb friction is established, through comparison of results with those of the analytical model. Cartesian coordinate models of higher dimension are presented for three and four mass model problems that encounter a higher degree of redundancy in constraints during periods of stiction. Simulation of the Cartesian coordinate models, which have characteristics similar to more general multibody systems, yields accurate solutions, without any indication of stiffness in the tangent space equations of motion. Methods successfully demonstrated in model problems provide a foundation for simulation of spatial multibody dynamic systems with friction.     

A velocity transformation method for the nonlinear dynamic simulation of railroad vehicle systems

The solution of the constrained multibody system equations of motion using the generalized coordinate partitioning method requires the identification of the dependent and independent coordinates. Using this approach, only the independent accelerations are integrated forward in time in order to determine the independent coordinates and velocities. Dependent coordinates are determined by solving the nonlinear constraint equations at the position level. If the constraint equations are highly nonlinear, numerical difficulties can be encountered or more Newton–Raphson iterations may be required in order to achieve convergence for the dependent variables. In this paper, a velocity transformation method is proposed for railroad vehicle systems in order to deal with the nonlinearity of the constraint equations when the vehicles negotiate curved tracks. In this formulation, two different sets of coordinates are simultaneously used. The first set is the absolute Cartesian coordinates which are widely used in general multibody system computer formulations. These coordinates lead to a simple form of the equations of motion which has a sparse matrix structure. The second set is the trajectory coordinates which are widely used in specialized railroad vehicle system formulations. The trajectory coordinates can be used to obtain simple formulations of the specified motion trajectory constraint equations in the case of railroad vehicle systems. While the equations of motion are formulated in terms of the absolute Cartesian coordinates, the trajectory accelerations are the ones which are integrated forward in time. The problems associated with the higher degree of differentiability required when the trajectory coordinates are used are discussed. Numerical examples are presented in order to examine the performance of the hybrid coordinate formulation proposed in this paper in the analysis of multibody railroad vehicle systems.     

A linear complementarity model for multibody systems with frictional unilateral and bilateral constraints

The Lagrange-I equations and measure differential equations for multibody systems with unilateral and bilateral constraints are constructed.For bilateral constraints,frictional forces and their impulses contain the products of the filled-in relay function induced by Coulomb friction and the absolute values of normal constraint reactions.With the time-stepping impulse-velocity scheme,the measure differential equations are discretized.The equations of horizontal linear complementarity problems(HLCPs),which are used to compute the impulses,are constructed by decomposing the absolute function and the filled-in relay function.These HLCP equations degenerate into equations of LCPs for frictional unilateral constraints,or HLCPs for frictional bilateral constraints.Finally,a numerical simulation for multibody systems with both unilateral and bilateral constraints is presented.