On bounds and limit theorems for secondary creep in symmetric pressure vessels

The field equations governing creep in spherical and incompressible cylindrical pressure vessels subject to a nondecreasing internal pressure are reduced to a single equation in the effective stress. Using this equation, bounds are obtained for the effective stress and the displacement at any point in the body at any time. Also, in the case where the pressure tends to a limit as t → ∞. limit theorems are obtained which describe the long term behavior of the effective stress and the displacement.     

Bounds on the overall properties of composites with ellipsoidal inclusions

A new model is put forward to bound the effective elastic moduli of composites with ellipsoidal inclusions. In the present paper, transition layer for each ellipsoidal inclusion is introduced to make the trial displacement field for the upper bound and the trial stress field for the lower bound satisfy the continuous interface conditions which are absolutely necessary for the application of variational principles. According to the principles of minimum potential energy and minimum complementary energy, the upper and lower bounds on the effective elastic moduli of composites with ellipsoidal inclusions are rigorously derived. The effects of the distribution and geometric parameters of ellipsoidal inclusions on the bounds of the effective elastic moduli are analyzed in details. The present upper and lower bounds are still finite when the bulk and shear moduli of ellipsoidal inclusions tend to infinity and zero, respectively. It should be mentioned that the present method is simple and needs not calculate the complex integrals of multi-point correlation functions. Meanwhile, the present paper provides an entirely different way to bound the effective elastic moduli of composites with ellipsoidal inclusions, which can be developed to obtain a series of bounds by taking different trial displacement and stress fields.     

Computing bounds to mixed-mode stress intensity factors in elasticity

A bounding procedure combined with an effective error bound method for linear functionals of the displacements and a simple two points displacement extrapolation method is presented to compute the lower and upper bounds to the stress intensity factors in elastic fracture problems. First, the displacements of two nodes (or node pairs) on the crack edges are used to construct the linear extrapolation to obtain the stress intensity factors at the crack tip, so that stress intensity factors are explicitly expressed as linear functionals of the displacements. Then, a posteriori bounding method is utilized to compute the bounds to the stress intensity factors. Finally, the bounding procedure is verified by a mixed-mode homogenous elastic fracture problem and a bimaterial interface crack problem.     

A posteriori error bounds in boundary layer theory

The subject of this paper is the two-dimensional steady laminar boundary layer of an incompressible medium at a wall. For a given approximate solution of the Prandtl equation, error bounds are computed with the aid of parabolic inequalities. Also, bounds for the wall shear stress, for the displacement thickness, for the momentum loss thickness, and for the energy loss thickness are given. The bounds converge toward zero if the residual error and the initial error of the approximation both vanish.This research was sponsored by the United States Army under Contract No.: DA-31-124-ARO-D-462. This paper was written while the author was a member of the Mathematics Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. It has appeared previously as MRC Technical Summary Report #1143, April 16, 1971. Some parts of it were presented at the Second International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics at the University of California, Berkeley, California, 1970, and are published in the Proceedings of this symposium [6].     

Analytical solution to a mixed boundary value elastic problem of a roller-guided panel of laminated composite

This study presents an analytical solution to elastic field in a roller-guided panel of symmetric cross-ply laminated composite material. The mixed boundary value two-dimensional plane stress elasticity problem is formulated in terms of a single displacement potential function. This reduces the problem to the solution of a single fourth order partial differential equation of equilibrium as the other equilibrium equation is satisfied automatically. The solution is obtained in terms of an infinite Fourier series. To present some numerical results, a panel of glass/epoxy laminated composite is considered and different components of stress and displacement at different sections of the panel are presented graphically. To justify the present analytical solution, it is compared with the finite element solution obtained by using the commercial software ANSYS. It is found that the two solutions agree well with each other. This ensures that the formulation developed in this study based on the displacement potential approach can be used to obtain analytical solution of an elastic field in structural elements of laminated composite under any mode of boundary conditions prescribed in terms of either stress, displacement or any combination of these.     

Extracting the stress–strain properties of non-linear viscoelastic materials using the bubble inflation test

In this study, an inverse method based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was evaluated in a numerical experiment to determine the large strain viscoelastic properties from the bubble inflation test. The properties were determined by iteratively matching the calculated bubble pressure–piston displacement data from finite element simulations to a single set of bubble pressure–piston displacement data. The strain-dependent behaviour was characterised by a two-parameter Mooney–Rivlin hyperelastic model, while the time-dependent behaviour was characterised by a three-parameter power law equation. Different initial guesses were used to evaluate the inverse method, and transformation functions were applied to constrain the intermediate guesses to be within bounds. It was found that estimates of the viscoelastic properties could be obtained reasonably using only one set of bubble pressure–piston displacement data. Estimates of the properties were likely affected by the limited time duration of the test, as the behaviour at shorter and particularly larger time scales was less accurately predicted.     

A micromechanics-based nonlocal constitutive equation incorporating three-point statistics for random linear elastic composite materials

A variational formulation employing the minimum potential and complementary energy principles is used to derive a micromechanics-based nonlocal constitutive equation for random linear elastic composite materials, relating ensemble averages of stress and strain in the most general situation when mean fields vary spatially. All information contained in the energy principles is retained; we employ stress polarization trial fields utilizing one-point statistics so that the resulting nonlocal constitutive equation incorporates up through three-point statistics. The variational structure is developed first for arbitrary heterogeneous linear elastic materials, then for randomly inhomogeneous materials, then for general n-phase composite materials, and finally for two-phase composite materials, in which case explicit variational upper and lower bounds on the nonlocal effective modulus tensor operator are derived. For statistically uniform infinite-body composites, these bounds are determined even more explicitly in Fourier transform space. We evaluate these in detail in an example case: longitudinal shear of an aligned fiber or void composite. We determine the full permissible ranges of the terms involving two- and three-point statistics in these bounds, and thereby exhibit explicit results that encompass arbitrary isotropic in-plane phase distributions; we also develop a nonlocal “Milton parameter”, the variation of whose eigenvalues throughout the interval [0, 1] describes the full permissible range of the three-point term. Example plots of the new bounds show them to provide substantial improvement over the (two-point) Hashin–Shtrikman bounds on the nonlocal operator tensor, for all permissible values of the two- and three-point parameters. We next discuss further applications of the general nonlocal operator bounds: to any three-dimensional scalar transport problem e.g. conductivity, for which explicit results are given encompassing the full permissible ranges of the two- and three-point statistics terms for arbitrary three-dimensional isotropic phase distributions; and to general three-dimensional composites, where explicit results require future research. Finally, we show how the work just summarized, treating elastostatics, can be generalized to elastodynamics, first in general, then explicitly for the longitudinal shear example.     

Extensions of the Prager-Shield theory of optimal plastic design

The Prager-Shield associated displacement field method for optimal plastic design is extended to multi-component specific cost functions and multiple load conditions, and a lower bound theorem based on kinematic requirements only is introduced. Since any statically admissible stress field results in an upper bound, the proposed theorem provides a simple method for establishing bounds on the optimal cost. By a simple substitution of parameters into the general equations presented, the optimality criteria can be obtained for particular design problems. Examples of optimal fibre-reinforced plates are given.     

受支架支撑的血管管壁变形及应力分析

摘要：为了计算动脉粥样硬化和局部斑块形成的堵塞对血管壁工作状态的影响,本文根据血液流动的连续性方程、运动方程及管壁运动方程,在给定了血压波形函数的基础上,求得了狭窄血管管壁的径向位移及环向应力。分析了不同狭窄程度对血管壁变形及应力的影响;给出了不同狭窄情况下及局部斑块硬化程度不同时,血管植入支架所需的作用力。从而计算出了植入支架后血管壁的径向位移及应力状态。本文的研究结果可供临床上对狭窄血管植入支架后的变形与受力分析,和支架的正确安放参考,可避免发生堵塞严重或血管过渡硬化时,由于安放支架不当而使发生血管破裂的医疗事故。     

Stress-Dependent Porosity and Permeability of Porous Rocks Represented by a Mechanistic Elastic Cylindrical Pore-Shell Model

The stress dependency of the porosity and permeability of porous rocks is described theoretically by representing the preferential flow paths in heterogeneous porous rocks by a bundle of tortuous cylindrical elastic tubes. A Lamé-type equation is applied to relate the radial displacement of the internal wall of the cylindrical elastic tubes and the porosity to the variation of the pore fluid pressure. The variation of the permeability of porous rocks by effective stress is determined by incorporating the radial displacement of the internal wall of the cylindrical elastic tubes into the Kozeny–Carman relationship. The fully analytical solutions of the mechanistic elastic pore-shell model developed by combining the Lamé and Kozeny–Carman equations are shown to lead to very accurate correlations of the stress dependency of both the porosity and the permeability of porous rocks.

     

Stress intensity factors for curved and kinked cracks in plane extension

A singular integral equation containing the crack opening displacement (COD) is developed for solving plane elasticity problems. The crack may contain any number of kinks at different intervals and orientations, such as a saw-tooth shape. Cracks in the form of a sine wave can also be treated. The crack tip stress intensity factors are evaluated for a variety of crack shapes and the results are displayed graphically. The distance between the crack tips is found to be a dominant factor on the crack tip stress intensity while the angle between the tangent to the crack tip and load direction determines the proportion of Mode I and II stress intensity factors.     

The symmetrical adhesive contact problem for circular elastic cylinders

The rolling contact problem involving circular cylinders is at the heart of numerous industrial processes, and critical to any elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis is an accurate knowledge of the associated contact pressure for the static dry problem. In a recent article [1] the authors have obtained new horizontal pressure distributions, both exact and approximate for various problems involving the symmetrical contact of circular elastic cylinders. In [1] it is assumed that only the circumferential horizontal displacement is prescribed in the contact region while the vertical circumferential displacement is left arbitrary and is assumed to take on whatever value is predicted by the deformation. The advantage of this assumption is that the problem reduces to a single singular integral equation which by transformations can be simplified to an integral equation involving the standard finite Hilbert transform. Here we consider the more general displacement boundary value problem within the contact region, and to be specific we examine the problem with zero vertical circumferential displacement and prescribed horizontal circumferential displacement. The solution of this problem involves two coupled singular integral equations for the horizontal and vertical pressure distributions. Basic equations and some approximate analytical solutions are obtained for symmetrical contact of circular elastic cylinders by both parallel plates and circular cylinders which are either rigid or elastic. Numerical results for the approximate analytical solutions are given for contact by rigid parallel plates and rigid circular cylinders.     

非饱和土半空间Lamb问题及能量传输特性

地球表面绝大多数土层处于非饱和状态, 故采用传统饱和两相介质理论进行动力学分析时, 结果往往与实际情况不符. 针对这一问题, 本文以非饱和半空间作为研究对象, 基于连续介质力学和多孔介质理论, 考虑非饱和多孔介质中各相的质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程、本构方程以及有效应力原理等基本方程, 建立了以骨架位移、孔隙水压力和孔隙气压力为基本未知量的动力学控制方程. 针对非饱和半空间表面在竖向集中简谐荷载作用下的动力学响应及能量传输问题, 建立了频域内经典Lamb问题的轴对称计算模型, 采用Helmholtz分解法, 通过引入势函数Φ和Ψ表示骨架的位移分量, 结合本构方程获得了不同边界条件下半空间表面位移场和能量场等物理量的解析解答, 并通过数值算例对荷载参数(激振频率)、材料参数(饱和度、渗透系数)等影响因素进行了分析与讨论. 结果表明: (1)饱和度的升高或者激振频率下降, 都会提高非饱和半空间的表面位移幅值; (2)当渗透系数下降至一临界值时, 地表位移幅值会趋于一极限值, 并且透水(气)边界与不透水(气)边界条件下渗透系数的影响表现出明显的差异性.      

A new finite element scheme using the Lagrangian framework for simulation of viscoelastic fluid flows

A new numerical scheme for simulation of viscoelastic fluid flows was designed, making use of finite element algorithms generally regarded as advantageous for tackling the problem. This includes the Lagrangian approach for the solution of viscoelastic constitutive equation using the co-deformational frame of reference with a possibility of analytically solving the equation along the particles trajectories, which in turn allowed eluding the solution of any system of linear equations for the stress. Then, the full ellipticity of the momentum conservation equation was utilised thanks to a possibility of accurate determination of the stress tensor independently of the velocity field at the current stage of computation. The needed independent stress was calculated at each time step on the basis of the past deformation history, which in turn was determined on the basis of the past velocity fields, all incorporated into a modified Euler time stepping algorithm. Owing to explicit inclusion of the full viscous term from the viscoelastic model into the momentum conservation equation, no stress splitting was necessary. The trajectory feet tracking was done accurately using a semi-analytic solution of the displacement gradient evolution equation and a weak formulation of the kinematics equation, the latter at the expense of solving an extra symmetric system of linear equations.The error expressed in the form of the Sobolev norms was determined using a comparison with available analytical solution for UCM fluid in the transient regime or numerically obtained steady-state stress values for the PTT fluid in Couette flow. The implementation of the PTT fluid model was done by modifying the relative displacement gradient tensor so that a new convective frame was defined.The stability of the algorithm was assessed using the well-known benchmark problem of a sphere sedimenting in a tube with viscoelastic fluid. The stable numerical results were obtained at high Weissenberg numbers, with the limit of convergence Wi=6.6, exceeding any previously reported values. The robustness of the code was proven by simulation of the Weissenberg effect (the rod-climbing phenomenon) with the use of PTT fluid.     

The exact solution for thick laminated cantilever cylindrical shell

Discarding any assumption regarding displacement or stress models, the state equation for orthotropy is established in a cylindrical system. The exact solution is presented for the statics of thick closed laminated cantilever cylindrical shells. Every equation of elasticity can be satisfied and all the elastic constants are taken into account. Arbitrary precision of a desired order can be obtained. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Analysis of bonded anisotropic wedges with interface crack under anti-plane shear loading

The antiplane stress analysis of two anisotropic finite wedges with arbitrary radii and apex angles that are bonded together along a common edge is investigated. The wedge radial boundaries can be subjected to displacement-displacement boundary condi- tions, and the circular boundary of the wedge is free from any traction. The new finite complex transforms are employed to solve the problem. These finite complex transforms have complex analogies to both kinds of standard finite Mellin transforms. The traction free condition on the crack faces is expressed as a singular integral equation by using the exact analytical method. The explicit terms for the strength of singularity are extracted, showing the dependence of the order of the stress singularity on the wedge angle, material constants, and boundary conditions. A numerical method is used for solving the resul- tant singular integral equations. The displacement boundary condition may be a general term of the Taylor series expansion for the displacement prescribed on the radial edge of the wedge. Thus, the analysis of every kind of displacement boundary conditions can be obtained by the achieved results from the foregoing general displacement boundary condition. The obtained stress intensity factors （SIFs） at the crack tips are plotted and compared with those obtained by the finite element analysis （FEA）.     

An analytical study on the Rayleigh wave generation in a stratified structure

In this paper, an analytical method is used to investigate the Rayleigh wave generation in a stratified structure and the wave generation in a dry sandy layer constrained between the couple stress and inhomogeneous orthotropic half-spaces. This study is devoted to analyzing the impact of various effective parameters associated with the media on the phase velocities of the wave. The displacement components for each medium are derived by implementing the separable variable method. The frequency equation is secured by using the displacement components in the boundary conditions, imposed at the interfaces between the layer and half-spaces. Moreover, the secured equation is the relation between the phase velocity and the wave number. Numerical computations are performed, and graphical representations are demonstrated between the phase velocity and the wave number for both phase velocities with different values of the parameters.The comparison between the phase velocities is observed for the same value of each parameter.     

应用边界积分法求圆形夹杂问题的解析解

边界元方法作为一种数值方法, 在各种科学工程问题中得到了广泛的应用.本文参考了边界元法的求解思路, 从Somigliana等式出发, 利用格林函数性质,得到了一种边界积分法, 使之可以用来寻求弹性问题的解析解.此边界积分法也可以从Betti互易定理得到. 应用此新方法, 求解了圆形夹杂问题.首先设定夹杂与基体之间完美连接, 将界面处的位移与应力按照傅里叶级数展开,根据问题的对称性与三角函数的正交性来简化假设, 减少待定系数的个数.其次选择合适的试函数(试函数满足位移单值条件以及无体力的线弹性力学问题的控制方程),应用边界积分法, 求得界面处的位移与应力的值. 然后再求解域内位移与应力.得到了问题的精确解析解, 当夹杂弹性模量为零或趋向于无穷大时,退化为圆孔或刚性夹杂问题的解析解. 求解过程表明,若问题的求解区域包含无穷远处时, 所取的试函数应满足无穷远处的边界条件.若求解区域包含坐标原点, 试函数在原点处位移与应力应是有限的.结果表明了此方法的有效性.      

非平面应变状态下的叠层厚壁筒

抛弃任何有关位移或应力模式的人为假设，在轴对称情况下，导出正交异性厚壁筒的状态方程。在沿筒轴方向任意分布的轴对称荷载下，给出叠层厚壁筒静力问题的精确解。此解满足所有弹性力学基本方程，包含了全部弹性常数，可满足任意精度要求。数值结果和ＳＡＰ５有限元解进行了对比。     

ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THERMAL CONSOLIDATION OF SATURATED SOILS WITH TWO PARALLEL CYLINDRICAL HEAT SOURCES1）

基于应力平衡条件、渗流连续方程、能量守恒方程,考虑土颗粒和孔隙水热膨胀系数的不同,建立考虑热水力耦合的饱和土体三维热固结控制方程。利用傅里叶变换和拉普拉斯变换导出变换域上的控制方程,解得点热源在变换域和实数域上的解析解,再利用区域积分给出两平行圆柱形热源热固结土体温度、孔压、位移的解析解,并对其进行分析,发现径距比增大会导致两热源温度相互影响程度减弱,热固结系数减小会导致孔压和位移的峰值增大。